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3A - Random Stuff for 3rd Year Exam > Specialties - Liam > Flashcards

Specialties - Liam Flashcards

1
Q

Describe cell cycle

A
  • G1 (cell growth)
  • G0 (resting) or carry on to S (synthesis)
  • G2
  • M (mitosis)
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2
Q

Where do oncogenes, tumour suppresssor genes and DNA repair genes act?

A

Oncogenes - between G1 and G0/S

Tumour suppressor genes - between G1/G0 and S

DNA repair genes - between S and G2

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3
Q

Lynch syndrome/HNPCC

A

Mutation of mismatch repair genes

Excess colorectal, endometrial, urinary tract, ovarian and gastric cancer

Adenoma-carcinoma sequence for polyp formation

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4
Q

How often do people with BRCA1/2 mutation get investigated

A

2 yearly mammogram from 35-40

Yearly after 40

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5
Q

How often do people with HNCPP get investigated

A

2 yearly colonoscopy from 25 to 35

5 yearly from 50 if moderate risk

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6
Q

Different status of licenses medication can be

A

Unlicensed

Off-label

Specials (unlicensed)

Licensed

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7
Q

Who considers applications for expensive drug use

A

Patient access schemes assessment group

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8
Q

Once SMA approves a drug for use, who approves for local use

A

Area drugs and therpeutics committees

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9
Q

Regulation of new drugs is done by

A

Commission on Human Medicines

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10
Q

Who decides if drugs are cost-effective

A

Scottish Medicines Contorsium

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11
Q

Where can central lines be inserted

A

Internal jugular vein

Subclavian vein

Femoral vein

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12
Q

What are some medications continued pre and peri-operatively

A

Steroid inhaler for asthma

Lamotrigine for epilepsy

Bisoprolol after previous MI

Modified releasee morphine

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13
Q

Non-hypnotic effects of inhalation general anaesthetic agents

A

Vasodilation

Muscle relaxation

V/Q mismatching in lungs

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14
Q

Should muscle relaxants ever be used without general anaesthesia

A

No, as could result in awareness under anaesthesia

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15
Q

What do muscle relaxants act on

A

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor

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16
Q

How do most hyponotic agents act

A

Mostly GABA chloride receptor agonists

Ketamine - NMDA receptor

17
Q

Common general anaesthesia agents

A

Sevoflurane and desflurane

18
Q

Local anaesthetic mechanism of action

A

Block sodium channels to prevent propagation of action potentials

19
Q

What results in hypovolaemia

A

More fluid leaving body than going in

20
Q

Signs of hypovolaemia

A

Hypotension

Tachycardia

Slow capillary refill

Cpold peripheries

Raised RR

21
Q

Signs of hypervolaemia

A

Peripheral oedema

Pulmonary oedema (shortness of breath, reduced oxygen sat, raised RR, crackles)

Raised JVP

Increased body weight from baseline

22
Q

Indications for IV fluid

A

Resuscitation (sepsis or hypotension)

Replacement (vomiting or diarrhoeaa)

Maintainance (nil by mouth due to bowel obstruction)

23
Q

Types of IV fluid

A

Crystalloids - water with salt/glucose that spreads in all body compartments evenly

Colloids - large molecules that stay in IV space

24
Q

Examples of crystalloids

A

0.9% sodium chloride (normal saline)

Hartmanns solution

5% dextrose

25
Q

Tonicity

A

Refers to osmotic pressure gradient between fluid solution and blood plasma

26
Q

Isotonic solutions

A

Match concentration of solutes in plasma

27
Q

Hypotonic solutions

A

Lower concentration of solutes than the plasma

28
Q

Hypertonic solutions

A

Higher concentration of solutes than plasma

29
Q

Water flows from x to y

A

Low concentration of solutes to higher concentration of solutes by osmosis

30
Q

0.9% saline is

A

Isotonic

31
Q

5% dextrose is

A

Hypotonic

32
Q

3% saline is

A

Hypertonic

33
Q

Example of colloid

A

Human albumin solution

34
Q

Resuscitation IV fluids

A
  • Isotonic fluid
    • 0.9% saline
    • Hartmanns solution
35
Q

Replacement IV fluids

A

Estimate loss and prescribe for it

36
Q

Maintenance IV fluid amount:

  • water
  • sodium, potassium and chloride
  • glucose
A

25-30ml/kg/day water

1mmol/kg/day of sodium, potassium and chloride

50-100g/day of glucose

37
Q

What is often sued to maintenance IV fluids?

A

0.9% saline

5% dextrose

38
Q

What does 1L of 0.9% saline contain

A

1L water

154mmol sodium

154mmol chloride

39
Q

What does 5% dextrose contain

A

1L water

50g glucose

3A - Random Stuff for 3rd Year Exam (96 decks)

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