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VCE VET Allied Health Flashcards © > Special Senses: Sight, Hearing, Smell, Taste > Flashcards

Special Senses: Sight, Hearing, Smell, Taste Flashcards

1
Q

Structure and function of the eye

A
  • S = 3 layers (fibrous outer layer is sclera and cornea, middle layer is vascular = choroid, iris, ciliary body, inner layer is nervous tissue = retina)
  • F = vision: to detect light and convert to nerve signals to process visual input
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2
Q

What is A and what is its structure and function?

Jakov, 2008 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Eye_scheme_mulitlingual.svg. This work is openly licensed by CC BY-SA 3.0.
A

Sclera
- S = tough white fibrous outer layer of the eye
- F = maintains shape of eye

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3
Q

What is B and what is its structure and function?

Jakov, 2008 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Eye_scheme_mulitlingual.svg. This work is openly licensed by CC BY-SA 3.0.
A

Choroid
- S = vascular membrane behind the retina
- F = supplies nutrients to retina, absorbs light from retina

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4
Q

What is D and what is its structure and function?

Jakov, 2008 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Eye_scheme_mulitlingual.svg. This work is openly licensed by CC BY-SA 3.0.
A

Cornea
- S = transparent outermost layer, convex in shape
- F = begin the process of refracting light onto the lens

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5
Q

What is F and what is its structure and function?

Jakov, 2008 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Eye_scheme_mulitlingual.svg. This work is openly licensed by CC BY-SA 3.0.
A

Pupil
- S = opening in iris
- F = regulates amount of light let in: if dark, pupil dilates to let more light in and if light, pupil constricts to let less light in

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6
Q

What is E and what is its structure and function?

Jakov, 2008 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Eye_scheme_mulitlingual.svg. This work is openly licensed by CC BY-SA 3.0.
A

Iris
- S = coloured part of the eye, made of smooth muscle
- F = regulates amount of light let in by causing the pupil to dilate/constrict

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7
Q

What is I and what is its structure and function?

Jakov, 2008 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Eye_scheme_mulitlingual.svg. This work is openly licensed by CC BY-SA 3.0.
A

Lens
- S = highly elastic, transparent biconvex structure
- F = refracts light onto the retina for clear vision

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8
Q

What is H and what is its structure and function?

Jakov, 2008 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Eye_scheme_mulitlingual.svg. This work is openly licensed by CC BY-SA 3.0.
A

Ciliary muscles
- S = smooth muscle attached to suspensory ligaments
- F = controls lens shape for the refraction of light onto the retina, produces aqueous humour

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9
Q

What is C and what is its structure and function?

Jakov, 2008 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Eye_scheme_mulitlingual.svg. This work is openly licensed by CC BY-SA 3.0.
A

Suspensory ligaments
- S = thin fibres that connect the ciliary muscles to the lens
- F = allow the ciliary muscles to change the shape of the lens

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10
Q

What is K and what is its structure and function?

Jakov, 2008 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Eye_scheme_mulitlingual.svg. This work is openly licensed by CC BY-SA 3.0.
A

Retina
- S = nervous tissue lining the inside surface of the eye. contains photoreceptors (rods = motion, black/white and cones = central vision, colour)
- F = receives light signals and converts them into neural signals for interpretation by the brain

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11
Q

Macula and fovea

A

Function centre of retina - provides greatest clarity of vision

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12
Q

What is L and what is its structure and function?

Jakov, 2008 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Eye_scheme_mulitlingual.svg. This work is openly licensed by CC BY-SA 3.0.
A

Optic nerve
- S = cranial nerve that originates in the retina
- F = transmits messages from retina to occipital lobe

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13
Q

What is J and what is its structure and function?

Jakov, 2008 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Eye_scheme_mulitlingual.svg. This work is openly licensed by CC BY-SA 3.0.
A

Vitreous humour
- S = fluid located in posterior chamber of eye
- F = give shape to eye, provide nutrients

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14
Q

What is G and what is its function?

Jakov, 2008 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Eye_scheme_mulitlingual.svg. This work is openly licensed by CC BY-SA 3.0.
A

Aqueous humour (aqueous= anterior)
- Maintains pressure within the eye

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15
Q

Name 7 accessory structures to the eye

A

Eyebrows, eyelids, eyelashes, lacrimal glands, conjunctiva, eye socket, skeletal muscles surrounding the eye

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16
Q

Function of eyebrows and eyelashes

A

Protect the eyes by trapping foreign particles (dust, sweat, pathogens) to prevent them from entering the eyes

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17
Q

Function of eyelids (skin= integumentary)

A

Protect eye from injury, spread moisture when we blink to provide lubrication and prevent dryness

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18
Q

Structure and function of conjunctiva

A
  • S = lines inside of eyelids and covers sclera
  • F = produce mucus and tears for protection and lubrication
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19
Q

Function of lacrimal glands

A

Provide conjunctiva with nutrients and drain wastes, secrete fluid for lubrication of the eye, produce tears which contain enzymes to prevent bacterial infection

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20
Q

Structure and function of eye socket

A
  • S = bony cavity that holds the eye
  • F = keep eye in place and provide protection
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21
Q

Function of the skeletal muscles surrounding the eye

A
  • Control eye movements and coordination between L and R eyes
  • If there is an imbalance it can lead to diplopia (double vision)
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22
Q

Explain the process of vision

A
  • Light bounces off objects and reflects towards eye
  • Enters eye and refracted through pupil by cornea
  • Lens refracts light onto retina
  • Retina converts to nerve impulses
  • Optic nerve carries impulses to occipital lobe
  • Brain interprets signals > vision
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23
Q

Ways to maintain healthy eyes

A
  • Balanced diet> too much fat can damage macula
  • Sleep> allows eyes to rest and lubricate
  • Wash hands to prevent chance of pathogens entering eyes
  • Wear sunglasses to protect eyes from UV damage
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24
Q

Kerat/o
Conjunctiv/o

A

Cornea
Conjunctiva

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25
Q

Lacrim/o
Blephar/o

A

Lacrimal gland
Eyelid

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26
Q

Core/o
Chrom/o

A

Pupil
Colour

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27
Q

Irid/o
Phot/o

A

Iris
Light

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28
Q

Opt/o
Pupill/o

A

Vision
Pupil

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29
Q

Ocul/o
Retin/o

A

Eye
Retina

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30
Q

Dacry/o
Phac, phak/o

A

Lacrimal gland
Lens of the eye

31
Q

Ophthalm/o
Iri/o

A

Eye
Iris

32
Q

Scler/o
Corne/o

A

Sclera
Cornea

33
Q

Chromat/o
Cor/o

A

Color
Pupil

34
Q

OS
OU

A

Left eye
Both eyes

35
Q

OD
VA

A

Right eye
Visual acuity

36
Q

VF
-opia

A

Visual field
Condition of the eye

37
Q

What is WNL for the pupil constriction reflex?

A

Pupils equal and responsive to light

38
Q

Nystagmus
Presbyopia

A

Repetitive/uncontrolled eye movements
Abnormal condition of inability to focus eyes due to old age

39
Q

What are cataracts?

A

Degenerative disease caused by clouding of the lens

40
Q

What is glaucoma

A

Build up of fluid/pressure in the eye

41
Q

Structure and function of the ear

A
  • S = outer ear, middle ear, inner ear
  • F = detect sound waves and convert to nerve signals as well as balance and equilibrium
42
Q

What is a sound wave?

A

‘Chain reaction’ sequence of molecules in the air vibrating

43
Q

Structure and function of the outer ear

A
  • S = contains pinna/auricle and auditory canal
  • F = collect sound waves
44
Q

What is M and what is its structure and function?

Brockmann, 2009 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anatomy_of_the_Human_Ear_blank.svg. This work is openly licensed by CC BY 2.5.
A

Pinna/auricle
- S = external ear flap (outer ear)
- F = to concentrate and collect sound waves into the auditory canal

45
Q

What is L and what is its function?

Brockmann, 2009 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anatomy_of_the_Human_Ear_blank.svg. This work is openly licensed by CC BY 2.5.
A

Auditory canal
- Transmit sound waves from pinna to eardrum (outer ear)

46
Q

Structure and function of the middle ear

A
  • S = tympanic membrane (eardrum) and ossicles (malleus/hammer, incus/anvil, stapes/stirrup)
  • F = to transmit sound waves
47
Q

What is K and what is its structure and function?

Brockmann, 2009 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anatomy_of_the_Human_Ear_blank.svg. This work is openly licensed by CC BY 2.5.
A

Tympanic membrane (eardrum)
- S = oval shaped membrane in middle ear
- F = transmit sound waves from auditory canal to ossicles and protect middle ear from foreign particles

48
Q

What is A and what is its structure and function?

Brockmann, 2009 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anatomy_of_the_Human_Ear_blank.svg. This work is openly licensed by CC BY 2.5.
A

Ossicles
- S = small bones in middle ear (B= malleus/hammer, C= incus/anvil and D= stapes/stirrup)
- F = transmit sound waves from tympanic membrane to cochlea, amplify sound waves

49
Q

Structure and function of the inner ear

A
  • S = cochlea and vestibular system
  • F = process sound waves, balance and equilibrium
50
Q

What is I and what is its function?

Brockmann, 2009 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anatomy_of_the_Human_Ear_blank.svg. This work is openly licensed by CC BY 2.5.
A

Cochlea (inner ear)
- Transform sound waves into neural signals

51
Q

What is N and what is its structure and function?

Brockmann, 2009 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anatomy_of_the_Human_Ear_blank.svg. This work is openly licensed by CC BY 2.5.
A

Vestibular system (inner ear)
- S = semi-circular canals (F) and vestibule (E)
- F = detect movement and changes in body position through displacement of stereo cilia (hair-like cells) and sends info to cerebellum to maintain balance/equilibrium

52
Q

3 SENSORY structures involved in equilibrium/balance

A
  • Vestibular system in inner ear
  • Eyes
  • Proprioception (perception of body movement)
53
Q

3 structures in the ear involved in equilibrium/balance

A
  • Vestibule
  • Vestibular nerve
  • Semicircular canals
54
Q

What is J and what is its function?

Brockmann, 2009 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anatomy_of_the_Human_Ear_blank.svg. This work is openly licensed by CC BY 2.5.
A

Eustachian tube
- Maintains pressure and drains middle ear, links middle ear to nasopharynx

55
Q

What is G and what is its function?

Brockmann, 2009 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anatomy_of_the_Human_Ear_blank.svg. This work is openly licensed by CC BY 2.5.
A

Vestibular nerve
- Transmits messages from vestibule to brain regarding balance and equilibrium

56
Q

What is H and what is its function?

Brockmann, 2009 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anatomy_of_the_Human_Ear_blank.svg. This work is openly licensed by CC BY 2.5.
A

Cochlear nerve
- Transmits messages from cochlea to brain to interpret sound

57
Q

Describe the process of hearing

A
  • Sound wave generated in external environment
  • Pinna/auricle collects and concentrates sounds to auditory canal
  • Auditory canal directs sound to eardrum which vibrates
  • Ossicles (malleus/incus/stapes) transmit and amplify sound
  • Sound waves passed to fluid in cochlea, activating stereocilia (hair cells) which generates a nerve impulse
  • Signal transmitted to brain via cochlea nerve
58
Q

How to maintain healthy ears

A
  • Avoid exposure to loud sounds
  • Wear earplugs
  • Keap ears dry and clean
  • Regular exercise to promote circulation for waste and nutrient transport
  • Avoid cleaning ear wax (protection)
59
Q

Ot/o
Tympan/o

A

Ear
Eardrum

60
Q

Aur/i,o
Son/o

A

Ear
Sound

61
Q

Acou/o
Myring/o

A

Hearing
Eardrum

62
Q

Ech/o
Audi/o

A

Sound
Hearing

63
Q

Staped/o

A

Stapes (middle ear bone)

64
Q

Tinnitus
Vertigo

A

Condition of ringing in the ears
Spinning sensation

65
Q

Describe the process of smell

A
  • Air enters nasal cavity where it is warmed, filtered and moistened
  • Chemoreceptors on roof of nasal cavity detect airborne chemicals (odourants)
  • Sensory message sent to brain via olfactory nerve
66
Q

Describe the process of taste

A
  • Food enters into the mouth, chemicals dissolve into saliva
  • Chemoreceptors in tongue/roof of mouth detect tastants
  • Sensory info sent to brain via facial nerve, vagus nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve
67
Q

What is the function of taste?

A

Protective > foul taste will initiate gag/vomiting reflex to remove dangerous foods

68
Q

What are papillae?

A

Bumps on tongue
- Help grip food during mastication

69
Q

5 taste sensations

A

Sweet (sugars), sour (H+ ions/acidity), salty (Na+/Cl-), bitter (amino acids in vegetables), umami (savoury flavour in meat etc)

70
Q

Olfaction
Gustation

A

Sense of smell
Sense of taste

71
Q

Phantosmia
Presbyosmia

A

Condition of smelling an odour that is not actually there
Condition of loss of smell due to old age

72
Q

Ageusia
Parosmia

A

Abnormal condition of loss of taste
Abnormal condition of distorted sense of smell

73
Q

-osmia
Presby-

A

Smell/odour
Elderly/aged

74
Q

Agnosia
-geusia

A

Inability to classify, contrast or identify odour
Taste

VCE VET Allied Health Flashcards © (25 decks)

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