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VCE VET Allied Health Flashcards © > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Structure of cardiovascular system

A

Closed circulatory system containing the heart, blood and blood vessels (veins, venules, capillaries, arterioles, arteries)

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2
Q

Describe open and closed circulation, giving an example of each

A
  • Open: has a start and end point e.g. lymphatic system
  • Closed: continuous circuit e.g. cardiovascular system
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3
Q

Describe systemic circulation

A

Transports oxygenated blood from heart to body, and deoxygenated blood from body to heart

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4
Q

Describe pulmonary circulation

A

Transports oxygenated blood from lungs to heart and deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs

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5
Q

What is A and what is its function?

ZooFari, 2010 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Heart_diagram-en.svg. This work is openly licensed by CC BY-SA 3.0.
A

Superior vena cava
- Transports deoxygenated blood from the upper body to the right atrium

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6
Q

What is B and what is its function?

ZooFari, 2010 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Heart_diagram-en.svg. This work is openly licensed by CC BY-SA 3.0.
A

Pulmonary vein
- Transports oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium

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7
Q

What is C and what is its function?

ZooFari, 2010 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Heart_diagram-en.svg. This work is openly licensed by CC BY-SA 3.0.
A

Pulmonary artery
- Transports deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to lungs via the pulmonary valve

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8
Q

What is D and what is its function?

ZooFari, 2010 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Heart_diagram-en.svg. This work is openly licensed by CC BY-SA 3.0.
A

Right atrium
- Collects deoxygenated blood from body via the venae cavae and pumps it to the right ventricle via the tricuspid valve

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9
Q

Which part of the heart collects deoxygenated blood from the body?

A

R) atrium, NOT VENAE CAVAE
(venae cavae transport not collect)

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10
Q

What is E and what is its structure and function?

ZooFari, 2010 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Heart_diagram-en.svg. This work is openly licensed by CC BY-SA 3.0.
A

R) AV valve or tricuspid valve - tRIcuspid=RIght
- S = valve with 3 flaps between R) atrium and R) ventricle
- F = prevents regurgitation of blood from R) ventricle to R) atrium

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11
Q

What is F and what is its structure and function?

ZooFari, 2010 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Heart_diagram-en.svg. This work is openly licensed by CC BY-SA 3.0.
A

Chordae tendineae
- S = thin, strong, fibrous chords connecting bicuspid and tricuspid valves to papillary muscle
- F = regulate opening/closing of AV valves

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12
Q

What is G and what is its function?

ZooFari, 2010 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Heart_diagram-en.svg. This work is openly licensed by CC BY-SA 3.0.
A

Right ventricle
- Collects deoxygenated blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs via the pulmonary artery

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13
Q

What is H and what is its function?

ZooFari, 2010 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Heart_diagram-en.svg. This work is openly licensed by CC BY-SA 3.0.
A

Inferior vena cava
- Transports deoxygenated blood from the lower body to the right atrium

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14
Q

What is I and what is its function?

ZooFari, 2010 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Heart_diagram-en.svg. This work is openly licensed by CC BY-SA 3.0.
A

Aorta
- Transports oxygenated blood from left ventricle to organs and tissues via the aortic valve

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15
Q

Which artery pumps blood under the highest pressure?

A

Aorta

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16
Q

What is L and what is its function?

ZooFari, 2010 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Heart_diagram-en.svg. This work is openly licensed by CC BY-SA 3.0.
A

Left atrium
- Collects oxygenated blood from lungs via the pulmonary vein and pumps it to the left ventricle via the mitral/bicuspid valve

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17
Q

What is M and what is its structure and function?

ZooFari, 2010 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Heart_diagram-en.svg. This work is openly licensed by CC BY-SA 3.0.
A

L) AV valve or bicuspid/mitral valve
- S = valve with 2 flaps between L) atrium and L) ventricle
- F = prevents regurgitation of blood from L) ventricle to L) atrium

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18
Q

What is N and what is its function?

ZooFari, 2010 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Heart_diagram-en.svg. This work is openly licensed by CC BY-SA 3.0.
A

Left ventricle
- Collects oxygenated blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body via the aorta

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19
Q

Which ventricle has a larger wall and why?

A

L) ventricular wall is thicker than R) so it can generate more pressure from contractions to distribute oxygenated blood around body

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20
Q

Which part of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to the body?

A

L) ventricle NOT AORTA
(aorta transports, not pumps)

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21
Q

Why do ventricles have thicker walls than the atria?

A

Ventricles pump blood out of heart to the body whereas atria just receive blood and transport it to ventricles

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22
Q

What is O and what is its structure and function?

ZooFari, 2010 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Heart_diagram-en.svg. This work is openly licensed by CC BY-SA 3.0.
A

Septum
- S = muscular wall between L) and R) ventricles
- F = separate L) and R) sides of the heart to prevent mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

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23
Q

What is P?

ZooFari, 2010 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Heart_diagram-en.svg. This work is openly licensed by CC BY-SA 3.0.
A

Descending aorta

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24
Q

What is Q and what is its function?

ZooFari, 2010 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Heart_diagram-en.svg. This work is openly licensed by CC BY-SA 3.0.
A

Pulmonary (semilunar) valve
- Prevents regurgitation of blood from pulmonary artery to R) ventricle

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25
Q

Where is the pulmonary valve located in relation to the aortic valve?

A

Anterior

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26
Q

What is R and what is its function?

ZooFari, 2010 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Heart_diagram-en.svg. This work is openly licensed by CC BY-SA 3.0.
A

Aortic (semilunar) valve
- Prevents regurgitation of blood from aorta to L) ventricle

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27
Q

Describe the 3 layers of the heart

A
  • Pericardium: fibrous sac surrounding the heart
  • Myocardium: cardiac muscle, involuntary and striated, transmits electrical stimuli
  • Endocardium: lines chambers and valves within the heart
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28
Q

What is the epicardium?

A

Same thing as the visceral pericardium (serous membrane closest to heart)

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29
Q

Function of coronary arteries and veins

A
  • Coronary arteries transport oxygenated blood to the myocardium, from the aorta, to supply the heart with nutrients e.g. O2 for contractions
  • Coronary veins transport deoxygenated blood away from the myocardium, towards the right atrium, to remove waste from contractions e.g CO2
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30
Q

Pathway for deoxygenated blood through the heart

A

Deoxygenated blood enters through superior and inferior vena cava > R) atrium, tricuspid valve, R) ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary artery, to lungs for oxygenation

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31
Q

Pathway for oxygenated blood through the heart

A

Oxygenated blood enters through pulmonary veins, L) atrium, bicuspid valve, L) ventricle, aortic valve, aorta, to body organs/tissues

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32
Q

What is the double pump?

A

‘Lub dub’ sound: atria contract and ventricles contract

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33
Q

State the order of the cardiac cycle

A

Ventricular diastole, atrial diastole, atrial systole, ventricular systole

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34
Q

Describe ventricular diastole

A
  • Atria and ventricles relaxed
  • Blood moves into venae cavae and pulmonary vein
  • Semilunar and AV valves closed to prevent backflow of blood
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35
Q

Describe atrial diastole

A
  • Atria and ventricles relaxed
  • Blood moves from venae cavae/pulmonary vein into atria
  • AV and semilunar valves closed to prevent blood going into ventricles before atrial systole
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36
Q

Describe atrial systole

A
  • Atria contract
  • AV valves open to allow blood to move from atria to ventricles
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37
Q

Describe ventricular systole

A
  • Ventricles contract
  • Semilunar valves open to allow blood to move from ventricles to pulmonary artery/aorta
  • AV valves close to prevent backflow of blood from ventricles to atria
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38
Q

What is the cardiac conduction system and name the 4 components in order

A
  • Electrical signals from nervous system causing the heart to contract
  • SA node, AV node, bundle of His, Purkinje fibres
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39
Q

What is A and what is its structure and function?

Madhero88, 2010 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Conductionsystemoftheheart.png. This work is openly licensed by CC BY-SA 3.0.
A

Sinoatrial (SA) node
- S = collection of specialised pacemaker cells, located in upper wall of R) atrium
- F = spontaneously generates electrical impulses (depolarisation) which triggers atrial contraction

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40
Q

What is B and what is its structure and function?

Madhero88, 2010 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Conductionsystemoftheheart.png. This work is openly licensed by CC BY-SA 3.0.
A

Atrioventricular (AV) node
- S = collection of specialised pacemaker cells, located on the lower interatrial septum
- F = conducts electrical impulses from atria to bundle of His, controlling heart rate

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41
Q

What are C and D?

Madhero88, 2010 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Conductionsystemoftheheart.png. This work is openly licensed by CC BY-SA 3.0.
A
  • E = left bundle branch
  • F = right bundle branch
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42
Q

What is E and what is its structure and function?

Madhero88, 2010 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Conductionsystemoftheheart.png. This work is openly licensed by CC BY-SA 3.0.
A

Bundle of His
- S = specialised conductive cells, connects AV node to L) and R) bundle branches of the septum
- F = transmits electrical signals from AV node to bundle branches

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43
Q

What is F and what is its structure and function?

Madhero88, 2010 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Conductionsystemoftheheart.png. This work is openly licensed by CC BY-SA 3.0.
A

Purkinje fibres
- S = specialised conductive cells, located along the myocardium of ventricular walls
- F = ventricular contraction

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44
Q

Structure of blood

A

Connective tissue containing cells (erythrocytes - RBC, leukocytes - WBC), cell fragments (platelets) and fluid (plasma)

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45
Q

Name the 2 components of the buffy coat

A

Platelets and leukocytes (WBC)

46
Q

Structure and function of RBC

A
  • S = biconcave, no nucleus, contains haemoglobin (protein that contains iron and carries oxygen)
  • F = transport oxygen to tissues around the body
47
Q

How does the structure of a RBC support its function?

A
  • Biconcave shape: increased SA:V ratio = increased rate of diffusion of O2, and more flexibility to fit through capillaries to deliver O2 close to cells
  • No nucleus: more space for Hb to carry more O2
48
Q

Structure and function of leukocytes (WBC)

A
  • S = largest blood cell, made in bone marrow
  • F = - protection: recognise, engulf and destroy pathogens (2nd line)
  • immunity: produce antibodies or cytotoxins to destroy pathogens (3rd line)
49
Q

Describe the structure and function of platelets

A
  • S = small fragments of cells (no nucleus), made in red bone marrow
  • F = formation of clots (coagulation, process of blood turning from a liquid into a gel) which prevents excess blood loss and prevents pathogens entering the body
50
Q

What is haemostasis and how is this achieved?

A
  • To control/stop bleeding
  • Achieved through blood clot formation (also called cessation or stopping of blood flow)
51
Q

Describe the process of blood clot formation

A
  1. Blood vessel gets damaged and leaks
  2. Vasoconstriction reduces blood flow to the area to prevent blood loss
  3. Platelets activate and stick to each other, forming a platelet plug to stop bleeding
  4. Coagulation: fibrinogen converted to fibrin which strengthens clot by trapping platelets and erythrocytes
52
Q

Structure and function of plasma

A
  • S = liquid component of blood, 90% water with dissolved chemicals
  • F = - transport nutrients and wastes around the body via the blood
  • absorb/give off heat e.g. evaporation (sweat) for thermoregulation)
53
Q

Examples of chemicals found in plasma

A
  • Nutrients (e.g. glucose, amino acids, vitamins, minerals)
  • Wastes (e.g. urea/CO2)
  • Proteins (albumin, antibodies)
  • Hormones (insulin, glucagon, adrenaline)
54
Q

Structure and function of arteries

A
  • S = thick muscular wall, small lumen (internal diameter), no valves except pulmonary artery
  • F = transport blood away from heart to body at high pressure with rapid blood flow, mostly transport oxygenated blood except for pulmonary artery
55
Q

Structure and function of arterioles

A
  • S = small arteries that branch off main arteries
  • F = direct oxygenated blood from arteries into capillaries
56
Q

Structure and function of capillaries

A
  • S = connect arterioles and venules, one cell thick
  • F = diffusion/gaseous exchange of nutrients into the blood and waste out of the blood (thin = short diffusion pathway) OR transport blood between arterioles and venules
57
Q

Structure and function of venules

A
  • S = capillaries converge into venules which converge into a vein
  • F = direct deoxygenated blood from a capillary to a vein
58
Q

Structure and function of veins

A
  • S = thin, floppy walls, large lumen, valves to prevent backflow except pulmonary vein
  • F = transport blood from body to heart (mostly deoxygenated except pulmonary vein), low pressure, slow blood flow
59
Q

What is blood pressure and what is WNL?

A
  • Pressure exerted on arteries during contraction and relaxation of the heart
  • WNL= 120/80 mmHg
60
Q

Systolic vs diastolic BP

A
  • Systolic: the pressure exerted on aorta during contraction of the L) ventricle
  • Diastolic: pressure exerted on aorta when the heart is at rest following ejection of blood
61
Q

What is the instrument used to measure blood pressure?

A

Sphygmomanometer (systolic/diastolic)

62
Q

Why is BP important?

A

Necessary to circulate blood around whole body, indicates heart health, for safety before being prescribed some medications

63
Q

What factors affect blood pressure?

A

Blood volume, hydration, exercise, posture, age, gender, emotions, medications

64
Q

What is hypertension and what can it cause?

A
  • Abnormally high blood pressure
  • Increased strain on heart can lead to MI, rupture of blood vessels > haemorrhage if heart or CVA if brain, arteriosclerosis, kidney failure, dementia, retinopathy
65
Q

How to manage high BP without medication

A

Decrease intensity of physical activity, decrease salt intake, decrease stress

66
Q

What is hypotension and what can it cause?

A
  • Low BP
  • Can cause dizziness, fainting, weakness, falls
67
Q

How to prepare a hypotensive Pt for an MRI scan

A

Help them get onto the bed, monitor BP regularly, ask if they are feeling dizzy

68
Q

Describe how the baroreceptor reflex responds to hypertension

A
  • High BP (stimulus) STIMULATES baroreceptors in aorta and carotid arteries (receptors)
  • Cardioregulatory and vasomotor centres in the medulla oblongata of the brain stem receive messages (coordinator)
  • Cardioregulatory centre sends message to decrease CO, SV, HR (effector 1). Vasomotor centre sends message to vasodilate (effector 2)
  • BP decreases back to WNL (response)
69
Q

Describe how the baroreceptor reflex responds to hypotension

A
  • Low BP (stimulus) INHIBITS baroreceptors in aorta and carotid arteries (receptors)
  • Cardioregulatory and vasomotor centres in the medulla oblongata of the brain stem receive messages (coordinator)
  • Cardioregulatory centre sends message to increase CO, SV, HR (effector 1). Vasomotor centre sends message to vasoconstrict (effector 2)
  • BP increases back to WNL (response)
70
Q

Describe how chemoreceptors respond to hypotension

A
  • Low BP causes low O2, high CO2 and low pH (stimulus)
  • Detected by chemoreceptors in aorta and carotid arteries (receptors) - Cardioregulatory and vasomotor centres in the medulla oblongata of the brain stem receive messages (coordinator)
  • Cardioregulatory centre sends message to increase CO, SV, HR (effector 1). Vasomotor centre sends message to vasoconstrict (effector 2)
  • BP increases back to WNL (response)
71
Q

Describe how chemoreceptors respond to hypertension

A
  • High BP causes high O2, low CO2 and high pH (stimulus)
  • Detected by chemoreceptors in aorta and carotid arteries (receptors) - Cardioregulatory and vasomotor centres in the medulla oblongata of the brain stem receive messages (coordinator)
  • Cardioregulatory centre sends message to decrease CO, SV, HR (effector 1). Basomotor centre sends message to vasodilate (effector 2)
  • BP decreases back to WNL (response)
72
Q

6 functions of blood

A
  • Transport nutrients between heart and body and remove waste
  • Thermoregulation through plasma
  • Protection: WBC
  • Control pH
  • Remove toxins from the body
  • Regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance through blood plasma
73
Q

Describe the buffer system

A
  • Bicarbonate ions react with H+ ions, forming carbonic acid (neutralise) to increase blood pH
  • Carbonic acid breaks down into H+ ions and bicarbonate ions, decreasing blood pH
74
Q

List the 3 mechanisms to maintain blood pH in order

A
  1. Buffer system- CV system
  2. Respiratory rate
  3. Secretion of H+ ions into urine
75
Q

How to maintain a healthy CVS

A
  • Avoid or quit smoking (e.g. through a Quitline or doctor) as smoking can cause sticky blood and high blood pressure = strain on heart and risk of AMI
  • Healthy, balanced diet, low in salt, fat and LDL = these can cause atherosclerosis and block blood vessels = risk of AMI
  • Regular exercise: allows heart to contract and relax with increased intensity and speed = strengthened heart muscle and reduced strain to pump blood to body. Exercise also promotes circulation of blood = less risk of swelling and DVT
  • Attempt to reduce stress (e.g. see a psychologist or counsellor) to decrease risk of
    irregularities in heart rate and lower blood pressure
76
Q

Explain the effect of immobility on the CV system

A

Increased strain on heart to circulate blood, increased risk of swelling and DVT

77
Q

Angi/o
Aort/o

A

Vessel
Aorta

78
Q

Arteri/o vs arteriol/o

A
  • Arteri/o = artery
  • Arteriol/o = arteriole (small artery)
79
Q

Atri/o
Cardi/o

A

Atrium
Heart

80
Q

Coron/o
Haem/o

A

Heart
Blood

81
Q

Haemat/o
Phleb/o

A

Blood
Vein

82
Q

Sphygm/o
Vas/o

A

Pulse
Vessel, duct

83
Q

Ven/o
Ventricul/o

A

Vein
Ventricle

84
Q

Venul/o
Valvul/o

A

Venule (small vein)
Valve

85
Q

Isch/o
Erythr/o

A

Deficiency, blockage
Red

86
Q

Bar/o

A

Pressure

87
Q

Ather/o
-stasis

A

Yellow, fatty plaque
Stop/control

88
Q

What is a myocardial infarction and what is it caused by?

A
  • Heart attack
  • Caused by reduced blood flow in a coronary artery e.g. due to atherosclerosis or a blockage
89
Q

Haemolysis

A

Abnormal condition of bursting of RBC

90
Q

What is the role of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system in the heart?

A
  • Sympathetic: increases firing rate of SA node = increased HR
  • Parasympathetic: vagus nerve decreases firing rate of SA node = decreased HR
91
Q

Arteriosclerosis vs atherosclerosis

A
  • Arteriosclerosis = abnormal condition of hardening of arteries
  • Atherosclerosis = abnormal condition of hardening of arteries due to yellow fatty plaque
92
Q

Bradycardia vs tachycardia

A
  • Bradycardia = abnormal condition of slow heart rate
  • Tachycardia = abnormal condition of fast heart rate
93
Q

Anaemia

A

The abnormal condition of a low number of red blood cells in the blood

94
Q

Cardiac output (CO or Q)

A
  • Volume of blood ejected from each ventricle every minute
  • SV x HR
95
Q

Stroke volume (SV)

A

Volume of blood expelled by each contraction of ventricles

96
Q

Heart rate (HR)

A

Number of heartbeats per minute

97
Q

Aneurysm

A

Abnormal swelling or bulge in the wall of a blood vessel

98
Q

Arrythmia

A

Abnormal condition of an irregular heartbeat (including fibrillation, tachy or brady)

99
Q

Fibrillation

A

Abnormal condition of irregular HR

100
Q

What is palpation?

A

Using fingers/hands to examine (e.g. pulse)

101
Q

What is WNL for heart rate?

A

60-100bpm

102
Q

What factors affect heart rate

A

Exercise, excitement, stress, shock, fear, smoking status, age

103
Q

Ischaemia

A

Deficiency of blood flow caused by narrowing/obstruction of blood vessels

104
Q

Describe CAD

A
  • Coronary artery disease: blockage of coronary arteries, often due to atherosclerosis
105
Q

What is auscultation?

A

The action of listening with a stethoscope (e.g. lungs/heart)

106
Q

What is haemophilia?

A

An abnormal condition where blood clotting fails to occur

107
Q

Arteriolitis
Venulitis

A

Inflammation of small arteries
Inflammation of small veins

108
Q

What is CHF?

A
  • Congestive heart failure
  • Inability of the heart to pump the required amount of blood
109
Q

-sclerosis vs -stenosis

A
  • Sclerosis = abnormal condition of hardening
  • Stenosis = abnormal condition of narrowing
110
Q

Haemorrhage
Hyperleukocytosis

A

Excessive bleeding
State of excessive WBC

111
Q

Angina

A

Abnormal condition of chest pain due to lack of blood flow and hence oxygen to the heart

VCE VET Allied Health Flashcards © (25 decks)

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