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VCE VET Allied Health Flashcards © > Muscular System > Flashcards

Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

What happens to the muscles after long periods of inactivity?

A

Because the muscles haven’t been used for an extended period of time, then they are likely to become smaller and weaker = increased risk of atrophy

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2
Q

Name 4 characteristics of muscles

A

Excitability/irritability, contractility, extensibility, elasticity

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3
Q

Excitability/irritability

A

Ability of a muscle to receive and respond to stimuli

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4
Q

Contractility

A

Ability of a muscle to shorten forcibly

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5
Q

Extensibility

A

Ability of a muscle to be stretched/extended

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6
Q

Elasticity

A

Ability of a muscle to recoil to resting length

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7
Q

Name the 4 components of a skeletal muscle from most superficial to deepest

A

Epimysium, perimysium, fascicle, endomysium

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8
Q

Epimysium

A

Outer layer of connective tissue around a skeletal muscle

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9
Q

Perimysium

A

Connective tissue that bundles skeletal muscle fibres into fasciculi

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10
Q

Fascicle (plural fasciculi)

A

Bundle of skeletal muscle fibres

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11
Q

Endomysium

A

Loose connective tissue covering each skeletal muscle fibre

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12
Q

Muscle fibre

A

Single muscle cell

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13
Q

Sarcolemma

A

Plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle fibre

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14
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

Cytoplasm of a skeletal muscle fibre

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15
Q

Sarcomere

A

Shortens to allow skeletal muscle fibres to contract

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16
Q

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum and what is its function?

A
  • Specialised smooth ER of a muscle fibre
  • Stores, releases and retrieves Ca2+ ions
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17
Q

Name the types of muscle contractions

A
  • Isometric
  • Isotonic (concentric, eccentric)
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18
Q

Isometric muscle contractions

A

Tension is created but length of muscle does not change e.g plank/wall sit

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19
Q

Isotonic muscle contractions

A

When the muscle length changes during contraction i.e. concentric/eccentric

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20
Q

Concentric vs eccentric muscle contractions

A
  • Concentric = muscle shortens during contraction e.g. bicep curl
  • Eccentric = muscle lengthens during contraction e.g. tricep extension
    BOTH TYPES OF ISOTONIC
21
Q

List 6 muscle fibre arrangements

A

Convergent, circular, parallel (including fusiform), unipennate, bipennate, multipennate

22
Q

Examples of unipennate, bipennate and multipennate muscles

A
  • Unipennate: flexors/extensors of the wrist
  • Bipennate: rectus femoris
  • Multipennate: deltoid, gluteus maximus
23
Q

Examples of parallel and fusiform muscles

A
  • Parallel: sartorius
  • Fusiform: biceps brachii, gastrocnemius
24
Q

Examples of circular and convergent muscles

A
  • Circular: orbicularis oris, orbicularis oculi
  • Convergent: pectoralis major, temporalis in cranium
25
Q

Explain the relationship between muscle fibres and tendons in the generation of movement

A

Because actin and myosin contract the sarcomere, then this causes the muscle fibre to shorten, pulling on a tendon. Therefore the tendon pulls on a bone to generate movement.

26
Q

Agonist vs antagonist

A
  • Agonist: contracting muscle
  • Antagonist: lengthening muscle
27
Q

What is muscle tone and its function? Also describe abnormal muscle tone

A
  • The continuous, passive partial contraction of muscle (healthy to have some muscle tone)
  • Functions to maintain posture and stabilise joints
  • Can be abnormal: flaccid = low muscle tone, spasticity = high muscle tone
28
Q

What is muscle fatigue and what is it caused by?

A
  • Physiological inability to contract at desired speed/ strength despite stimuli
  • Caused by depleted fuel stores and accumulation of waste products e.g. H+ ions. Short term fatigue during exercise is healthy
29
Q

What are muscle cramps and what are they thought to be caused by?

A
  • Sudden and involuntary temporary contraction of a muscle
  • Believed to be from muscle overuse, holding the position, nerve compression etc.
30
Q

What is a muscle stitch and what are they thought to be caused by?

A
  • Exercise-related transient abdominal pain (ETAP)
  • Believed to be from reduced blood flow, eating/drinking too much before/during exercise
31
Q

5 ways to ensure a healthy muscular system

A
  1. Physical activity to increase muscle strength
  2. Good diet: protein for muscle development
  3. Hydration to increase blood flow for nutrient delivery and waste removal
  4. Sleep to increase rate of recovery
  5. Warm up/cool down to decrease risk of injury/fatigue
32
Q

What is an aponeurosis?

A

Broad sheet of connective tissue by which some muscles attach to bone

33
Q

Point of origin vs insertion

A
  • Origin: end of muscle attached to stationary bone, often proximal
  • Insertion: end of muscle attached to moving bone, often distal
34
Q

Active vs passive movements

A
  • Active: effort exerted by individual to generate movement of affected body part
  • Passive: someone helps to move affected body part, or no effort exerted by affected body part e.g. Pt uses right hand to pick up left arm
35
Q

Benefits of active vs passive movements

A
  • Active: improve muscle strength and mass, strengthen communication between brain and body
  • Passive: increase ROM, prevent stiffness so Pt can move without pain
36
Q

5 functions of the muscular system

A

Movement, posture, stability, homeostasis, movement of substances

37
Q

Muscular dystrophy

A

An inherited disorder characterised by progressive weakness and degeneration of muscle fibres

38
Q

Myosarcoma

A

Malignant tumour of the muscles

39
Q

3 functions of skeletal muscle

A
  • Thermoregulation: if cold, shivering occurs to generate metabolic heat from muscle contractions. this increases the body temp back to within normal limits
  • Movement: pull on bones via tendons
  • Control movement of lymph through milking action (contractions and relaxations)
40
Q

Name the 4 quadriceps

A
  • Quadriceps = vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, rectus femoris > vastus intermedius is beneath/deep to the rectus femoris
  • The Queen is Very Very Rich
41
Q

Myofibril

A

Basic rod-like organelle of a skeletal muscle fibre

42
Q

Fascia

A

Thin casing of connective tissue that holds organs, blood vessels, bones, nerves and muscles in place

43
Q

Ligament/o
Muscul/o

A

Ligament
Muscle

44
Q

My/o
Myos/o

A

Muscle

45
Q

Ten/o
Tendin/o

A

Tendon

46
Q

Sarc/o
Tend/o

A

Flesh, connective tissue
Tendon

47
Q

Fibr/o
Aponeur/o

A

Fibrous tissue, fibers
Aponeurosis

48
Q

Name the hamstrings

A
  • Hamstrings= semimembranosus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris
  • Hubert is a Silly Silly Bee

VCE VET Allied Health Flashcards © (25 decks)

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