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VCE VET Allied Health Flashcards © > Muscular System > Flashcards

Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 4 quadriceps

A
  • Quadriceps = vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, rectus femoris > vastus intermedius is beneath/deep to the rectus femoris
  • The Queen is Very Very Rich
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2
Q

Name the hamstrings

A
  • Hamstrings = semimembranosus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris
  • Hubert is a Silly Silly Bee
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3
Q

What is an aponeurosis?

A

Broad sheet of connective tissue by which some muscles attach to bone

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4
Q

Fascia

A

Thin casing of connective tissue that holds organs, blood vessels, bones, nerves and muscles in place

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5
Q

Point of origin vs insertion

A
  • Origin: end of muscle attached to stationary bone, often proximal
  • Insertion: end of muscle attached to moving bone, often distal
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6
Q

Name the 4 components of a skeletal muscle from most superficial to deepest

A

Epimysium, perimysium, fascicle, endomysium

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7
Q

Epimysium

A

Outer layer of connective tissue around a skeletal muscle

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8
Q

Perimysium

A

Connective tissue that bundles skeletal muscle fibres into fasciculi

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9
Q

Fascicle (plural fasciculi)

A

Bundle of skeletal muscle fibres

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10
Q

Endomysium

A

Loose connective tissue covering each skeletal muscle fibre

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11
Q

Muscle fibre

A

Single muscle cell

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12
Q

Sarcolemma

A

Plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle fibre

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13
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

Cytoplasm of a skeletal muscle fibre

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14
Q

Sarcomere

A

Shortens to allow skeletal muscle fibres to contract

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15
Q

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum and what is its function?

A
  • Specialised smooth ER of a muscle fibre
  • Stores, releases and retrieves Ca2+ ions
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16
Q

Myofibril

A

Basic rod-like organelle of a skeletal muscle fibre

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17
Q

Name 4 characteristics of muscles

A

Excitability/irritability, contractility, extensibility, elasticity

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18
Q

Excitability/irritability

A

Ability of a muscle to receive and respond to stimuli

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19
Q

Contractility

A

Ability of a muscle to shorten forcibly

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20
Q

Extensibility

A

Ability of a muscle to be stretched/extended

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21
Q

Elasticity

A

Ability of a muscle to recoil to resting length

22
Q

Name the types of muscle contractions

A
  • Isotonic (concentric, eccentric)
  • Isometric
23
Q

Isotonic muscle contractions

A

When the muscle length changes during contraction i.e. concentric/eccentric

24
Q

Concentric vs eccentric muscle contractions

A
  • Concentric = muscle shortens during contraction e.g. bicep curl
  • Eccentric = muscle lengthens during contraction e.g. tricep extension
    BOTH TYPES OF ISOTONIC
25
Q

Isometric muscle contractions

A

Tension is created but length of muscle does not change e.g plank/wall sit

26
Q

Agonist vs antagonist

A
  • Agonist: contracting muscle
  • Antagonist: lengthening muscle
27
Q

Active vs passive movements

A
  • Active: effort exerted by individual to generate movement of affected body part
  • Passive: someone helps to move affected body part, or no effort exerted by affected body part e.g. Pt uses right hand to pick up left arm
28
Q

Benefits of active vs passive movements

A
  • Active: improve muscle strength and mass, strengthen communication between brain and body
  • Passive: increase ROM, prevent stiffness so Pt can move without pain
29
Q

What is muscle fatigue and what is it caused by?

A
  • Physiological inability to contract at desired speed/ strength despite stimuli
  • Caused by depleted fuel stores and accumulation of waste products e.g. H+ ions. Short term fatigue during exercise is healthy
30
Q

What is muscle tone and its function? Also describe abnormal muscle tone

A
  • The continuous, passive partial contraction of muscle (healthy to have some muscle tone)
  • Functions to maintain posture and stabilise joints
  • Can be abnormal: flaccid = low muscle tone, spasticity = high muscle tone
31
Q

What are muscle cramps and what are they thought to be caused by?

A
  • Sudden and involuntary temporary contraction of a muscle
  • Believed to be from muscle overuse, holding the position, nerve compression etc.
32
Q

What is a muscle stitch and what are they thought to be caused by?

A
  • Exercise-related transient abdominal pain (ETAP)
  • Believed to be from reduced blood flow, eating/drinking too much before/during exercise
33
Q

List 6 muscle fibre arrangements

A

Circular, convergent, multipennate, parallel (including fusiform), unipennate, bipennate

34
Q

Examples of circular and convergent muscles

A
  • Circular: orbicularis oris, orbicularis oculi
  • Convergent: pectoralis major, temporalis in cranium
35
Q

Examples of unipennate, bipennate and multipennate muscles

A
  • Unipennate: flexors/extensors of the wrist
  • Bipennate: rectus femoris
  • Multipennate: deltoid, gluteus maximus
36
Q

Examples of parallel and fusiform muscles

A
  • Parallel: sartorius
  • Fusiform: biceps brachii, gastrocnemius
37
Q

4 functions of the muscular system

A

Movement of the body, posture and stability, homeostasis, movement of substances

38
Q

How does the muscular system produce movement of the body

A

Because actin and myosin contract the sarcomere, then this causes the muscle fibre to shorten, pulling on a tendon. Therefore the tendon pulls on a bone to generate movement

39
Q

How does the muscular system contribute to stability and posture

A

Skeletal muscles around our body continuously contract and relax to
maintain balance and an upright posture, whilst sitting and standing

40
Q

How does the muscular system contribute to homeostasis (thermoregulation)

A
  • skeletal muscles: if cold, shivering (contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscles) occurs to generate metabolic heat. this increases the body temp back to within normal limits
  • smooth muscles: arrector pili cause
    hairs to stand on end when the body temperature is low, trapping air to decrease heat loss via radiation. This also helps increase the body temperature back to within its normal limits
41
Q

How does the muscular system allow for movement of substances

A
  • Sphincters (e.g. in the anus and stomach) are made of smooth muscle which contracts or relaxes to open or close the sphincter, hence allowing substances (e.g. faeces or chyme) to move through.
  • Smooth muscles in the oesophagus contract and relax behind the bolus of food (peristalsis) to push it down the oesophagus into the stomach
  • Skeletal muscle contraction and relaxation (milking action) allows for the movement of lymph
42
Q

5 ways to ensure a healthy muscular system

A
  1. Physical activity to increase muscle strength
  2. Good diet: protein for muscle development
  3. Hydration to increase blood flow for nutrient delivery and waste removal
  4. Sleep to increase rate of recovery
  5. Warm up/cool down to decrease risk of injury/fatigue
43
Q

What happens to the muscles after long periods of inactivity?

A

Because the muscles haven’t been used for an extended period of time, then they are likely to become smaller and weaker = increased risk of atrophy

44
Q

Ligament/o
Muscul/o

A

Ligament
Muscle

45
Q

My/o
Myos/o

A

Muscle

46
Q

Ten/o
Tendin/o

A

Tendon

47
Q

Sarc/o
Tend/o

A

Flesh, connective tissue
Tendon

48
Q

Fibr/o
Aponeur/o

A

Fibrous tissue, fibers
Aponeurosis

49
Q

Muscular dystrophy

A

An inherited disorder characterised by progressive weakness and degeneration of muscle fibres

50
Q

Myosarcoma

A

Malignant tumour of the muscles

VCE VET Allied Health Flashcards © (25 decks)

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