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VCE VET Allied Health Flashcards © > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the skeletal system?

A

Bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, joints

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2
Q

List the regions of the vertebral column in order

A
  • Cervical: C1-C7 (C1=atlas, C2=axis)
  • Thoracic: T1-T12 (all ribs are thoracic)
  • Lumbar: L1-L5 (starts after ribs)
  • Sacrum: S1-S5 (fused)
  • Coccyx: 4 fused bones
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3
Q

List the components of the axial skeleton

A
  • Cranium (frontal, temporal, occipital, zygomatic, parietal, occipital, maxilla, mandible)
  • Vertebrae: (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx)
  • Sternum: manubrium, sternum body, xiphoid process
  • Ribs
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4
Q

What are the two types of bone tissue?

A
  • Compact/cortical: hard, dense, strong, durable outer layer
  • Cancellous/trabecular/spongy: network of trabeculae (rod-like structures), lighter, less dense, flexible inner layer
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5
Q

Name the 5 types of bones

A

Flat, long, short, sesamoid, irregular

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6
Q

Describe flat bones with examples

A
  • Thin and wide bones that provide flat areas for muscle attachment
  • Enclose cavities to protect organs
  • e.g. sternum, ribs, scapula, pelvis, cranial bones like occipital/parietal/frontal bone
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7
Q

Describe irregular bones with examples

A
  • No regular shape or characteristics
    e.g. vertebra, some skull bones
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8
Q

Describe sesamoid bones with examples

A

Small bones developed in tendons e.g. patella

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9
Q

Describe short bones with examples

A
  • No extremities or shaft
  • Roughly same width and length (cubicle)
  • e.g. carpals/tarsals
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10
Q

Describe long bones with examples

A
  • Longer than they are wide
  • Contain 2 extremities and a shaft
    e.g. femur/tibia/phalanges/clavicle
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11
Q

Describe the 4 main components of a long bone

A
  • 2 extremities (proximal + distal epiphysis): compact bone on outside, cancellous bone on inside, red bone marrow for haematopoiesis
  • metaphysis: portion of bone between the epiphyses and diaphysis
  • Shaft (diaphysis): compact bone, medullary cavity, fatty yellow bone marrow, endosteum within medullary cavity
  • Periosteum: vascular double layered outer membrane, tough and fibrous for protection
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12
Q

Name the 3 types of bone cells

A

Osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

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13
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Make new bone, repair old bone

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14
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Break down bone to remodel injured bone

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15
Q

Osteocytes

A

Inactive osteoblasts trapped in the bone they created, responsible for communication within bone tissue, make pathways for nerves and blood vessels

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16
Q

Structure, function and examples of cartilage

A
  • S = specialised connective tissue. avascular (no blood vessels) > slow healing
  • F = shock absorption and joint lubrication to reduce friction for mobility
  • e.g. articular cartilage, intercostal cartilage, pubic symphysis, nose, ears etc
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17
Q

Structure, function and examples of tendons

A
  • S = soft connective tissue, less elastic, parallel fibres, connects muscle to bone
  • F = transfer force between muscle and bones for movement
  • e.g. patellar tendon, proximal and distal biceps tendons
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18
Q

Structure, function and examples of ligaments

A
  • S = strong, elastic fibrous bands of connective tissue that vary in location, size, length
  • F = connect bones to bones to control movement and stability of joints
  • e.g. ACL, PCL, MCL, LCL
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19
Q

What are joints?

A

Links between bones for movement and stability

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20
Q

Structure, function and examples of fibrous joints

A
  • S = tough connective tissue (sutures)
  • F = join bones w/ no movement
  • e.g. joints in cranium
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21
Q

Strain vs sprain

A
  • sTrain: damage to Tendons
  • sprain: damage to ligaments
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22
Q

Inversion vs eversion ankle sprain

A
  • Inversion: when a lateral ligament of the ankle is damaged through rotation of the sole of the foot inwards
  • Eversion: when a medial ligament of the ankle is damaged through rotation of the sole of the foot outwards
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23
Q

4 ligaments of the knee

A

ACL, PCL, MCL (medial collateral ligament), LCL (lateral collateral ligament)

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24
Q

Structure, function and examples of cartilaginous joints

A
  • S = connected entirely by cartilage
  • F = absorb shock b/n bones, little movement
  • e.g. intervertebral discs, costal cartilage, pubic symphysis
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25
Q

Structure, function and examples of synovial joints

A
  • S = space with a capsule between 2 articulating bones
  • F = movement such as flexion and extension
  • e.g. hip/knee/elbow
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26
Q

Describe the relationship between stability and mobility of a joint, using an example

A

As stability increases, mobility decreases e.g. fibrous joints have the least mobility but the most stability

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27
Q

Name the types of synovial joints

A

Ball and socket, hinge, pivot, condyloid/ellipsoid, plane/gliding, saddle

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28
Q

Which synovial joint type has the largest and smallest range of motion?

A
  • Largest: ball and socket
  • Smallest: hinge
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29
Q

Structure of ball and socket joint

A

Rounded head of a bone (ball) sitting in a cavity called a depression (socket)

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30
Q

Movements and examples of ball and socket joint

A
  • Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, rotation
  • e.g. shoulder/hip
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31
Q

Movements and examples of hinge joint

A
  • Flexion, extension
  • e.g. elbow/knee/phalanges
32
Q

Movements and examples of pivot joint

A
  • Rotation
  • e.g. between the atlas and axis
33
Q

Movements and examples of condyloid/ellipsoid joint

A
  • Flexion, extension, circumduction, adduction, abduction, rotation
  • e.g. knuckles, wrist
34
Q

Movements and examples of plane/gliding joint

A
  • Side to side movement
  • e.g. carpals, tarsals, scapula
35
Q

Movements and examples of saddle joint

A
  • Flexion, extension, circumduction, adduction, abduction, rotation
  • e.g. thumb
36
Q

Categorise the components of synovial joints into stability and mobility

A
  • Stability: ligament, meniscus, joint capsule
  • Mobility: articular cartilage, synovial fluid, bursa, pad of fat
37
Q

What are the 4 main components of a synovial joint?

A

Synovial fluid, articular cartilage, ligament, joint capsule

38
Q

Structure and function of synovial fluid

A
  • S = slippery fluid within joint cavity
  • F = decrease friction between articular cartilage for mobility
39
Q

Structure and function of articular cartilage

A
  • S = smooth, spongy cartilage that covers the ends of bones
  • F = absorb shock and decrease friction between ends of bones for mobility
40
Q

Structure and function of joint capsule

A
  • S = double-layered, tough, fibrous tissue
  • F = provide stability to the joint for strength
41
Q

Structure and function of pad of fat

A
  • S = fatty pad
  • F = provide cushioning to decrease friction for mobility
42
Q

Structure and function of the bursa

A
  • S = flattened fibrous sac lined with synovial fluid
  • F = decrease friction for mobility
43
Q

Structure and function of meniscus

A
  • S = wedge of white fibrocartilage
  • F = increase stability for strength of joint and absorb shock to reduce wear and tear on joints
44
Q

6 functions of bones

A
  • Protect organs (e.g. ribs protect lungs)
  • Produce movement (e.g. muscles contract, pulling bones for movement)
  • Provide a boundary to thoracic, pelvic, cranial cavities
  • Haemopoiesis: formation of RBC in red bone marrow
  • Provide structure (e.g. vertebrae provide support for posture)
  • Storage of minerals e.g. Ca, P, Na, K
45
Q

Acronym for functions of bones

A

People move because red blood cells sing softly: protection, movement, boundary, haematopoiesis, structure, storage

46
Q

How to maintain a healthy skeletal system

A
  • Regular exposure to sunlight = essential for Vit D production which helps with
    Ca formation = strengthens bones and prevents osteoporosis
  • Avoid smoking as this can weaken bones
  • Regularly exercise to strengthen bones
47
Q

What are the 4 bones that make up the knee joint?

A

Patella, tibia, fibula, femur

48
Q

What is the function of the patella?

A

To protect the knee joint

49
Q

Articul/o
Brachi/o

50
Q

Acetabul/o
Arthr/o

A

Acetabulum (hip socket)
Joint

51
Q

Carp/o
Chir/o

A

Carpals (wrist bones)
Hand

52
Q

Rachi/o
Radi/o

A

Vertebra, spinal or vertebral column
Radius (lower arm bone)

53
Q

Uln/o
Vertebr/o

A

Ulna (lower arm bone)
Vertebra

54
Q

Pod/o
Pub/o

55
Q

Pelv/i,o
Phalang/o

A

Pelvis, pelvic bone
Phalanges

56
Q

Femor/o
Fibul/o

A

Femur (upper leg bone)
Fibula (lower leg bone)

57
Q

Tars/o
Tibi/o

A

Tarsals (ankle bones)
Tibia (lower leg bone)

58
Q

Crani/o
Dactyl/o

A

Cranium (skull)
Fingers/toes

59
Q

Kin/e
Dynam/o

60
Q

Oste/o
Patell/o

A

Bone
Patella (knee cap)

61
Q

Mandibul/o
Maxill/o

A

Mandible (lower jawbone)
Maxilla (upper jawbone)

62
Q

Scapul/o
Spondyl/o

A

Scapula (shoulder bone)
Vertebra

63
Q

Kinesi/o
Lumb/o

A

Movement, motion
Lumbar region, lower back

64
Q

Clavicul/o
Cost/o

A

Clavicle (collar bone)
Rib

65
Q

Gnath/o
Humer/o

A

Haw
Humerus (upper arm bone)

66
Q

Chondr/o
Clavic/o

A

Cartilage
Clavicle

67
Q

Burs/o
Calc/i

A

Bursa (joint cavity)
Calcium

68
Q

Menisc/o
Myel/o

A

Meniscus
Bone marrow or spinal cord

69
Q

Stern/o
Synovi/o

A

Sternum
Synovial membrane

70
Q

Ili/o
Ischi/o

A

Ilium
Ischium

71
Q

Myelon/o
Oste/o

A

Mpinal cord
Bone

72
Q

Mastoid/o
Cubit/o

A

Mastoid
Elbow

73
Q

Osteopenia

A

Abnormal condition of low bone density

74
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Abnormal condition of porous bones > less density, greater risk of Fx

75
Q

Spondylosis

A

Degenerative arthritic changes of the spine

VCE VET Allied Health Flashcards © (25 decks)

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