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VCE VET Allied Health Flashcards © > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

-pnoea
Cyan/o

A

Breathing
Blue

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2
Q

Aer/o
Alveol/o

A

Air, gas
Alveolus

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3
Q

Bronch/i,o
Bronchiol/o

A

Bronchus, bronchial tube
Bronchiole

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4
Q

Coni/o
Diaphragmat/o

A

Dust
Diaphragm

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5
Q

Describe the pathway of oxygen entering the body and carbon dioxide leaving the body

A

Nose/mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, CV system carries O2 to tissues via haemoglobin in RBC, diffuses into cells for aerobic cellular respiration and converted to CO2, diffuses out of cells into blood, pumped through heart, transported to lungs via pulmonary artery to be breathed out

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6
Q

Epiglott/o
Laryng/o

A

Epiglottis
Larynx

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7
Q

Function of the respiratory system

A

Facilitate gaseous exchange of O2 into the blood (inhalation) and CO2 out of the blood

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8
Q

Nas/o
Orth/o

A

Nose
Straight

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9
Q

Ox/i,o
Pharyng/o

A

Oxygen
Pharynx

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10
Q

Phren/o
Pneum/o

A

Diaphragm
Lung, air

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11
Q

Pneumat/o
Pneumon/o

A

Lung, air

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12
Q

Pulmon/o
Rhin/o

A

Lung
Nose

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13
Q

Sin/o
Sinus/o

A

Sinus

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14
Q

Spir/o
Trache/o

A

Breathe, breathing
Trachea

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15
Q

Structure of the respiratory tract

A

Passage where air passes through during inspiration and expiration, lined by mucous membrane
- Upper: nasal cavity/nose, oral cavity/mouth, larynx, pharynx
- Lower: trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, lungs

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16
Q

What is E and what is its structure and function?

LadyofHats, 2007 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Respiratory_system_complete_en.svg. This work is in the public domain.
A

Epiglottis
- S = elastic cartilage
- F = to prevent food and liquid going into the trachea

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17
Q

What is G and what is its structure and function?

LadyofHats, 2007 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Respiratory_system_complete_en.svg. This work is in the public domain.
A

Trachea
- S = windpipe that divides into the bronchi. Contains fibrous tissue, smooth muscle and rings of tough cartilage, lined with mucous membrane.
- F = provide a pathway for air between the larynx and bronchi

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18
Q

What is I?

LadyofHats, 2007 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Respiratory_system_complete_en.svg. This work is in the public domain.
A

Nasopharynx

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19
Q

What is J?

LadyofHats, 2007 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Respiratory_system_complete_en.svg. This work is in the public domain.
A

Oropharynx

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20
Q

What is K?

LadyofHats, 2007 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Respiratory_system_complete_en.svg. This work is in the public domain.
A

Laryngopharynx

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21
Q

What is B and what is its structure and function?

LadyofHats, 2007 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Respiratory_system_complete_en.svg. This work is in the public domain.
A

Nasal cavity
- S = large irregular cavity split into 2 equal parts by the septum, lined with mucous membrane
- F = warm, moisten, filter air to make it easier to enter the respiratory system. main route for air entry bc largest cavity

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22
Q

What is A?

LadyofHats, 2007 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Respiratory_system_complete_en.svg. This work is in the public domain.
A

Nose

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23
Q

What is D?

LadyofHats, 2007 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Respiratory_system_complete_en.svg. This work is in the public domain.
A

Oral cavity

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24
Q

What is C?

LadyofHats, 2007 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Respiratory_system_complete_en.svg. This work is in the public domain.
A

Mouth

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25
Q

What is F and what is its structure and function?

LadyofHats, 2007 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Respiratory_system_complete_en.svg. This work is in the public domain.
A

Vocal cords
- S = 2 bands of smooth muscle in the larynx
- F = to produce sound by vibrating during exhalation, while the length and tension controls pitch

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26
Q

What is pulmonary aspiration?

A

A condition in which food, liquid, saliva or vomit is breathed into the airways

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27
Q

How does the larynx prevent pulmonary aspiration of a food bolus?

A
  • Larynx lifts up to level of epiglottis
  • Epiglottis closes over the opening to the larynx
  • Food bolus passes into pharynx, avoiding the trachea
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28
Q

Structure and function of the pleura

A
  • S = thin double layered sac (visceral is closer to lungs and parietal is further from lungs)
  • F = to provide lubrication, reducing friction during the movement of lungs during breathing
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29
Q

Ventilation

A

Movement of air into and out of the lungs via inhalation and exhalation (RR x TV)

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30
Q

Respiration

A

Movement of air/oxygen from external environment to the cells of the body

31
Q

Aerobic cellular respiration

A

Chemical reactions in cells that use O2 to break down glucose, releasing energy

32
Q

Gaseous exchange

A

The net movement of O2 from the alveoli to the blood, and CO2 from the blood to the alveoli, from a high concentration to a low concentration, down a conc gradient

33
Q

Describe 4 features to increase efficiency of gaseous exchange

A
  • Thin walls: short diffusion pathway
  • Rich blood supply: maintain conc grad
  • Large SA:V ratio: increased rate
  • Moist: gases dissolve before diffusion = increased rate
34
Q

Cyanosis

A

Bluish discolouration of the skin due to deficient oxygen in the bloodstream

35
Q

Hypoxaemia

A

Abnormally low levels of oxygen in the blood

36
Q

Hypoxia

A

Abnormal condition of low O2 at a tissue level

37
Q

Asphyxia

A

Deficiency of oxygen in the blood and increase in carbon dioxide in blood

38
Q

Pneumoconiosis

A

Abnormal condition of dust in the lungs

39
Q

Describe inspiration/inhalation

A
  • Diaphragm contracts & flattens
  • Intercostal muscles contract, moving ribcage up and out
  • Visceral pleura is pulled out
  • Air is sucked into the lungs, increasing thoracic volume which decreases intrathoracic/intrapulmonary pressure
40
Q

Describe expiration/exhalation

A
  • Diaphragm relaxes
  • Intercostal muscles relax, moving ribcage down and in
  • Visceral pleura is pulled in
  • Air is expelled out of the lungs, decreasing thoracic volume which increases intrathoracic/intrapulmonary pressure
41
Q

Structure and function of intercostal muscles

A
  • S = skeletal (voluntary and striated) muscles located between the ribs
  • F = contracts during inspiration to lift ribs up and out, relaxes during expiration to move ribs in and down
42
Q

Accessory muscles for inspiration and expiration

A
  • Inspiration: neck & chest muscles to expand ribs= sternocleidomastoid, scalenes (anterior, middle, posterior), pectoralis major and minor
  • Expiration: rectus abdominis, internal and external obliques, transverse abdominis
43
Q

Apnoea
Orthopnoea

A

Temporary cessation of breathing, especially during sleep
Shortness of breath when lying flat

44
Q

Hyper vs hypopnoea

A
  • Hyperpnoea: breathing more rapid and deeper than at rest
  • Hypopnoea: breathing slower and shallower than at rest
45
Q

What does OSA stand for and what is it?

A

Obstructive sleep apnoea - intermittent airflow blockage during sleep

46
Q

How is RR controlled?

A

Chemoreceptors detect CO2 levels - if too high, RR increases to expel CO2. If too low, RR decreases to keep CO2 in body.

47
Q

What is COPD and what are some examples?

A
  • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  • Umbrella term for a number of lung diseases resulting from chronic limitation of airflow into and out of body, preventing normal breathing
  • e.g. emphysema, chronic bronchitis, chronic asthma
48
Q

Chronic bronchitis

A

Long-term inflammation of the bronchi and mucus hypersecretion

49
Q

Symptoms of COPD

A

SOB, wheezing, chest tightness, chronic cough, sputum production (saliva and mucus)

50
Q

Emphysema

A

Lung disorder where air is trapped in alveoli and bronchioles, preventing gaseous exchange causing loss of elasticity in lung tissue, accumulation of mucus and difficulty breathing

51
Q

What is HAP?

A
  • Hospital-acquired pneumonia
  • Being bedridden causes decreased air flow and decreased coughing so the Pt can’t remove lung secretions = risk of infection
52
Q

How to maintain a healthy respiratory system

A
  • Stop smoking to avoid harmful chemicals that can damage the lungs
  • Exercise regularly which regularly expands lungs to increase strength and remove mucus
  • Wash hands regularly to remove pathogens and prevent entry into the respiratory tract
  • Adequate rest and sleep to assist with growth and repair of lung tissue
53
Q

Explain the effect of immobility on the respiratory system

A

Decreased physical activity = decreased lung expansion = impaired gaseous exchange = increased risk of chest infections as lung secretions are not coughed out

54
Q

What is asthma?

A

Difficulty breathing caused by spasm/constriction of the bronchi or a swelling of the bronchial mucous membrane = lung secretions can’t be coughed out

55
Q

How is asthma treated?

A

Ventolin inhaler contains bronchodilators which relaxes the muscles that open the bronchi

56
Q

Haemothorax

A

Blood from the respiratory tract in the pleural cavity

57
Q

Pneumothorax

A

Abnormal accumulation of air in the pleural cavity

58
Q

Pneumonia

A

Abnormal condition of inflammation of the lungs and collection of infected materials in alveoli

59
Q

Haemoptysis

A

Abnormal condition of spitting up of blood

60
Q

What is a PE?

A
  • Pulmonary embolism
  • Blockage of vessels in the lung by foreign matter e.g. clot/tumour/air
61
Q

Thoracotomy

A

Surgical incision into the thoracic cavity, usually to remove a lung (pneumonectomy) or a lobe of a lung (lobectomy)

62
Q

What is WNL for RR?

A

12-20 breaths/min

63
Q

Why do we measure RR?

A
  • To determine if enough O2 is going in and enough CO2 is going out
  • Can also indicate CV health
64
Q

Structure and function of the pharynx

A
  • S = tube containing smooth muscle lined with mucous membrane. Contains 3 parts: nasopharynx oropharynx, laryngopharynx
  • F = provide passageway for food and air from nasal or oral cavity to larynx
65
Q

What is M and what is its structure and function?

LadyofHats, 2007 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Respiratory_system_complete_en.svg. This work is in the public domain.
A

Alveoli
- S = clusters of small, balloon-shaped air sacs that sit on the end of the bronchioles. thin walls, (short diffusion pathway), rich blood supply (maintain concentration gradient), moist, large SA
- F = facilitate gaseous exchange of O2 into the blood and CO2 out of the blood

66
Q

What is P and what is its structure and function?

LadyofHats, 2007 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Respiratory_system_complete_en.svg. This work is in the public domain.
A

Bronchioles
- S = smaller divisions of the bronchi, connect to alveoli. R) side has 3 bronchioles and L) side has 2 bronchioles (one for each lobe of the lung)
- F = provide a pathway for air between bronchi and alveoli

67
Q

What is O and what is its structure and function?

LadyofHats, 2007 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Respiratory_system_complete_en.svg. This work is in the public domain.
A

Bronchi
- S = two large airways that branch off the trachea, right bronchus is shorter and wider
- F = provide a pathway for air between trachea and bronchioles

68
Q

What is Q and what is its structure and function?

LadyofHats, 2007 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Respiratory_system_complete_en.svg. This work is in the public domain.
A

Diaphragm
- S = a dome-shaped, skeletal (voluntary and striated) muscle that separates the abdominal and thoracic cavities
- F = contracts and flattens during inspiration, relaxes during expiration to help control intrathoracic volume and pressure

69
Q

What is L and what is its structure and function?

LadyofHats, 2007 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Respiratory_system_complete_en.svg. This work is in the public domain.
A

Larynx
- S = flexible structure composed of diff types of cartilage, located between the pharynx and trachea
- F = allow air to pass through trachea while stopping food from entering respiratory tract and house vocal cords which manipulate volume for speech

70
Q

What is H and what is its structure and function?

LadyofHats, 2007 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Respiratory_system_complete_en.svg. This work is in the public domain.
A

Lung
- S = Two cone-shaped organs located in the thoracic (pleural) cavity, R) lung has 3 lobes and L) lung has 2 lobes (since heart sits on left to save room)
- F = to allow for gaseous exchange of O2 from the air into the blood and CO2 out of the blood into the air

71
Q

Atel/o

A

Imperfect, incomplete

72
Q

Where can cilia be found?

A

Pharynx, larynx, trachea, alveoli, bronchi, bronchioles etc
NOT lungs> too general since the bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli are in the lungs

73
Q

Internal vs external respiration

A
  • Internal: gaseous exchange between capillaries and tissues
  • External: gaseous exchange between alveoli and capillaries

VCE VET Allied Health Flashcards © (25 decks)

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