Special Senses pt 2 Flashcards
What is otitis media?
inflammation of the middle ear
what is the name of the unique dilation of the auditory tube in horses?
guttural pouch
what is the middle ear lined by?
simple squamous to cuboidal epithelium that may be ciliated
Otitis media:
1. common in what species?
2. clinical signs?
3. occurs in conjunction with what? and why?
- ruminants and pigs
- droopy ear, facial paralysis, head tilt, nasal discharge, resp signs
- resp disease (pneumonia) due to ascension to auditory tube
What is the classic pathogen associated with otitis in cattle? pigs?
cattle: mycoplasma bovis
pigs: pasturella multocida
What is the lesion that the arrow is pointing to?
Otitis media
Any bacteria that can cause _____ can cause otitis ____!
pneumonia
media
Always check the tympanic bullae in ____ and any ____ with ______
cats
animal
pneumonia
Horner’s syndrome:
1. result of what?
2. occurs secondary to what?
- loss of sympathetic innervation to the eye
- otitis media
What are the clinical signs of Horner’s syndrome?
miosis
enopthalmos
narrow palpebral aperture
protrusion of the 3rd eyelid
peripheral vasodilation
what is miosis?
constriction of the pupil
what is enophthalmos?
posterior displacement of the globe
basically the eye is sunken in
Gorp the cat comes in with this lesion. He also had otitis media a few weeks ago. What is your primary differential?
Horner’s syndrome
Gorp the cat comes back a few weeks later with this lesion. What is it? What is the typical signalment for a cat with this lesion? What is the cause?
nasopharyngeal polyp
cats < 2 yrs old
unknown, possibly secondary to inflammation in come cases
Nasopharyngeal polyps:
1. where do they come from?
2. clinical signs
- mucosa of the middle ear or auditory tube
- otitis externa or media, discharge from nose/eyes/ears, voice change, head tilt, Horner’s, severe dyspnea (sometimes)
What causes strangles in horses?
Streptococcus equi equi
What are the 2 important bacterial and fungal infections that can take place in the guttural pouch?
streptococcus equi equi (strangles)
Aspergillus sp.
What are some clinical signs of guttural pouch disease? unilateral or bilateral?
epistaxis
dysphagia
laryngeal hemiplegia
Horner’s syndrome
facial nerve paralysis
usually unilateral
This is a horse guttural pouch. What are the white things? What are they indicative of?
chondroids
guttural pouch disease
What is Temporohyoid Osteoarthropathy of horses?
synchondrosis joint b/t the proximal stylohyoid bone and the petrous part of the temporal bone
Temporohyoid Osteoarthropathy:
1. clinical signs? (2 syndromes)
2. causes?
1a. abnormal behaviour including of the head, ear rubbing, problems chewing, resting the bit in their mouths
1b. fracture of the ankylosed joint can cause acute vestibular signs or facial nerve damage
- infection (extension from otitis media or hematogenous), degenerative joint disease
This structure is in the guttural pouch in a horse. It is abnormal. What is the primary differential?
hint: think about what structures are present in the guttural pouch
Temporohyoid Osteoarthropathy
what are the two types of vestibular disease?
what is the difference between the two?
- peripheral vestibular disease
- central vestibular disease
central VD originates from the brainstem/cerebellum, and peripheral VD originates from the internal ear sensory receptors, vestibular ganglia, or axons of CN VIII
What are the clinical signs of vestibular disease?
nystagmus
head tilt
asymmetric ataxia
circling
facial paralysis
what is nystagmus?
involuntary rhythmic side-to-side, up and down, or circular motion of the eyes
What are the causes of peripheral vestibular disease?
otitis interna (bacterial, viral, fungal, protozoal)
tumors impeding on the inner ear
idiopathic
ototoxic drugs (usually also causes deafness)
idiopathic peripheral vestibular disease:
1. signalment?
2. acute or chronic?
3. prognosis?
- geriatric dogs
- acute
- show improvements after 2-3 days w/o treatment
What are three differentials for a rabbit with a head tilt?
Encephalitozoon cuniculi
otitis media and infection
trauma
Encephalitozoon cuniculi:
1. what type of tiny organism?
2. signalment ?
3. zoonotic?
4. targets what?
5. clinical signs?
6. how does one get infected?
- fungus, gram (+)
- rabbits > rodents > dogs and fox pups
- yes, but low risk
- vascular endothelium of brain, kidney, eye
- head tilt, cataracts, phacoclastic uveitis, other neuro signs
- ingestion or transplacental (urine/feces)
what are the gross lesions of encephalitozoon cuniculi?
putting of renal cortex, cataracts
what are the histo lesions of encephalitozoon cuniculi?
granulomatous inflammation of kidneys and brain
A rabbit (named Gorp) comes into your clinic presenting with a head tilt and cataracts. What is your primary differential? What 3 organs are affected by this pathology?
encephalitozoon cuniculi
brain, kidneys, eyes
You are doing a necropsy on a rabbit that was euthanized due to neurologic signs. You find these lesions in the kidneys. What do you think happened?
Rabbit had encephalitozoon cuniculi
What is the uvea?
middle layer/vascular layer of the eye
iris, ciliary body, choroid (tapetum lucidum)
What is the other name for the 3rd eyelid?
nictitating membrane
what is the limbus?
when the cornea transitions into the sclera
Define the following terms:
1. uveitis
2. anterior uveitis
3. panuveitis
4. enophthalmitis
5. panophthalmitis
6. Hypopyon
7. hyphema
- inflammation of the uvea
- inflammation of the iris and ciliary body
- inflammation of all 3 parts: iris, ciliary body, choroid
- inflammation of the uvea and 3 ocular chambers (anterior, posterior, vitreous)
- endophthalmitis + inflammation of the sclera
- accumulation of neutrophils and fibrin that settles ventrally in the anterior chamber
- accumulation of blood in the anterior chamber
What is this picture an example of?
Hyphema
What is this picture an example of?
Hypopyon
the cornea is maintained in a _____ state.
dehydrated
What is keratitis?
inflammation of the cornea
What stain is this?
Fluorescein
What are the 3 corneal responses to injury?
shallow ulceration
chronic irritation
deep ulceration
Shallow ulceration of the cornea:
1. what is 1 clinical sign?
2. return to normal?
- edema
- yes, by normal epithelial regeneration
chronic corneal irritation: what happens?
adaptive metaplasia (cutaneous metaplasia) of the surface epithelium
What is this picture showing?
chronic corneal irritation
cutaneous metaplasia of the surface epithelium
