Special Senses pt 2

Question 1

What is otitis media?

Answer 1

inflammation of the middle ear

Question 2

what is the name of the unique dilation of the auditory tube in horses?

Answer 2

guttural pouch

Question 3

what is the middle ear lined by?

Answer 3

simple squamous to cuboidal epithelium that may be ciliated

Question 4

Otitis media:
1. common in what species?
2. clinical signs?
3. occurs in conjunction with what? and why?

Answer 4

1. ruminants and pigs
2. droopy ear, facial paralysis, head tilt, nasal discharge, resp signs
3. resp disease (pneumonia) due to ascension to auditory tube

Question 5

What is the classic pathogen associated with otitis in cattle? pigs?

Answer 5

cattle: mycoplasma bovis
pigs: pasturella multocida

Question 6

What is the lesion that the arrow is pointing to?

Answer 6

Otitis media

Question 7

Any bacteria that can cause _____ can cause otitis ____!

Answer 7

pneumonia
media

Question 8

Always check the tympanic bullae in ____ and any ____ with ______

Answer 8

cats
animal
pneumonia

Question 9

Horner’s syndrome:
1. result of what?
2. occurs secondary to what?

Answer 9

1. loss of sympathetic innervation to the eye
2. otitis media

Question 10

What are the clinical signs of Horner’s syndrome?

Answer 10

miosis
enopthalmos
narrow palpebral aperture
protrusion of the 3rd eyelid
peripheral vasodilation

Question 11

what is miosis?

Answer 11

constriction of the pupil

Question 12

what is enophthalmos?

Answer 12

posterior displacement of the globe
basically the eye is sunken in

Question 13

Gorp the cat comes in with this lesion. He also had otitis media a few weeks ago. What is your primary differential?

Answer 13

Horner’s syndrome

Question 14

Gorp the cat comes back a few weeks later with this lesion. What is it? What is the typical signalment for a cat with this lesion? What is the cause?

Answer 14

nasopharyngeal polyp
cats < 2 yrs old
unknown, possibly secondary to inflammation in come cases

Question 15

Nasopharyngeal polyps:
1. where do they come from?
2. clinical signs

Answer 15

1. mucosa of the middle ear or auditory tube
2. otitis externa or media, discharge from nose/eyes/ears, voice change, head tilt, Horner’s, severe dyspnea (sometimes)

Question 16

What causes strangles in horses?

Answer 16

Streptococcus equi equi

Question 17

What are the 2 important bacterial and fungal infections that can take place in the guttural pouch?

Answer 17

streptococcus equi equi (strangles)
Aspergillus sp.

Question 18

What are some clinical signs of guttural pouch disease? unilateral or bilateral?

Answer 18

epistaxis
dysphagia
laryngeal hemiplegia
Horner’s syndrome
facial nerve paralysis

usually unilateral

Question 19

This is a horse guttural pouch. What are the white things? What are they indicative of?

Answer 19

chondroids
guttural pouch disease

Question 20

What is Temporohyoid Osteoarthropathy of horses?

Answer 20

synchondrosis joint b/t the proximal stylohyoid bone and the petrous part of the temporal bone

Question 21

Temporohyoid Osteoarthropathy:
1. clinical signs? (2 syndromes)
2. causes?

Answer 21

1a. abnormal behaviour including of the head, ear rubbing, problems chewing, resting the bit in their mouths
1b. fracture of the ankylosed joint can cause acute vestibular signs or facial nerve damage

2. infection (extension from otitis media or hematogenous), degenerative joint disease

Question 22

This structure is in the guttural pouch in a horse. It is abnormal. What is the primary differential?

hint: think about what structures are present in the guttural pouch

Answer 22

Temporohyoid Osteoarthropathy

Question 23

what are the two types of vestibular disease?

what is the difference between the two?

Answer 23

1. peripheral vestibular disease
2. central vestibular disease

central VD originates from the brainstem/cerebellum, and peripheral VD originates from the internal ear sensory receptors, vestibular ganglia, or axons of CN VIII

Question 24

What are the clinical signs of vestibular disease?

Answer 24

nystagmus
head tilt
asymmetric ataxia
circling
facial paralysis

Question 25

what is nystagmus?

Answer 25

involuntary rhythmic side-to-side, up and down, or circular motion of the eyes

Question 26

What are the causes of peripheral vestibular disease?

Answer 26

otitis interna (bacterial, viral, fungal, protozoal)
tumors impeding on the inner ear
idiopathic
ototoxic drugs (usually also causes deafness)

Question 27

idiopathic peripheral vestibular disease:
1. signalment?
2. acute or chronic?
3. prognosis?

Answer 27

1. geriatric dogs
2. acute
3. show improvements after 2-3 days w/o treatment

Question 28

What are three differentials for a rabbit with a head tilt?

Answer 28

Encephalitozoon cuniculi
otitis media and infection
trauma

Question 29

Encephalitozoon cuniculi:
1. what type of tiny organism?
2. signalment ?
3. zoonotic?
4. targets what?
5. clinical signs?
6. how does one get infected?

Answer 29

1. fungus, gram (+)
2. rabbits > rodents > dogs and fox pups
3. yes, but low risk
4. vascular endothelium of brain, kidney, eye
5. head tilt, cataracts, phacoclastic uveitis, other neuro signs
6. ingestion or transplacental (urine/feces)

Question 30

what are the gross lesions of encephalitozoon cuniculi?

Answer 30

putting of renal cortex, cataracts

Question 31

what are the histo lesions of encephalitozoon cuniculi?

Answer 31

granulomatous inflammation of kidneys and brain

Question 32

A rabbit (named Gorp) comes into your clinic presenting with a head tilt and cataracts. What is your primary differential? What 3 organs are affected by this pathology?

Answer 32

encephalitozoon cuniculi
brain, kidneys, eyes

Question 33

You are doing a necropsy on a rabbit that was euthanized due to neurologic signs. You find these lesions in the kidneys. What do you think happened?

Answer 33

Rabbit had encephalitozoon cuniculi

Question 34

What is the uvea?

Answer 34

middle layer/vascular layer of the eye
iris, ciliary body, choroid (tapetum lucidum)

Question 35

What is the other name for the 3rd eyelid?

Answer 35

nictitating membrane

Question 36

what is the limbus?

Answer 36

when the cornea transitions into the sclera

Question 37

Define the following terms:
1. uveitis
2. anterior uveitis
3. panuveitis
4. enophthalmitis
5. panophthalmitis
6. Hypopyon
7. hyphema

Answer 37

1. inflammation of the uvea
2. inflammation of the iris and ciliary body
3. inflammation of all 3 parts: iris, ciliary body, choroid
4. inflammation of the uvea and 3 ocular chambers (anterior, posterior, vitreous)
5. endophthalmitis + inflammation of the sclera
6. accumulation of neutrophils and fibrin that settles ventrally in the anterior chamber
7. accumulation of blood in the anterior chamber

Question 38

What is this picture an example of?

Answer 38

Hyphema

Question 39

What is this picture an example of?

Answer 39

Hypopyon

Question 40

the cornea is maintained in a _____ state.

Answer 40

dehydrated

Question 41

What is keratitis?

Answer 41

inflammation of the cornea

Question 42

What stain is this?

Answer 42

Fluorescein

Question 43

What are the 3 corneal responses to injury?

Answer 43

shallow ulceration
chronic irritation
deep ulceration

Question 44

Shallow ulceration of the cornea:
1. what is 1 clinical sign?
2. return to normal?

Answer 44

1. edema
2. yes, by normal epithelial regeneration

Question 45

chronic corneal irritation: what happens?

Answer 45

adaptive metaplasia (cutaneous metaplasia) of the surface epithelium

Question 46

What is this picture showing?

Answer 46

chronic corneal irritation
cutaneous metaplasia of the surface epithelium