GI - Oral pt 2 Flashcards
What are the big 4 vesicular stomatitides?
foot and mouth disease
vesicular stomatitis
vesicular exanthema of swine
swine vesicular disease
Why are the big 4 vesicular stomatitides considered “the big 4”?
trade implications and production limiting
all have high morbidity (but low mortality)
almost all are reportable (except vesicular exanthema)
what is the problem with identifying the big 4 vesicular stomatitides?
they can look identical grossly and histologically
What is a vesicle?
accumulation of serous fluid usually b/t the epithelium and lamina propria
what is the difference between a vesicle and a bullae?
Vesicle = < 0.5cm
bullae = > 0.5cm
what is the relationship between a vesicle and an ulcer?
vesicles rupture to form ulcers (vesicles are usually short-lived)
Seeing a vesicle/ulcer in a SA or LA can point to different things. What should you first think of when you see this in either animal group?
SA: immune-mediated disease
LA: viral causes (important to rule out)
What is the virus that causes foot and mouth disease?
foot and mouth disease virus
Picornavirus family
What species are affected by foot and mouth disease?
cloven hooved animals, bears (not horses)
What virus causes vesicular stomatitis?
vesicular stomatitis virus
Rhabdovirus family
What species are affected by vesicular stomatitis
horses, cows, pigs, some wildlife (white-tailed deer, raccoons, feral swine, rodents)
HUMANS! zoonotic
not goats/sheep
What is the distribution of vesicular stomatitis?
endemic in SAm and CAm, sporadic in USA
What is the other name for Vesicular exanthema of swine?
San Miguel sea lion virus
What virus causes vesicular exanthema of swine?
vesicular exanthema of swine virus
Calicivirus family
What species are affected by vesicular exanthema of swine?
swine, sea lions, seals, dolphins
What is the distribution of vesicular exanthema of swine in sea lions?
sea lions from California to Alaska
What virus cases swine vesicular disease?
swine vesicular disease virus
Picornaviridae family
enterovirus
What species are affected by swine vesicular disease?
swine
where is foot and mouth disease enzootic?
Africa, Asia, Europe, SAm
basically not NAm
What are the clinical signs of Foot and mouth disease in adults?
vesicle formation in/around the mouth, feet, mammary glands
these areas are prone to trauma –> vesicles turn to ulcers
febrile
can get hoof sloughing
What are the clinical signs of Foot and mouth disease in neonates?
myocarditis
can be fatal
how long does foot and mouth disease persist in the environment? how is it inactivated?
weeks
inactivated by sunlight, drying, high temp
how can you definitively diagnose foot and mouth disease?
virus isolation
where is vesicular stomatitis enzootic?
CAm, SAm, sporadic in NAm
is there a seasonality to vesicular stomatitis? if so, what is it?
yes
outbreaks during warmer weather
what are the clinical signs of vesicular stomatitis?
vesicles in oral cavity
sometimes in feet, mammary glands (but less so than in oral cavity)
animals may froth at the mouth
How can you tell the difference between foot and mouth disease and vesicular stomatitis GROSSLY?
you can’t!
Why is vesicular exanthema of swine present in sea lions?
feeding garbage containing pork waste into ocean
Vesicular exanthema of swine doesn’t really occur in swine anymore. What is one way that a pig can be infected with it?
if pig is fed uncooked ocean origin fish (because California sea lions still have the disease)
where is swine vesicular disease occurring in the world?
Italy, Hong Kong, UK, Europe, Asia
basically not NAm
What are the clinical signs of swine vesicular disease?
vesicles on coronary band and heels > oral cavity and mammary glands
can cause nonsuppurative meningoencephalomyelitis
how do outbreaks of swine vesicular disease occur?
feeding garbage containing raw pork products
What virus/disease is not part of the big 4 but should be? Why is it not part of the big 4? why should it be added?
Seneca Valley Virus/senecavirus A
not part of big 4 b/c no trade restrictions – not considered to be production limiting
should be part of big 4 b/c emerging disease in swine, common in USA and reported in Canada, also resembles the other big 4
what species are affected by Seneca valley virus?
swine
what virus causes Seneca valley virus?
senecavirus A
picornavirus family
Feline calicivirus is primarily a ____ disease, but one clinical sign is ____ which involves the ____ system.
respiratory
lingual and oropharyngeral ulcers that start as vesicles
GI
in small animals, vesicular stomatitides are ______ diseases. They are the result of ______ against some component of the ____ or ______
immune-mediated
auto-antibodies
epidermis
lamina propria
What are the specific SA vesicular stomatitides that we should know?
Pemphigus Vulgaris
Bullous pemphigoid
Mucous membrane pemphigoid
Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita
What do SA vesicular stomatitides lead to?
clefting b/t cells that progress to vesicles/ulcers
In SA vesicular stomatitides, what determines the subtype of the disease?
the level at which clefting occurs
What are the other causes of ulcerative stomatitis in bovines?
Rinderpest
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV)
Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF)
What species do eosinophilic ulcers target? What is another name for them?
cats
rodent ulcers
Eosinophilic ulcers are part of the ____ ______ _____ complex, which includes: (3 things)
Feline eosinophilic granuloma complex
eosinophilic ulcers, eosinophilic plaque
linear granuloma
Eosinophilic ulcers target what?
mucocutaneous junctions of the lips
what is the cause of eosinophilic ulcers?
unknown
what are the gross lesions of eosinophilic ulcers?
well-demarcated, shallow ulcers with elevated margins, primarily the upper lip to either side of midline
A cat named Junk Drawer presents to you with these lesions. They do not appear anywhere else in the oral cavity. What is your primary differential?
Eosinophilic ulcer
how does uremia cause ulcers?
result of elevated blood urea, broken down by urease-producing bacteria in the oral cavity, producing ammonia = caustic
Uremia is associated with ____ _____ disease in ____ > ____
chronic renal disease
dogs
cats
A dog named Gubernaculum presents with chronic renal disease. You look in its mouth. What do you expect to find?
dirty grey-brown ulcers on gums, lateral tongue, inner lips and cheeks
ulcers caused by uremia
What is bovine papular stomatitis caused by?
bovine papular stomatitis virus
paradox virus
is bovine papular stomatitis clinically significant?
No! - can indicate underlying immunosuppression though
Is bovine papular stomatitis zoonotic? What species does it affect?
YES!!
Calves (and humans)
What are the gross lesions of bovine papular stomatitis?
targets muzzle, nares, gums, buccal papillae, dental pad, inner lips, hard palate
begins as a round macule (0.2-2.0 cm in diameter)
centre becomes elevated over time, becoming a papule, targetoid
center becomes scaly and necrotic, may slough
you can see scalloping around the gums
A calf named Beatrice presents with these lesions in its mouth. what is your primary diagnosis?
Hint: if you looked further at the gums, you would note scalloping.
Bovine papular stomatitis
What is Orf? What’s another name for it? What is it caused by?
contagious pustular dermatitis in sheep and goats (and muskox)
AKA contagious ecthyma
caused by a paradox virus
is Orf zoonotic?
YES
What are the gross lesions of Orf?
proliferative scabby lesions on lips, face, udder, feet
can extend into oral cavity
What is sialoadenitis?
inflammation of the salivary gland
salivary gland abnormalities are usually ____ problems, NOT _____
functional
infectious
What is ranula? what is the result?
partial or complete obstruction of a salivary duct leading to duct dilation
result is a smooth, round, fluctuant mass on floor of mouth
This lesion is on the floor of the mouth in a dog. What is your primary differential?
Ranula
What is a sialocele? What is the cause?
Accumulation of salivary secretions in soft tissue of the mouth or neck
caused by trauma and rupture of duct
not lined by duct epithelium
This lesion has something to do with salivary glands. What is it?
a sialocele
What is a sialolith?
concretions within the salivary gland
This is a salivary gland. What is the lesion?
Sialolith
A boxer named Box comes in to your clinic with these presenting lesions. What is you primary diagnosis?
diffuse fibrous hyperplasia
Diffuse fibrous hyperplasia is familial in _____. It can cause _____ and ______ of teeth.
Boxers
displacement
malalignment
What is the “correct” (pathology) term for mouth warts?
Oral papillomatosis
Oral papillomatosis usually occurs in what age animals? What species are usually seen with them?
Young
Dogs & bovines
Oral papillomatosis regresses ____.
Spontaneously
What causes oral papillomatosis in dogs?
Canine papillomavirus 1
what causes oral papillomatosis in cows?
Bovine papillomavirus 4
What are the gross lesions of oral papillomatosis?
Multifocal, proliferative, cauliflower-like
A dog named Gerald presents to your clinic with these cauliflower-looking lesions. What is your primary differential?
Oral papillomatosis AKA mouth warts
Fibromatous epulis of periodontal ligament origin (FEPLO), AKA epulis:
most common in what animal?
Benign or malignant?
Does it invade the bone?
Dogs
Benign
No, it doesn’t invade the bone
What are the gross lesions of fibromatous epulis of periodontal ligament origin (FEPLO)?
firm grey-pink nodular lesions often b/t teeth or from the hard palate
mushroom shaped, smooth surface
most common around carnassial and canine teeth in brachycephalic breeds
This poor dog named Jimothy presents with this large lesion originating from the periodontal ligament. The owner, Jim, wants to know if his dog is going to live. What is your primary differential and what do you tell Jim?
This is most likely fibromatous epulis of periodontal ligament origin (FEPLO). It is benign, so once you remove the mass, Jimothy will be fine.
What is the name of the odontogenic tumor unique to dogs that comes from the ameloblasts?
Canine acanthomatous ameloblastoma (CAA)
What is canine acanthomatous ameloblastoma (CAA)? It’s found in dogs, but can it be found in other species?
Common odontogenic tumor of dogs, comes from ameloblasts
unique to dogs
Canine acanthomatous ameloblastoma (CAA):
Does it metastasize?
Does it invade bone?
is it aggressive?
No, not metastasize
yes, invades bone
yes, it’s aggressive
What are the gross lesions of canine acanthomatous ameloblastoma (CAA)?
grey to pink, papillary and nodular
originating near to an alveolus
FEPLOs and CAA can look identical. How are you going to tell them apart?
radiographs (looking for bone invasion) –> if yes, then CAA
Effect on teeth (displacement?) –> if yes, then CAA
biopsy
What are the 3 most common non-odontogenic oral cavity tumors in dogs?
- melanoma
- Squamous cell carcinoma
- Fibrosarcoma
What are the 3 most common non-odontogenic oral cavity tumors in cats?
- Squamous cell carcinoma (60-70% of all oral tumors)
- Fibrosarcoma (20%)
- Lymphoma
- Melanoma
What is the most common oral malignancy of cats? and the second most common oral tumor of dogs?
squamous cell carcinoma
rank the locations of squamous cell carcinomas from most common to least common
ventral tongue > gingiva > tonsils, etc
What is the gross appearance of squamous cell carcinomas in the mouth? Are they locally invasive into bone?
irregular, nodular, frequently ulcerated
yes they invade into the bone
What is the most common oral tumor in dogs? Can it be found in cats?
malignant melanoma
yes, but it’s rare in cats
Malignant melanomas:
aggressive or no?
Histo lesions?
yes aggressive
variable pigmentation, extremely variable appearance, risk of misdiagnosis
What breed of dog are fibrosarcomas most common in ?
young, large breed dogs, esp golden retrievers
“potato noses”
Fibrosarcomas in the mouth are frequently referred to as “high-low fibrosarcomas”. what does this mean?
histologically low grade, behaviourally high grade
histo is bland, behaviour is invasive and rapid growth
