GI - Oral pt 1 Flashcards
What species are obligate nasal breathers? Why?
Horses, rodents, rabbits
Location of the soft palate relative to the epiglottis
What pathologic condition, seen in race horses, is associated with the anatomy that makes horses obligate nasal breathers?
DDSP (dorsal displacement of soft palate)
What unique feature do pigs have in their oral cavities?
Pharyngeal diverticulum
Label the arrow and the circle
Arrow: glottis
Circle: choana
What are the 2 teeth types we need to know and what do they mean?
Brachydont: low crowned = enamel restricted to crown
Hypsodont: high crowned = enamel extends down the root and invaginates into the dentin –> forms infundibula
Why do hypsodont teeth in particular require frequent vet attention?
Because they continuously grow throughout life, so they often present problems for the animals
Where do teeth sit in the gums and how do they stay there?
bony sockets called alveoli, held in place by the periodontal ligament
where are the blood supply and nerves in teeth?
pulp cavity
What are deciduous teeth?
baby teeth, milk teeth (replaced by permanent adult teeth as the animal grows)
What are cheek teeth?
premolars and molar of horses and ruminants, grouped together like this because they are similar in form and function
What are carnassial teeth?
Upper 4th premolar and lower 1st molar of carnivores
specialized for shearing
What are wolf teeth?
1st premolar in horses, usually only erupt on maxilla, if they erupt at all
In horses, the upper arcade is wider than the lower arcade. What does this lead to?
sharp points on upper buccal surface, and lower lingual surface
Why do infections in cheek teeth in horses often include infection of the maxillary sinuses?
Because the roots of the cheek teeth are really close to the maxillary sinuses.
What are the 4 salivary glands that we need to know and their approx. location? (not described in anatomical terms lol)
Parotid: just below ear, behind cheek
Mandibular: under the parotid gland, near the maxilla
Sublingual: underneath the tongue
Zygomatic: at/around the region of the zygomatic bone
What is cheiloschisis? is it an acquired or congenital abnormality?
cleft lip
congenital
What is palatoschisis? Is it an acquired or congenital abnormality?
cleft palate
congenital
What is the difference between palatoschisis and cheiloschisis?
Palatoschisis is cleft palate and cheiloschisis is cleft lip
Animals with either palatoschisis or cheiloschisis usually present with what 2 sequelae?
Aspiration pneumonia
trouble suckling +/- milk coming out of nose (because they can’t make a good seal)
What is brachygnathia (general)? Is it an acquired or congenital abnormality?
shortening of the jaw
congenital
What is prognathia? Is it an acquired or congenital abnormality?
elongation of the jaw
congenital
What are the types of brachygnathia and what do they mean?
Brachygnathia inferior = shortening of the mandible
Brachygnathia superior = shortening of the maxillae
What type of dog is brachygnathia superior seen in?
brachycephalic dog breeds
What are 4 reasons why congenital abnormalities occur?
Hereditary
drugs
toxic plants
infectious
What is epitheliogenesis imperfecta? Where in the oral cavity is this seen most?
hereditary anomaly leading to large defects in the skin (improper formation of epidermis/epithelium)
seen most in tongue
How is epitheliogenesis imperfecta inherited? How can you tell it’s this abnormality instead of something else?
autosomal recessive trait in cattle, horses, pigs
there are sharp edges, abrupt defects in the epithelium, bilaterally recessive (no inflammation
Define the following terms:
Stomatitis
Cheilitis
Pharyngitis
Glossitis
Gingivitis
Tonsilitis
Stomatitis: inflammation of the oral cavity
Cheilitis: inflammation of the lips
Pharyngitis: inflammation of the pharynx
Glossitis: inflammation of the tongue
Gingivitis: inflammation of the gums
Tonsilitis: inflammation of the tonsils
What are Feline Odontoclastic Resorptive Lesions (FORLs)? What is the cause?
Basically the cat equivalent of cavities, often start at the sub gingival neck or upper root of cheek teeth
cause = idiopathic
With Feline Odontoclastic Resorptive Lesions (FORLs), are you more likely to see them in a young or old cat? Are they painful?
old
yes painful
What are the lesions in the circles? This is a 12 y/o cat with no other pathologies
Feline Odontoclastic Resorptive Lesions (FORLs)
What is Equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis? (EOTRH) What does it target? What would you see to give you this diagnosis?
painful and progressive lesion of older horses, combination of cement hyperplasia and lysis
targets canines and incisors
Diagnosis: bulbous enlargement of intra-alveolar part of teeth
What is odontogenic dysplasia? What species do you see this in? What does it result in? How do you diagnose it?
Dysplastic growth of molar teeth
Seen in rodents
Results in malocclusion, hyper salivation, emaciation
Diagnosis: palpate nodular hard swellings along ventral mandible or along dorsal surface of maxilla
This is a rodent skull. What are these hard swellings?
odontogenic dysplasia
What is Chronic Ulcerative Paradental Stomatitis (CUPS)? What is its other name? What is the typical signalment for CUPS?
Hypersensitivity reaction to gram (-) bacteria associated with periodontal disease
AKA kissing ulcers
Signalment: middle aged white breed dogs
What are the gross lesions of chronic ulcerative paradental stomatitis (CUPS)? Which teeth are most significantly affected?
gross lesions: buccal ulceration in areas of contact b/t mucosal and teeth affected by gingivitis, plaque, and calculus
maxillary canine and carnassial teeth usually most affected
You’re looking at the dorsal surface of the mouth of a small white breed dog. What are the lesions circled?
Chronic Ulcerative Paradental Stomatitis (CUPS)
What are the gross lesions in calf diphtheria/oral necrobacillosis?
yellow-grey, well-demarcated necrosis with a hyperaemic (red) rim
often a dry appearance
This is the tongue of a young calf. What are the lesions?
Oral necrobacillosis/calf diphtheria
What is oral necrobacillosis/calf diphtheria caused by?
Fusobacterium necrophorum
secondary invader secondary to mucosal damage
Calf diphtheria/oral necrobacillosis can be fatal if it goes systemic. What age group is systemic disease more common in?
Young
What is the histologic lesion seen with oral necrobacillosis/calf diphtheria (that we need to know?)
bacteria arranged into long filaments
What is wooden tongue/actinobacillosis caused by?
Actinobacillus lignieresii (gram -)
part of normal oral flora, trauma allows penetration of bacteria
What is lumpy jaw caused by?
Actinomyces bovis
How can you tell lumpy jaw and wooden tongue apart?
have to culture the bacteria
What are the gross lesions of wooden tongue/actinobacillosis? What animals does this abnormality affect?
tongue becomes swollen and hard, may extend to other parts of the oral cavity and lymph nodes. can also see sulfur granules
affects cattle, sheep, pigs, wild ruminants
What histo lesion do we need to know for wooden tongue/actinobacillosis?
Splendore-Hoeppli [sulfur granules is the gross feature]
This is the tongue of a cow. What is the lesion?
sulfur granules seen with wooden tongue/actinobacillosis
What is oral candidiasis/thrush caused by? What species are affected?
Candida albicans
Can happen in any species, but mostly foals, pigs, dogs, birds, more often young animals than old. seen with changes in diet (like weaning)
What are the gross features of thrush/oral candidiasis?
pale yellow to grey pseudomembrane overlying oral mucosa, esp. at the back of the tongue
This is the tongue of a dog. What is the lesion?
Oral candidiasis AKA thrush
What is the histo feature we have to know for thrush/oral candidiasis?
proliferation of yeast and hyphae within keratinized layer
Where can oral candidiasis/thrush be located?
anywhere in the keratinized portion of the GIT
What are the 3 common bacterial/fungal diseases of the oral cavity that we have to know for birds?
Candidiasis, Trichomoniasis, Avipox virus/wet pox
Blunting of the choanal papillae is associated with what?
vitamin A deficiency
