Repro pt 1 Flashcards
Describe the 3 phases of sexual determination.
Phase 1: determination of sex chromosomes (XX or XY)
Phase 2: est. of gonadal type (ovary or testis from bipotent gonad. sex-determining region of Y chromosome/SRY determines testis development)
Phase 3: est. of tubular and external genitalia:
- Anti-mullerian hormone/AMH from Sertoli cells makes male gonad.
- mesonephric tubules: rete ovarii (female), rete testis, efferent ducts (male)
- mesonephric ducts regress in females, paramesonephric ducts regress in males
- paramesonephric ducts = uterine tubes, uterine horns, uterine cervix, cranial vagina
- Mesonephric ducts = epididymis, deferent duct, vesicular gland, ampulla
- urogenital sinus and tubercle = caudal vagina, vestibule, vulva, clitoris in female; prostate, bulbourethral gland, scrotum, penis in males
Disorders of Sexual Development (DSD) replaces antiquated nomenclature. What are these old names and what do they mean?
True hermaphrodite (both female and male gonads) [ovotestes]
pseudohermaphrodite (single gonadal type present which determines the animal’s sex, no matter the remaining parts)
Disorders of sexual development (DSD) can be ____ or ____.
Major or minor
What are the 3 main categories of DSD?
- chromosomal DSD
- XX DSD
- XY DSD
What are chromosomal DSDs?
abnormal # or structure (rare)
chimerism is much more common
What are XX DSDs?
majority are found in “normal” females (XX SRY- ovarian DSD and female phenotype)
What are XY DSDs?
majority are found in “normal” makes (XY SRY+ testicular DSD and male phenotype)
What are examples of chromosomal DSDs that involve an abnormal number or structure of chromosomes? Are they common or rare?
Rare
X__ (Turner-like syndrome) or XXY (Klinefelter-like syndrome)
____ is much more common as a chromosomal DSD. What this is called in cattle?
Chimerism
Freemartinism
What is freemartinism? Which is the freemartin? What happens to the freemartin? What about the other one?
A chromosomal DSD where there are chimeric twins (XX and XY).
The freemartin is the female born co-twin with a male.
The female twin is infertile, the male is minimally affected.
What makes freemartins different from other twins?
In all bovine twin pregnancies, placental vessels from the twins fuse and exchange blood & nutrients.
When the two fetuses are males, this is fine and nothing happens.
When one fetus is a female, the male Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) is exchanged to the female, which makes her a chimera (having both XX/XY chromosomes), which inhibits ovarian growth and favours testicular differentiation.
What the heck is this?!
Freemartins
The functions of the testis and epididymis depends on maintenance of _____ just ____ body _____. A slight _____ will result in testicular ______/_____ and ____ spermatogenesis.
temperature
below
temperature
increase
atrophy/degeneration
decreased
What are the 4 portals of entry into the male repro system and give me an example of each?
Hematogenous localization - Brucella spp.
Ascending infection - Preputial flora
Direct penetration - bite wounds
Extension from the peritoneum - FIP, neoplasms
Tell me why spermatic granulomas exist.
The blood-testis barrier results in spermatozoa being hidden from/foreign to the immune system.
Any injury to the testis or ductular system that exposes the spermatozoa to the interstitial tissue of body results in an severe, granulomatous inflammatory reaction = spermatic granuloma
- What is Cryptorchidism?
- Common or rare? occurs in normal ____.
- inheritance pattern?
- What is the chromosome pattern ?
- location in body?
- unilateral or bilateral?
- incomplete descent of the testis
- most common DSD, normal males
- autosomal recessive inheritance
- XY, SRY + testicular DSD
- anywhere along descent path, but usually close to inguinal canal
- usually unilateral, and side affected varies w/ spp
In Cryptorchidism, the retained testis and epididymus are ____. They are also prone to what 2 things?
hypoplastic
neoplasia & torsion
These are 2 testicles from the same animal. What is your diagnosis?
Cryptorchidism
Why are small testes important, esp in production animals?
dairy sperm output is correlated to testicular weight and vol
big testes = more sperm
What is testicular hypoplasia?
A congenital condition (DSD) in which the testis does not grow to full size at puberty.
What is testicular atrophy/degeneration?
Testes that reduce in size after puberty are called atrophic and the microscopic change is called degeneration
Testicular hypoplasia vs atrophy:
1. are these common or rare?
2. unilateral or bilateral?
3. what is the common end point of atrophy?
- common for both
- can be both for both
- apoptosis of germ cells
What is the gross appearance of a testis that is either hypo plastic or atrophied?
Small, soft, flabby, often yellowish testes which do not bulge on cut surface. Over time they become firmer. white +/- flecks of mineralization.
What are the two types of spermatic granulomas? what are the causes of both?
- spermatic granuloma of the epididymal head (congenital)
- spermatic granuloma in the epididymal tail (secondary to epididymitis)
What is the pathogenesis of spermatic granulomas?
ruptured ducts –> leaked spermatozoa –> body sees extra ductal spermatozoa as foreign –> chronic inflammation –> fibrosis –> obstruction and sperm stasis
What is this lesion?
Spermatic granuloma of the epididymal head
What is this lesion?
spermatic granuloma of the epididymal tail
What is the result of spermatic granulomas?
infertility bc of chronic inflammation
What ism epididymitis? What species does this occur in? What pathology is often seen concurrently with this?
inflammation of the epididymis
rams and dogs
orchitis
Epididymitis:
1. affects which part of the epididymis?
2. unilateral or bilateral?
3. etiology? through which routes?
- tail
- either
- hematogenous (Brucella ovis in rams, Brucella canis in dogs) and ascending infection (Actinobacillus seminis, Histophilus somni in rams, E. coli in dogs)
This is a ram testis. What is the lesion. What is 1 hematogenous route etiology and 1 ascending infection route etiology?
Epididymitis
Hematogenous - Brucella ovis
Ascending infection - Actinobacillus seminis, Histophilus somni
What is the pathogenesis of epididymitis?
Lesion anywhere in the epididymis (which is a single tube) –> obstruction to spermatozoal flow –> rupture of wall –> leakage of spermatozoa –> spermatic granulomas –> leads back to a lesion in the epididymis
What is orchitis?
inflammation of the testis
True or false. Orchitis is much more common than epididymitis.
False. It’s the opposite
What is the usual portal of entry for orchitis?
Hematogenous (Brucella spp)
Why are Brucella species important in Canada?
- zoonotic
- Canada considered free of Brucella = reportable
What are the Brucella species that are involved in orchitis and which domestic species do each infect?
Brucella abortus in bulls
Brucella suis in boars
Brucella canis in dogs
What kind of orchitis does Brucella spp cause?
necrotizing orchitis
What is this lesion? Name the etiology (genus)
Necrotizing orchitis
Brucella spp (hematogenous route)
What are the 3 main types of testicular neoplasia? Can you tell the difference grossly?
- interstitial (Leydig) cell tumor
- Seminoma (germ cell origin)
- Sertoli cell tumor
Yes you can differentiate by gross appearance.
Testicular neoplasia (general):
1. common in what signalment? and which types are the most common?
2. uncommon in what species? but which type is most common in that species?
3. Benign or malignant
- older dogs (interstitial > seminoma > sertoli)
- horses. Seminoma
- almost always benign
Interstitial (Leydig) cell tumors:
1. most common tumor of the ____, ____, and ____.
2. benign or malignant?
3. What is the gross appearance?
4. associated with cryptorchidism?
- dog, bull, cat
- benign (almost always)
- spherical, well-demarcated, soft, tan to orange with areas of hemorrhage and necrosis
- no
What is this lesion? Hint: it’s soft
Leydig cell tumor (interstitial cell tumor)
What is this lesion?
Interstitial (Leydig) cell tumor
Seminoma:
1. most common testicular neoplasm in ____, second most common in ____.
2. associated with cryptorchidism?
3. benign or malignant?
4. gross appearance?
- stallion, dog
- yes. more common in cryptorchid than descended testes
- usually benign
- homogenous, white to pink-grey, soft, and bulge on section
This is a bird testicle. What is the lesion?
Seminoma
These are the testes of a horse and has been diagnosed with a neoplasm. What is your primary differential?
Seminoma
Sertoli cell tumor:
1. 3rd most common testicular tumor in ____.
2. associated with cryptorchidism?
3. benign or malignant?
4. gross appearance?
- dog
- yes. 50% located in retained testes
- benign
- well-demarcated, multi lobar, tan to white and very firm
What is the lesion?
Sertoli cell tumor
Compare the 3 types of testicular neoplasias.
Interstitial/Leydig: most common testicular tumor of dog, bull, cat. not associated with cryptorchidism. spherical, well-demarcated, soft, tan to orange with areas of hemorrhage and necrosis
Sertoili: 3rd most common testicular tumor in dogs. associated with cryptorchidism. well-demarcated, multilobar, tan to white and very firm
Seminoma: most common testicular tumor of stallion. 2nd most common testicular tumor of dogs. Associated with cryptorchidism. Hemogenous, white to pink-grey, soft and bulge on section
all are almost always benign
Which testicular neoplasm is associated with feminization from hyperestrogenism? what fraction?
Sertoli cell tumor
1/3
What are the symptoms/signs of feminization from hyperestrogenism?
attraction of other male dogs
symmetric alopecia
Gynecomastia
Pendulous prepuce
prostatic hyperplasia or squamous metaplasia
bone marrow suppression
What are the diseases of the accessory genital glands in dogs, in order from most prevalent to least prevalent?
- prostate (prostatic) hyperplasia
- Prostatitis
- Carcinoma of the prostate gland
what is the disease of the accessory genital glands in ruminants that we have to know?
vesicular adenitis
Name the 4 accessory sex glands.
Now tell me which ones each species has (stallion, bull, boar, dog, tom)
Ampullae, prostate, vesicular gland, bulbourethral gland
stallion: all
bull: all
boar: everything but ampullae
dog: prostate and ampullae
tom: prostate and bulbourethral
Prostatic hyperplasia:
1. What is the cause?
2. signalment?
3. hormone related?
4. most common clinical sign?
5. what is the gross appearance?
- spontaneously with age
- uncastrated dogs
- yes
- constipation, urethral stenosis uncommon
- prostate is smooth, bilaterally symmetrical enlargement, +/- cysts, non-painful on palpation
Name the lesion. This is a dog’s organs
Prostatic hyperplasia
What testicular tumor could cause prostatic hyperplasia?
Sertoli cell tumor –> influence of estrogen
Prostatitis:
1. what is it?
2. clinical signs?
3. often accompanies what?
4. gross appearance?
- inflammation of the prostate gland
- toxaemia can result in a clinically sick dog, signs of UTI
- prostatic hyperplasia or squamous metaplasia
- asymmetric enlargement that is clinically painful
Prostatitis:
1. acute or chronic?
2. what is the general cause?
3. what are the 2 main routes of infection and their etiologies?
- both: acute transitions to chronic (abscess)
- bacterial
- ascending infection along urethra (E. coli, Proteus vulgaris), Hematogenous spread (Brucella canis)
Name the lesion
Prostatits
There is a prostatic lesion in this picture. What is it?
Prostatic hyperplasia
Carcinoma of the prostate in dogs:
1. cause?
2. is castration useful?
3. what are the clinical signs?
4. prognosis? why ?
- not known
- no, not protective
- cachexia, locomotor issues, urinary obstruction
- very poor. by the time of diagnosis, most dogs have metastasis to the sub lumbar lymph nodes, lungs and bone
what are the two gross appearances of carcinoma of the prostate in dogs?
- asymmetric, irregular and non-painful and marked enlargement
- minimal enlargement and urinary obstruction
What is the lesion? (note the prostate)
Carcinoma of the prostate
Vesicular adenitis (seminal vesiculitis) in bulls:
1. what is it?
2. signalment?
3. typical cause?
4. acute or chronic typically?
5. what is the gross appearance?
6. why is it important?
- inflammation of the vesicular glands
- young bulls in first season
- bacterial
- typically chronic
- enlarged, firm (fibrosis) gland with loss of lobulation
- reduces fertility
What is the pathogenesis of how vesicular adenitis reduces fertility?
inflammation of vesicular glands –> leukocytes and inflammatory mediators in semen –> reduced fertility and reduced ability of spermatozoa to survive freezing
What is the lesion? this is a bull
Vesicular adenitis
Disorders of the penis and prepuce are relatively ___, but infection is ____ because many organisms exploit ____ transmission.
rare
common
venereal
Define these terms:
1. phallitis
2. balanitis
3. posthitis
4. balanoposthitis or phalloposthitis
- inflammation of the penis
- inflammation of the head (glans) of the penis
- inflammation of the prepuce
- inflammation of the penis and prepuce
What are the 2 important asymptomatic venereal infections of the penis and prepuce? Which species is an asymptomatic carrier? What do they cause in the females of this species?
Tritrichomonas foetus and Campylobacter fetus ssp venerealis
bulls
cause infertility/early embryonic loss +/- abortions in cows
genital herpesviruses cause ____. They are ____ infections.
Balanoposthitis
Latent
This is a bull penis and prepuce. Name the lesion and the etiology.
Balanoposthitis
caused by bovine herpesvirus 1
Ovine posthitis:
1. AKA?
2. etiology?
3. pathogenesis?
- pixzle rot
- urease producing Corynebacterium renale
- high protein diet –> high urea in urine –> broken down by Corynebacterium renal to ammonia –> chemical ulceration of preputial opening –> severe inflammation and swelling –> urethral blockage –> death
This is a sheep penis. What is the lesion? What is the etiology?
Ovine posthitis (pizzle rot)
Urease producing Corynebacterium renale
Penile squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in horses:
1. primary differential for what gross appearance?
- causes?
- behaviour of the neoplasm?
- ulcerated, exophytic mass on horse penis
- UV exposure of lightly pigmented skin, equine papillomavirus 2
- locally infiltrative, metastasis to inguinal lymph nodes common +/- liver and lungs
This is a horse penis. Note the ulcerated exophytic mass. What is your primary differential?
Penile squamous cell carcinoma
You are doing a necropsy on a horse penis and this is what you find. What is your primary differential? What are 2 things that may have caused this?
Penile squamous cell carcinoma
UV exposure of lightly pigmented skin & equine papillomavirus 2
Penile fibropapilloma in cattle:
1. signalment and location?
2. etiology?
3. gross appearance?
4. benign or malignant? treatment?
- head of penis in young bulls
- bovine papillomavirus 1
- large, pink or grey-white, exophytic mass, composed of a fibrous tissue core covered by hyper plastic epithelial (bovine equivalent of a sarcoid)
- benign and self-limiting
This is the penis of a young bull. What is your diagnosis? etiology?
Penile fibropapilloma
bovine papillomavirus 1
Canine transmissible venereal tumor (CTVT):
1. What am I?
2. derived from what cell type?
3. ___ neoplasm on the external genitalia in _____ sex(es)
4. treatment/prognosis?
- Neoplastic cells that are transmissible by direct contact with the tumor through coitus
- canine histiocytes
- primary, both
- spontaneous regression, metastasis in animals with poor health
Gorp is back, but this time with penis problems. This is what his penis looks like. You found out through your amazing history taking skills that he recently had coitus with a female dog (that BITCH!). What is your diagnosis?
Canine transmissible venereal tumor (CTVT)
