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425 - sys path > Neuro 3 > Flashcards

Neuro 3 Flashcards

1
Q

tell me what polio- , leuko-, and encephalo- prefixes mean in the brain?

A

Polio = grey (matter)
leuko = white (matter)
encephalopathy = brain

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2
Q

if you are concerns about CNS what should you NOT DO!!!!????

A

DO NOT EUTHANIZE BY CAPTIVE BOLT OR GUN SHOT

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3
Q

list the neural tube closure defects we have to know

A

anencephaly = absence of brain (usually affects only the cerebrum)
dysgraphia = abnormal seam
cranial bifidum = dorsal midline defect covered by skin

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4
Q

what makes up the brain stem?

A

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

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5
Q

cranial bifidum can have protrusion of tissues forming a sac. name the 2 conditions.

A

meningocele (meninges alone)
meningoencephalocele (meninges + part of brain)

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6
Q

if I told you that only meninges are affected in this image, what is the lesion?

A

meningocele

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7
Q

what is this an example of?

A

meningoencephalocele

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8
Q

what is Lissencephaly? who is affected?

A

absence of normal gyro and sulci of the cerebrum
“smooth brain”
Lhasa also genetic component, also kittens and lambs

  • smooth brain is normal in some species like birds, rabbits, mice, rats etc —- this is NOT lissencephaly**
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9
Q

what dis?

A

lissencephaly

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10
Q

what is porencephaly? what is hydraencephaly?

A

P: small cavity
H: large cavities

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11
Q

Porencephaly is suspected to be caused by what? give 2 examples.

A

viral damage
BVDV, blue tongue

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12
Q

When you have congenital abnormalities in the CNS, what viral classes should you think of?

A

parvoviruses (canine parvo & feline pan leukopenia)
pestiviruses (BVDV, classical swine fever)

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13
Q

Cerebellar hypoplasia occurs most commonly secondary to in utero infection with what?

A

parvoviruses (canine parvo & feline pan leukopenia)
pestiviruses (BVDV, classical swine fever)

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14
Q

Parvoviruses and pestiviruses target what?

A

rapidly dividing cells

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15
Q

what is this an example of?

A

cerebellar hypoplasia

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16
Q

what is the most common CNS congenital anomaly?

A

Hydrocephalus

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17
Q

what is hydrocephalus?

A

abnormal accumulation of CSF within the cranium

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18
Q

what are the 3 big types of hydrocephalus?

A
  1. congenital hydrocephalus
  2. acquired hydrocephalus
  3. hydrocephalus ex vacuo
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19
Q

Congenital hydrocephalus can occur secondary to _____, and there’s a genetic predisposition in ______ breeds?

A

secondary to in utero viral infection
toy and brachycephalic breeds

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20
Q

Acquired hydrocephalus occurs secondary to _____.

A

acquired obstruction of CSF flow

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21
Q

What is hydrocephalus ex vacuo?

A

CSF replaces lost neural tissue, not related to CSF obstruction
aging change

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22
Q

what dietary deficiency can lead to congenital and neonatal hydrocephalus?

A

vitamin A deficiency

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23
Q

what site in the ventricular system is most vulnerable to obstruction ?

A

mesencephalic aqueduct

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24
Q

what are the gross findings of hydrocephalus?

A

*if hydrocephalus occurs before cranium is done developing = enlarged domed skull with prominent fontanelles

ventricular enlargement proximal to obstruction, loss of overlying white matter, flattening of gyri

*atrophy and loss of inter ventricular septum pellucidum

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25
Q

this calf prolly has what?

A

hydrocephalus

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26
Q

what is this an example of?

A

hydrocephalus

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27
Q

what is occipital dysplasia? common in what breeds?

A

an underdeveloped occipital bone –> dorsoventrally enlarged “keyhole” shaped foramen magnum

toy breed dogs

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28
Q

what dis?

A

occipital dysplasia

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29
Q

Listeriosis is caused by what species of bacteria? tell me some characteristics of it

A

Listeria monocytogenes
facultative intracellular, gram +, motile
common in small ruminants
zoonotic

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30
Q

Listeriosis has what disease presentations?

A

meningoencephalitis
abortion/stillbirth
septicemia

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31
Q

tell me the pathogenesis of listeriosis. include information on the portal of entry!

A
  1. consumption of improperly prepared silage (high pH) that contains high #s of bacteria
  2. trauma to oral mucosa –> bacterial invasion
  3. migration of bacteria to trigeminal ganglia and then to brainstem via retrograde axonal transport
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32
Q

in listeriosis, most of the damage to the brain is from what?

A

inflammation

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33
Q

circling is a clinical signs of _____.

A

Listeriosis

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34
Q

in listeriosis, gross lesions are usually absent. what histo lesion do we need to know for this?

A

micro abscesses

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35
Q

Thrombotic meningoencephalitis (TME) is caused by what species? tell me some facts about it

A

Histophilus somni
gram -
common in feedlot cattle
resp tract and GI of healthy animals

36
Q

what are the gross lesions of thrombotic meningoencephalitis and where are they seen?

A

irregular areas of hemorrhage and necrosis
cerebrum at the grey-white matter junction

37
Q

what histo lesions do we need to know with thrombotic meningoencephalitis?

A

vasculitis and vascular necrosis leading to thrombosis and infarction

38
Q

Pituitary abscesses are associated with what bacteria? common in what species?

A

a variety of opportunistic bacteria
ruminants

39
Q

what is this an example of?

A

pituitary abscess

40
Q

what are the other names for Enterotoxemia of sheep and goatS?

A

Focal symmetric encephalomalacia
pulpy kidney disease, over-eating disease

41
Q

Enterotoxemia of sheep and goats/focal symmetric encephalomalacia is caused by what species?

A

Clostridium perfringens type D

42
Q

describe the pathogenesis of enterotoxemia of sheep and goats aka focal symmetric encephalomalacia

A
  1. change in intestinal environment
  2. proliferation of C. perfringens and production of Epsilon toxin
  3. toxin damages endothelial cells, spread through blood
43
Q

what are the gross findings of focal symmetrical encephalomalacia? aka enterotoxemia of sheep and goats
that we need to know lol

A

focal symmetric encephalomalacia (dark hemorrhagic foci in corpus striatum, thalamus, midbrain, cerebellar peduncles and white matter)

44
Q

these are examples of hwat

A

focal symmetric encephalomalacia

45
Q

Edema disease of pigs is also called what?

A

enterotoxemia colibacillosis

46
Q

what is edema disease of pigs caused by?

A

E. coli that produce an antitoxin called SLT-Ile (Shira-like toxin Ile)
EHEC / STEC

47
Q

what is the pathogenesis of edema disease of pigs?

A
  1. bacteria proliferation and produce vascular toxin
  2. vascular damage
  3. infarction and malacia in CNS
48
Q

edema disease of pigs targets who?

A

“best of the herd”
rapidly growing, healthy feeder pigs on a high E diet

49
Q

tell me about hte histo of edema diseaes of pigs

A

vascular necrosis of smooth mm of small arteries and veins
bilaterally symmetric areas of malaria in caudal medulla

50
Q

these are examples of what?

A

edema disease in pigs

51
Q

fungal diseases in the CNS are usually ____ and often secondary to _____.

A

sporadic,
immunoosuppresion

52
Q

Cryptococcosis is caused by what? affects who?

A

Cryptococcus neoformans&raquo_space;> C. gattii

cats > dogs > horses

53
Q

what are the 2 main routes of entry for cryptococcosis?

A

direct extension from nasal/sinus infection
hematogenous from pulmonary infection & leukocyte trafficking

54
Q

what are the gross lesions of Cryptococcosis ?

A

cystic gelatinous lesions “cryptococcomas”

55
Q

what dis

A

Cryptococcosis

56
Q

cryptococcosis histo lesions?

A

inflammation can be quit mild
yeast surrounded by a wide clear non-staining capsule and show a narrow based budding

57
Q

how can you differentiate b/t C. gattii and C. neoformans?

A

gattii has no immunosuppression association, and neoformans does

58
Q

what are the two protozoal parasites that we have to know that cause abortion in ruminants?

A

Toxoplasma gondii & Neospora caninum

59
Q

what do Toxoplasma and Neospora cause?

A

non-suppurative encephalomyelitis
polyradiculoneuritis
also abortion in ruminants

60
Q

Nervous coccidiosis of calves is caused by what?

A

Coccidia infection (Eimeria spp, Isospora spp)

61
Q

Nervous coccidiosis of calves affects what signalment? what major clinical sign?

A

1 month to 1 yr
diarrhea

62
Q

what is the pathogenesis of nervous coccidiosis of calves?

A

not established

63
Q

what do nematodes to do CNS? in broad terms

A

cerebrospinal nematodiasis

64
Q

what is the major nematode what we have to know? what is the main host species? is this zoonotic

A

Baylisascaris procyonis
racoons
yes zoonotic

65
Q

what are the gross lesions of nematode in da brain? wha about histo lesions’>

A

serpentine tracts of necrosis from larval migration
eosinophilic enphalitis with larvae

66
Q

how does one get infected with B. procyonis?

A

consumption of eggs in racoon faeces
dogs and avian species most commonly infected

67
Q

are B. procyonis eggs persistent in the enviornment

A

yes yes ye s

68
Q

viral infections in the CNS have some consistent histo features ??

A

mononuclear inflammation – nonsupprative encephalitis
perivascular cuffing
gliosis

69
Q

Canine distemper virus infects what? transmitted by what?
results in what?

A

lymphoid and epithelial tissues (macrophages)
aerosol
results in: immunosuppression and secondary infections

70
Q

canine distemper virus often presents with …

A

rhinitis, conjunctivitis, pneumonia

71
Q

how does canine distemper virus get into da brain?

A

leukocyte trafficking

72
Q

what 3 systems does canine distemper virus target?

A

lung, GIT, CNS

73
Q

what are hte classical clinical signs of canine distemper virus?

A

fever, conjunctivitis, nasal discharge
1-4 weeks later= near signs
hyperkeratosis of footpads and nose
enamel hypoplasia

74
Q

what are the histo lesions with canine distemper virus that we have to know?

A

demyelination seen as white matter vacuolation
intracytoplasmic and intranuclear viral inclusion bodies

75
Q

what are the 3 less class presentations of canine distemper virus in broad terms?

A
  1. multifocal distemper encephalomyelitis of mature dogs
  2. post-vaccinal canine distemper
  3. old dog encephalitis
76
Q

what is an arbovirus?

A

arthropod-borne

77
Q

equine encephalomyelitis is caused by several different ____. name at least 1 (the one with the star is the one you defs have to know)

A

arboviruses
eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE)
western equine encephalomyelitis (WEE)
Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE)
*West Nile virus (WNV)

78
Q

arboviruses that cause equine encephalomyelitis have many similarities, including

A

life cycles involving Quitos and birbs
cause polioencephalomyelitis – target grey matter & neurons
often no gross lesions

79
Q

what are the key 3 organs for West Nile virus to infection ni birds?

A

brain, heart, kidney

80
Q

what family of birbs is most commonly affected and considered an amplifying host?

A

corvids

81
Q

what two big small ruminant Lentiviruses do we have to know? and who do they infect

A

Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) - goats
Made Visna (MV) AKA ovine progressive pleuropneumonia (OPP) - sheep

82
Q

what are the 4 target body systems for small ruminant lentiviruses? obvi one is the CNS. what specific lesion does it cause in the CNS?

A

CNS: non-suppurative leukoencephalomyelitis
Lung: interstitial pneumonia
joints: arthritis – form hygromas
mammary gland

83
Q

what is an important differential for hygroma?

A

Brucella or a lentivirus

84
Q

how do small ruminant lentiviruses transmit? what cells do they infect?

A

colostrum/milk
monocytes/macrophages

85
Q

how does age impact presentation of CAEV?

A

goat kids < 4 months = near disease ± pneumonia
adult gaots = chronic arthritis ± pneumonia

86
Q

small ruminant lentiviruses target what?

A

white matter

425 - sys path (38 decks)

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