Neuro 3 Flashcards
tell me what polio- , leuko-, and encephalo- prefixes mean in the brain?
Polio = grey (matter)
leuko = white (matter)
encephalopathy = brain
if you are concerns about CNS what should you NOT DO!!!!????
DO NOT EUTHANIZE BY CAPTIVE BOLT OR GUN SHOT
list the neural tube closure defects we have to know
anencephaly = absence of brain (usually affects only the cerebrum)
dysgraphia = abnormal seam
cranial bifidum = dorsal midline defect covered by skin
what makes up the brain stem?
midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
cranial bifidum can have protrusion of tissues forming a sac. name the 2 conditions.
meningocele (meninges alone)
meningoencephalocele (meninges + part of brain)
if I told you that only meninges are affected in this image, what is the lesion?
meningocele
what is this an example of?
meningoencephalocele
what is Lissencephaly? who is affected?
absence of normal gyro and sulci of the cerebrum
“smooth brain”
Lhasa also genetic component, also kittens and lambs
- smooth brain is normal in some species like birds, rabbits, mice, rats etc —- this is NOT lissencephaly**
what dis?
lissencephaly
what is porencephaly? what is hydraencephaly?
P: small cavity
H: large cavities
Porencephaly is suspected to be caused by what? give 2 examples.
viral damage
BVDV, blue tongue
When you have congenital abnormalities in the CNS, what viral classes should you think of?
parvoviruses (canine parvo & feline pan leukopenia)
pestiviruses (BVDV, classical swine fever)
Cerebellar hypoplasia occurs most commonly secondary to in utero infection with what?
parvoviruses (canine parvo & feline pan leukopenia)
pestiviruses (BVDV, classical swine fever)
Parvoviruses and pestiviruses target what?
rapidly dividing cells
what is this an example of?
cerebellar hypoplasia
what is the most common CNS congenital anomaly?
Hydrocephalus
what is hydrocephalus?
abnormal accumulation of CSF within the cranium
what are the 3 big types of hydrocephalus?
- congenital hydrocephalus
- acquired hydrocephalus
- hydrocephalus ex vacuo
Congenital hydrocephalus can occur secondary to _____, and there’s a genetic predisposition in ______ breeds?
secondary to in utero viral infection
toy and brachycephalic breeds
Acquired hydrocephalus occurs secondary to _____.
acquired obstruction of CSF flow
What is hydrocephalus ex vacuo?
CSF replaces lost neural tissue, not related to CSF obstruction
aging change
what dietary deficiency can lead to congenital and neonatal hydrocephalus?
vitamin A deficiency
what site in the ventricular system is most vulnerable to obstruction ?
mesencephalic aqueduct
what are the gross findings of hydrocephalus?
*if hydrocephalus occurs before cranium is done developing = enlarged domed skull with prominent fontanelles
ventricular enlargement proximal to obstruction, loss of overlying white matter, flattening of gyri
*atrophy and loss of inter ventricular septum pellucidum
this calf prolly has what?
hydrocephalus
what is this an example of?
hydrocephalus
what is occipital dysplasia? common in what breeds?
an underdeveloped occipital bone –> dorsoventrally enlarged “keyhole” shaped foramen magnum
toy breed dogs
what dis?
occipital dysplasia
Listeriosis is caused by what species of bacteria? tell me some characteristics of it
Listeria monocytogenes
facultative intracellular, gram +, motile
common in small ruminants
zoonotic
Listeriosis has what disease presentations?
meningoencephalitis
abortion/stillbirth
septicemia
tell me the pathogenesis of listeriosis. include information on the portal of entry!
- consumption of improperly prepared silage (high pH) that contains high #s of bacteria
- trauma to oral mucosa –> bacterial invasion
- migration of bacteria to trigeminal ganglia and then to brainstem via retrograde axonal transport
in listeriosis, most of the damage to the brain is from what?
inflammation
circling is a clinical signs of _____.
Listeriosis
in listeriosis, gross lesions are usually absent. what histo lesion do we need to know for this?
micro abscesses
Thrombotic meningoencephalitis (TME) is caused by what species? tell me some facts about it
Histophilus somni
gram -
common in feedlot cattle
resp tract and GI of healthy animals
what are the gross lesions of thrombotic meningoencephalitis and where are they seen?
irregular areas of hemorrhage and necrosis
cerebrum at the grey-white matter junction
what histo lesions do we need to know with thrombotic meningoencephalitis?
vasculitis and vascular necrosis leading to thrombosis and infarction
Pituitary abscesses are associated with what bacteria? common in what species?
a variety of opportunistic bacteria
ruminants
what is this an example of?
pituitary abscess
what are the other names for Enterotoxemia of sheep and goatS?
Focal symmetric encephalomalacia
pulpy kidney disease, over-eating disease
Enterotoxemia of sheep and goats/focal symmetric encephalomalacia is caused by what species?
Clostridium perfringens type D
describe the pathogenesis of enterotoxemia of sheep and goats aka focal symmetric encephalomalacia
- change in intestinal environment
- proliferation of C. perfringens and production of Epsilon toxin
- toxin damages endothelial cells, spread through blood
what are the gross findings of focal symmetrical encephalomalacia? aka enterotoxemia of sheep and goats
that we need to know lol
focal symmetric encephalomalacia (dark hemorrhagic foci in corpus striatum, thalamus, midbrain, cerebellar peduncles and white matter)
these are examples of hwat
focal symmetric encephalomalacia
Edema disease of pigs is also called what?
enterotoxemia colibacillosis
what is edema disease of pigs caused by?
E. coli that produce an antitoxin called SLT-Ile (Shira-like toxin Ile)
EHEC / STEC
what is the pathogenesis of edema disease of pigs?
- bacteria proliferation and produce vascular toxin
- vascular damage
- infarction and malacia in CNS
edema disease of pigs targets who?
“best of the herd”
rapidly growing, healthy feeder pigs on a high E diet
tell me about hte histo of edema diseaes of pigs
vascular necrosis of smooth mm of small arteries and veins
bilaterally symmetric areas of malaria in caudal medulla
these are examples of what?
edema disease in pigs
fungal diseases in the CNS are usually ____ and often secondary to _____.
sporadic,
immunoosuppresion
Cryptococcosis is caused by what? affects who?
Cryptococcus neoformans»_space;> C. gattii
cats > dogs > horses
what are the 2 main routes of entry for cryptococcosis?
direct extension from nasal/sinus infection
hematogenous from pulmonary infection & leukocyte trafficking
what are the gross lesions of Cryptococcosis ?
cystic gelatinous lesions “cryptococcomas”
what dis
Cryptococcosis
cryptococcosis histo lesions?
inflammation can be quit mild
yeast surrounded by a wide clear non-staining capsule and show a narrow based budding
how can you differentiate b/t C. gattii and C. neoformans?
gattii has no immunosuppression association, and neoformans does
what are the two protozoal parasites that we have to know that cause abortion in ruminants?
Toxoplasma gondii & Neospora caninum
what do Toxoplasma and Neospora cause?
non-suppurative encephalomyelitis
polyradiculoneuritis
also abortion in ruminants
Nervous coccidiosis of calves is caused by what?
Coccidia infection (Eimeria spp, Isospora spp)
Nervous coccidiosis of calves affects what signalment? what major clinical sign?
1 month to 1 yr
diarrhea
what is the pathogenesis of nervous coccidiosis of calves?
not established
what do nematodes to do CNS? in broad terms
cerebrospinal nematodiasis
what is the major nematode what we have to know? what is the main host species? is this zoonotic
Baylisascaris procyonis
racoons
yes zoonotic
what are the gross lesions of nematode in da brain? wha about histo lesions’>
serpentine tracts of necrosis from larval migration
eosinophilic enphalitis with larvae
how does one get infected with B. procyonis?
consumption of eggs in racoon faeces
dogs and avian species most commonly infected
are B. procyonis eggs persistent in the enviornment
yes yes ye s
viral infections in the CNS have some consistent histo features ??
mononuclear inflammation – nonsupprative encephalitis
perivascular cuffing
gliosis
Canine distemper virus infects what? transmitted by what?
results in what?
lymphoid and epithelial tissues (macrophages)
aerosol
results in: immunosuppression and secondary infections
canine distemper virus often presents with …
rhinitis, conjunctivitis, pneumonia
how does canine distemper virus get into da brain?
leukocyte trafficking
what 3 systems does canine distemper virus target?
lung, GIT, CNS
what are hte classical clinical signs of canine distemper virus?
fever, conjunctivitis, nasal discharge
1-4 weeks later= near signs
hyperkeratosis of footpads and nose
enamel hypoplasia
what are the histo lesions with canine distemper virus that we have to know?
demyelination seen as white matter vacuolation
intracytoplasmic and intranuclear viral inclusion bodies
what are the 3 less class presentations of canine distemper virus in broad terms?
- multifocal distemper encephalomyelitis of mature dogs
- post-vaccinal canine distemper
- old dog encephalitis
what is an arbovirus?
arthropod-borne
equine encephalomyelitis is caused by several different ____. name at least 1 (the one with the star is the one you defs have to know)
arboviruses
eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE)
western equine encephalomyelitis (WEE)
Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE)
*West Nile virus (WNV)
arboviruses that cause equine encephalomyelitis have many similarities, including
life cycles involving Quitos and birbs
cause polioencephalomyelitis – target grey matter & neurons
often no gross lesions
what are the key 3 organs for West Nile virus to infection ni birds?
brain, heart, kidney
what family of birbs is most commonly affected and considered an amplifying host?
corvids
what two big small ruminant Lentiviruses do we have to know? and who do they infect
Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) - goats
Made Visna (MV) AKA ovine progressive pleuropneumonia (OPP) - sheep
what are the 4 target body systems for small ruminant lentiviruses? obvi one is the CNS. what specific lesion does it cause in the CNS?
CNS: non-suppurative leukoencephalomyelitis
Lung: interstitial pneumonia
joints: arthritis – form hygromas
mammary gland
what is an important differential for hygroma?
Brucella or a lentivirus
how do small ruminant lentiviruses transmit? what cells do they infect?
colostrum/milk
monocytes/macrophages
how does age impact presentation of CAEV?
goat kids < 4 months = near disease ± pneumonia
adult gaots = chronic arthritis ± pneumonia
small ruminant lentiviruses target what?
white matter
