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A&P > Special Senses And The Eye > Flashcards

Special Senses And The Eye Flashcards

1
Q

Sensory receptor

A
  • specialized ending on a neuron

* reacts to a specific stimulus

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2
Q

Stimulus

A

•a change in the internal or external environment of the body

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3
Q

Stimulus activation

A
  • stimulus is picked up by a sensory receptor

* action potential is produced

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4
Q

Stimulus strength

A
  • intensity of stimulus

* concentration and pressure

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5
Q

Stimulus awareness

A

•the body senses stimulus and acts accordingly

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6
Q

Stimulus adaptation

A
  • over time a decreased stimulus

* ex: glasses on head

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7
Q

Cutaneous receptors are found

A
  • in the skin

* others mostly found in inner organs or skeletal muscles

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8
Q

Cutaneous sensations include

A

•detected are:

-touch, pressure,vibration, heat, cold, pain, tickle, itch, proprioception

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9
Q

Pain and temperature receptors are located in

A

•free nerve endings

Branched endings with no specialized structure

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10
Q

List 5 tactile receptors

A
  • Merkel’s disc
  • hair follicle receptor
  • Meissner’s corpuscles
  • Ruffinis end organ
  • Pacinian corpuscles
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11
Q

Merkel’s disk

A

•detects light touch and pressure

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12
Q

Hair follicle receptor

A

•senses light touch to the hair

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13
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles

A

•detects pressure and low frequency vibrations

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14
Q

Ruffini’s end organ

A

•senses continuous pressure and touch

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15
Q

Pacinian corpuscles

A

•detects deep pressure and high frequency vibrations

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16
Q

Taste receptors are also called

A

•Gustatory receptors

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17
Q

Location of taste receptors

A

•taste buds found in tongue and back if the throat

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18
Q

Gustatory receptor structure

A
  • taste buds are a groups of taste and support cells

* contain pore and sensory hair receptors

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19
Q

Gustatory receptor activation

A
  • chemical reaction in which food and saliva mix and enter the pores
  • activating the hair receptors
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20
Q

Gustatory sensations

A
  • bitter
  • sour
  • salty
  • sweet
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21
Q

Gustatory sensation: bitter

A

•back of tongue

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22
Q

Gustatory sensation: sour

A

•middle and sides of tongue

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23
Q

Gustatory sensations: salty

A

•sides close to the tip of the tongue

24
Q

Gustatory sensation: sweet

A

•tip of the tongue

25
Q

Olfactory receptors are located

A
  • in upper nasal cavity
  • reach from olfactory bulb to mucous membrane of the nose
  • through openings of the CRIBIFORM PLATE of the ETHMOID BONE
26
Q

Olfactory sensations

A
  • smell comes from chemical reaction of gases with the sensory receptors
  • different concentrations are sensed as stronger or weaker
27
Q

Olfactory adaption

A
  • adapt with time

* detection becomes reduced with continuous exposure

28
Q

External support structures of the eye:

A
  • orbit of skull
  • lacrimal apparatus
  • conjunctiva
  • muscles
29
Q

Orbit of skull

A

•protective structure composed of 7 bones

30
Q

Lacrimal apparatus

A
  • lacrimal gland and drainage structure
  • aid in lubrication and protection
  • by watery lacrimal fluid
31
Q

Conjunctiva

A

•Lining of eye lid that helps lubricate eye surface

32
Q

Muscles of the eye: muscles that open

A

•palpebrae

33
Q

Muscles of the eye: muscles that close

A

•oblicularis oculi

34
Q

Two main groups involved with eye movement:

A

•rectus 4
•obliques 2
- allow movement of eye in all directions

35
Q

Eye ball structure: 3 layers

A
  • sclera, cornea- fibrous layer
  • vascular tunic
  • retina
36
Q

Sclera

A
  • fibrous layer
  • outermost layer
  • made of dense irregular connective tissue
  • is the white of the eye
  • covered by a membrane that continues under eye lids
  • continuous with the transparent cornea of anterior eye
37
Q

Cornea

A
  • center of eye

* made of dense connective tissue

38
Q

Vascular tunic layer

A
  • choroid layer
  • ciliary body
  • iris and pupil
39
Q

Choroid layer:

A
  • inside sclera
  • pigmented
  • vascular layer
  • blood vessels found here
40
Q

Ciliary body

A
  • produces aqueous humor in anterior compartment
  • have ciliary muscles which contract and aid in movement of lens
  • holds lens by suspension ligament
41
Q

Iris and pupil

A
  • iris: colored part of the eye

* pupil: located in the center of the eye, surrounded by colored iris

42
Q

Retina

A
  • neural layer, closest to the vitreous humor
  • rods
  • cones
  • fovea centralis
  • optic disc
43
Q

Rods

A
  • makes up photoreceptive layer
  • determines shape of objects
  • seeing in dim light
44
Q

Cones

A
  • makes up photoreceptive layer in retina

* involved in color vision in visual acuity (fine detail)

45
Q

Fovea centralis

A
  • located in the center of the macular lutea
  • where concentration of cones is the greatest
  • cones not covered by neural layers here
  • area of greatest visual acuity
46
Q

Optic disc

A
  • region where retinal nerve fibers exit from the back if the eye
  • and from the optic nerve
  • aka blind spot
  • contains no photo receptor cells
  • does not respond to light
47
Q

Anterior eye cavity

A
  • portion in front of lens

* filled with watery aqueous humor

48
Q

Posterior eye cavity

A

•portion between lens and retina
•filled with viscous vitreous humor
- gives most of support structure and shape to the eye

49
Q

Lens location

A
  • posterior to iris

* in front section of eye

50
Q

Lens structure

A

•made if crystalline protein

51
Q

Lens function

A
  • becomes more round for focusing on closer images
  • more pliable in youth
  • less elastic as person ages
  • accounting for need of reading glasses
52
Q

Pathway of light through the eye

A
  • enters in cornea
  • passes through pupil
  • lens and vitreous humor
  • to focus on the retina
53
Q

Activation of the retina

A
  • chemical reaction with Vitamin A starts action potential
  • picked up by optic nerve
  • carried into the brain
54
Q

Brain pathway for optics

A
  • light stimulus passes through optic nerve
  • through optic chiasm
  • goes to thalamus, geniculate nuclei
  • info passes to the occipital lobes and visual cortex
  • where it Is interpreted as color shape size etc
55
Q

Eye function tests

A
  • blind spot detection
  • near point accommodation
  • visual acuity
  • astigmatism
  • color blindness

A&P (13 decks)

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