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A&P > Heredity Lab > Flashcards

Heredity Lab Flashcards

1
Q

Heredity

A

The passing on of physical characteristics from parents to their off spring

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2
Q

How are traits passed on?

A

Through chromosomes in sperm and egg cells

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3
Q

Chromosomes

A

DNA strands composed of gene units

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4
Q

Genes

A

Chromosome sections

• contains codes for specific physical and chemical characteristics

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5
Q

Define traits

A

Specific physical or chemical characteristics of an individual
•passed on with chromosomes in egg and Sperm cells

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6
Q

Type of traits

A

Dominant

Recessive

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7
Q

Dominant traits

A 
Always seen expressed in offspring 
•free earlobe
•hair in hands
•bent fingers
•tongue rolling
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8
Q

Recessive traits

A

Not always seen
•hidden traits
•not expressed

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9
Q

Inheritance traits

A

Many traits are inherited on pairs of genes located on separate homologous (look alike) chromosomes

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10
Q

Traits inherited on pairs of genes located on separate homologous chromosomes are called

A

Alleles genes

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11
Q

Phenotype

A

Physical appearance of an individual

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12
Q

Geneotype

A

Inherited gene combination for a specific trait
Two types:
•homozygous
•heterozygous

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13
Q

Homozygous

A

Alleles of pair have same information

DD dd

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14
Q

Heterozygous

A

Allele genes have different information

Dd

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15
Q

What is unique about the phenotype for the human trait, red hair?

A

Develops from a dominant allele on a different gene pair

•inhibits the expression of the first pair

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16
Q

Somatic cells

A

Make up the body structure
•most of cells that make up body structure are somatic
•contain 46 chromosomes 23 pairs

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17
Q

Name two reproductive cells

A

Sperm and egg

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18
Q

How many chromosomes do the reproductive cells contain?

A

Contain 23 chromosomes, one of each original pairs

19
Q

Haploid

A

Another way to write chromosome numbers

•N=23 (only half)

20
Q

Diploid

A

•2N=46

21
Q

Meiotic division

A
  • two cell divisions occur here

* go through 4 phases

22
Q

Four phases of meiosis

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

23
Q

What is the final result if meiosis?

A

4 daughter cells containing 23 chromosomes each
•male: 4 sperm
•female: 3 polar bodies
1 egg

24
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Process of sperm cell formation in the seminiferous tubules of the testes

25
Q

Meiosis I

A

Primary spermatocytes divide to form two secondary spermatocytes
•cell duplicates chromosomes 46 to 92
•chromosome pairs separate In reduction division
•makes 46 and 46

26
Q

Meiosis II

A
  • secondary spermatocytes divide into spermatids

* chromatids separate into four 23 chromosome spermatids

27
Q

Oogenesis

A

Process of egg cells formed in the ovary and released at ovulation

28
Q

Stages if oogenesis

A
  • oogonia cells are present from birth, only a few will develop into primary oocytes
  • meiosis I and II
29
Q

Meiosis I female

A
  • first cell division prior to ovulation
  • a secondary oocyte and polar body are produced
  • chromosome pairs separate in this division
  • 46 to 2x23 chromosomes
30
Q

Meiosis II female

A
  • occurs after ovulation
  • single egg cell results, secondary oocyte
  • equals 23 chromosomes and polar body with Xtra chromosomes
31
Q

Karyotyping

A
  • method of observing human chromosomes
  • a picture of chromosomes is produced
  • homologous pairs are arranged together
32
Q

Chromosome types

A
  • Autosomes

* sex chromosomes

33
Q

Autosomes

A

Chromosome pair 1-22

•have genetic codes for most body parts

34
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

23rd pair
•contain codes for sex of an individual
Female: XX
Male: Xy

35
Q

Use if karyotypes

A

•determine sex of an individual
•determine chromosome number
•predicts phenotypes from normal or abnormal patterns
-may see missing chromosomes
-additions or deletions may be present on same chromosomes

36
Q

Non-disjunction

A

Unequal separation of chromosomes during either meiosis I or meiosis II

37
Q

Autosomal non-disjunction

A

Unequal separation of Autosomes chromosomes (1-22) during meiosis results in too few or two many chromosomes in sperm or egg cell

38
Q

Sex chromosome non-disjunction

A

An unequal separation of the X or Y chromosomes occurs during meiosis I or II

39
Q

Turners syndrome

A 
45 total (only one X chromosome) 
•phenotype: female
40
Q

Fertilization

A
  • union if sperm (23) and egg (23)
  • the resulting fertilized cell called zygote
  • has 46 chromosomes total
41
Q

Identical twins

A
  • cells become separated early in cleavage process, each cell forming new individual
  • each has same genetic make up
  • look alike
  • monozygotic formation
  • 1 egg
42
Q

Monozygotic formation

A

Coming from a single zygote

43
Q

Fraternal twins

A 
More than one egg, fertilized by separate sperm cell
•dizygotic
•different genetic make up
•same or opposite sex 
•multiple eggs
44
Q

Dizygotic

A

2 different zygotes are formed

A&P (13 decks)

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