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A&P > Lab Nervous System > Flashcards

Lab Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

CNS

A
  • Brain- in skull

* spine- in vertebral canal

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2
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A
  • Cranial nerves-attached to brain

* spinal nerves- attached to spinal chord

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3
Q

Functions of the nervous system:

A
  • forms communication network throughout the body
  • system acts to control body muscle movements
  • coordinated and integrates actions between body organs
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4
Q

CNS functions

A
  • receivers sensory information from the PNS

* initiates body movements

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5
Q

PNS functions

A
  • picks up sensations inside and outside the body
  • controls skeletal muscles
  • controls actions of internal organs
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6
Q

Two cells that make up the nervous system:

A
  • Neurons

* neuroglia (nonneural cells)

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7
Q

Neurons

A
  • nerve cells

* carry info from one part of the body to another

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8
Q

Neuroglia

A

Support cells that aid in the activities of the neurons

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9
Q

3 Types of neurons

A
  • sensory
  • motor
  • interneurons
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10
Q

Sensory neurons

A
  • afferent

* pick up stimuli and carry info to the CNS

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11
Q

Motor neurons

A
  • efferent

* carry info from the CNS to organs and muscles

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12
Q

Interneurons

A
  • association neurons
  • located in the CNS only
  • conduct action potentials from one neuron to another
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13
Q

Cell body (neuron structure)

A
  • soma=body

* contains nucleus and most organelles

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14
Q

Dendrites

A
  • (dendros=tree)
  • branching receptive projection off neuron cell body(soma)
  • receives stimuli
  • conducts potential towards cell body
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15
Q

Axon (neuron structure)

A
  • nerve fibers
  • central process if a neuron
  • conducts action potentials away from cell body
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16
Q

Axon (special features)

A
  • could be Short or Long
  • can form branches called collaterals to better reach multiple other cells
  • ends called presynaptic terminals
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17
Q

Myelin sheath (special features)

A

•covering over axon made by neuroglial wrapping
•PNS- called Schwann cells
- white matter made of lipoprotein material(myelin)
•made to insulate axons and Speed up action potential
•space between Schwann cells is called “nodes if Ranvier”

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18
Q

Sensory neuron dendrites

A
  • endings on sensory neurons are designated to pick up special types of information
  • types that react to things like: touch sound odor vision…
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19
Q

Neuroglia (glial cells)(nerve glue)

Located where?

A

PNS neuroglia

CNS neuroglia

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20
Q

PNS neuroglia

A

•Schwann cells: glial cells wrap around portions of the axon, leaving small gaps aka node of Ranvier

21
Q

CNS neuroglia 4 types

A
  • oligodendrocytes
  • astrocytes
  • microglia
  • ependymal cells
22
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A
  • cells that produce myelin in the CNS
  • white(lipoprotein)
  • matter of spinal chord and brain
23
Q

Astrocytes

A
  • branched glial cells
  • cover the surfaces if blood vessels, neurons and the pia mater
  • Nourish neurons
  • provide barrier between blood and nervous tissue
24
Q

Microglia

A
  • small glial cells that are mobile
  • phagocytic
  • digest foreign substances that invade the nervous tissue
25
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Line the ventricles of the brain
•line central canal of the spinal chord
•helps form cerebrospinal fluid which fill cavities

26
Q

Spinal cord

A
  • longitudinal structure

* located in spinal vertebrae for protection

27
Q

Spinal chord structure enlargements (2)

A

•Cervical enlargement: wider area in the neck
-inferior cervical region
•lumbosacral enlargement:wider area in lower back (inferior thoracic, lumbar, and superior sacral regions)

28
Q

Spinal terminal areas:

A
  • upper end
  • lower end
  • filum terminale
  • cauda equine (horses tail)
29
Q

Upper end of spinal terminal

A
  • superior
  • connects superiorly with medulla oblongata of brain
  • passes through foramen magnum of skull
30
Q

Lower end of spinal terminal

A
  • distal end
  • forms a cone shaped structure called conus madularis (tip of)
  • the tip is the inferior end of the spinal cord
  • extends to the second level of the lumbar vertebrae
31
Q

Filum terminale terminal of spine

A
  • extension of pia matter that anchors the spinal column in place
  • thin thread of connective tissue
  • connects spinal cord to first coccygeal vertebra
  • limiting superior movement
32
Q

Spinal nerves

A
  • Spinal nerves leave vertebral column through openings between vertebrae (vertebral foramen)
  • 31 pairs of spinal nerves
  • divided into 5 areas
33
Q

31 spinal nerves, divided into 5 sections:

A
  1. Cervical nerves- 8pairs- (1-8)
  2. Thoracic nerves-12pairs-(1-12)
  3. Lumbar nerves- 5pairs-(1-5)
  4. Sacral nerves- 5pairs-(1-5)
  5. Coccygeal nerves-1 pair(c0)
34
Q

Cross section of spine reveals:

A
  • central position is gray matter
  • outer area is white matter
  • several openings and fissures along spinal nerve connections
35
Q

Openings and fissures around spinal canal:

A
  • Central canal
  • Anterior (ventral) median fissure
  • Posterior (dorsal) median salcus
36
Q

Central canal

A
  • runs length of spinal cord

- middle of gray commissure filled with cerebral spinal fluid

37
Q

Anterior median fissure

A

•Anterior (ventral) median fissure:
•deep depression along anterior surface of spinal cord
- in white matter

38
Q

Posterior median salcus

A

•Posterior (dorsal) median salcus:

  • depression on posterior surface of spinal cord
  • in white matter
39
Q

Gray matter(butterfly)

A
  • central area of chord appears gray
  • contains:gray commissure, across bar connecting both sides of gray matter
  • central canal: hole in the middle or cord or gray commissure
  • neuron cell bodies of motor and interneurons, dendrites and axons
40
Q

Gray matter structural features:

A

Posterior horn: “narrow” receives info from somatic nerves
Anterior horn: “rounded, wide” sends motor signals to spinal nerves
Lateral horn: “some places” associated with ANS sends motor signals to spinal nerves

41
Q

White matter spinal chord

A

Contents:
•bundles of nerve cell axons with myelin sheathes
•bundles form tracks:
- dorsal column, ventral column, lateral column, anterior median fissure, posterior median sulcus

42
Q

White matter spinal structure:

A

Divided into tracks
•ascending tracks- take sensory info to brain
•descending tracks- motor info from the brain

43
Q

Spinal nerve roots

A

•spinal nerves connect with the chord in small sections called roots
•each root carries info from different body areas
-anterior nerve roots
- posterior nerve roots
-dorsal root ganglion
-spinal nerve

44
Q

Anterior nerve roots

A

Attach to front of cord
•contains axons of motor neurons
•Carrys info away from spine

45
Q

Posterior nerve roots

A
  • attach to back of cord
  • contains axons if sensory neurons
  • carries info to distal horn or spinal cord
46
Q

Dorsal root ganglion

A
  • swelling or knot
  • back of nerve root
  • contains nerve cell bodies or sensory nerves
47
Q

Spinal nerve

A
  • goes two ways
  • composed of axons of both ventral and dorsal nerve root
  • carries info into(sensory) and out of(motor) the spinal cord
48
Q

Special functions of the spinal cord:

A

Spinal cord is apart of the cNS and acts to coordinate body functions
•relay system: between lower body and the brain
•ascending nerve tracks: (sensory) white matter takes into to brain
-white matter specially mapped to deliver info to specific place
•descending nerve tracks: white matter takes info from brain to relay impulses to skeletal muscles and internal organs

49
Q

Reflexes and the spinal cord:

A

Reflexes protect body from injury
•maintain upright posture
•control actions of internal organs

A&P (13 decks)

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