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A&P > Introduction To Nervous System > Flashcards

Introduction To Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

CNS

A
  • central nervous system
  • brain- in skull
  • spinal chord- vertebral canal
  • connect at foramen magnum
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2
Q

PNS

A
  • peripheral nervous system
  • made if nervous tissue, with sensory receptors, ganglia, plexuses, nerves
  • external to CNS
  • sensory and motor division
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3
Q

Sensory division

A

Ending of neurons that detect, heat, pain, light
•sensory receptors
•transmits action potential from receptors to CNS

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4
Q

Motor division

A 
Efferent way
•response transmits action potential from CNS to effector organs 
•ex: muscle glands 
Subdivisions:
Somatic and autonomic
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5
Q

Somatic (motor division, PNS)

A

Conscious control movement

•cell bodies in CNS,axons extend to skeletal muscles

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6
Q

Autonomic (PNS, motor division)

A

•transmits action potential from CNS to specific sites
•out put, in voluntary
•two sub divisions:
Sympathetic and parasympathetic

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7
Q

Sympathetic (PNS, motor division, autonomic subdivision)

A

Most active during physical activity

•fight or flight

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8
Q

Parasympathetic (PNS, motor division, autonomic subdivision)

A

•regulates resting functions
Ex: digesting food, emptying bladder
•rest and relax

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9
Q

Neurons

A

Receive stimuli
•transmits action potentials to other neurons or effector glands
•3 parts:
Cell body, axon and dendrites

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10
Q

Cell body

A
  • aka soma

* source of info for protein synthesis

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11
Q

Dendrites

A

Inputs

•different neurons have different amount if dendrites

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12
Q

Multipolar neuron

A

Has multiple dendrites and an axon
•most common neuron
•most neurons in the CNS and motor neurons
•axon conducts action potential to CNS

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13
Q

Bipolar neuron

A

Has a dendrite and an axon
•dendrite is specialized to receive stimuli
•axon conducts action potentials to the CNS
•sensory organs: eyes nose ears

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14
Q

Pseudo-unipolar neuron

A

An axon
No dendrites
•sensory receptor to CNS
•mostly sensory neurons

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15
Q

Axon

A

Nerve fivers

•most have straight alignment and uniform diameter

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16
Q

Trigger zone

A

Made of:
Axon hillock
Initial segment

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17
Q

Axon hillock

A

Where action potential starts

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18
Q

Initial segment

A

Beginning of axon

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19
Q

Presynaptic terminals

A

Output
•enlarged ends branching out from axons
•contain neurotransmitters in small vesicles

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20
Q

Sensory neurons conduct towards:

A

CNS

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21
Q

Motor neurons conduct away from:

A

CNS and towards muscles or glands

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22
Q

Interneurons

A

Conduct action potential from one neuron to another

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23
Q

Neuroglia

A 
•supporting cells 
•help form a permeability barriers between blood and neurons 
•produce cerebral fluid 
3 types
Astrocytes, choroid plexus, microglia
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24
Q

Astrocytes

A

Star shaped neuroglia
•cytoplasmic processes extend from cell body
•cover surfaces: blood vessels, pia matter, neurons
•with foot processes
•blood-brain barrier
•regulate extra extracellular composition of brain fluid

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25
Q

Blood-brain barrier

A

Astrocytes Creates a water tight junction between endothelial cells
•determines what passes from the blood to nervous tissue of the brain or spinal chord

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26
Q

Ependymal cells

A
  • produce cerebrospinal fluid
  • line ventricles of brain and central canal of spinal chord
  • bear patches of cilia that help move cerebrospinal fluid
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27
Q

Choroid plexuses (CNS neuroglia)

A
  • specialized ependymal cells and blood vessels
  • central regions of ventricles
  • secrete spinal fluid
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28
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CNS)

A
  • secreted by choroid plexus
  • moved through out brain cavities on patches of cilia
  • cilia helping with movement
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29
Q

Microglia (CNS)

A

Neuroglia in CNS
•free swimming
•phagocytic in response to stimulation
•move to areas of stroke, trauma, infection, perform phagocytosis

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30
Q

Oligodendrocytes CNS

A

Have cytoplasmic extensions that can surround axons
•if wrapped many times, forms a myelin sheath
•can for myelin sheaths around portions of several axons

31
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A
  • Schwann cells

* satellite cells

32
Q

Schwann cells PNS

A

Neuroglia in PNS
•wrap around axons
•wrap many times creates myelin sheath
•only wrap around a portion of one axon

33
Q

Satellite cells PNS

A

•surround neuron cell bodies in sensory ganglia
•provide nutrients and support to neuron cell bodies
•protect neurons from heavy metal poisons
- absorbs and reduces access to neuron cell bodies

34
Q

Myelinated

A
  • Schwann cells or oligodendrocytes wrap repeatedly around axon
  • makes action potential faster
  • wrapped membranes rich in phospholipids
  • cytoplasm sandwich between layers
35
Q

Unmyelinated

A
  • rest in invaginations of Schwann or oligodendrocytes
  • surrounds but does not wrap
  • able to surround many cells at once
  • nucleus in center of surrounding axons, in cytoplasm
36
Q

Gray matter

A
  • groups of neurch cell bodies and dendrites

* little myelin

37
Q

White matter

A

Myelinated areas

38
Q

CNS gray matter

A
  • cortex: grey matter on the surface of the brain

* clusters of grey matter located deeply in the brain are called NUCLEI

39
Q

PNS gray and white matter

A

Ganglia: gray matter, clusters if neuron cell bodies
Nerves: white matter
Bundles if axons with connective tissue and sheathes

40
Q

Leak ion channel

A

Non gated
# of each leak ion channel in membrane determines its permeability characteristics of plasma to different ions
• permeable to k+ and cl-
•less permeable to na+ due to lack of channels

41
Q

Ligand gated ion channels

A
  • has an extracellular receptor site and membrane spanning part, forms ion channel
  • Ligand Neurotransmitter that binds to receptor to open or close
  • in nervous and muscle tissues as well as glands
42
Q

Ganglion

A

Cluster of cell bodies in PNS

43
Q

Nerve tracts are formed by what?

A

White matter of the CNS

•propagate APs from one area of the CNS to another

44
Q

Voltage gated ion channels

A
  • open and close in response to small voltage across plasma membrane
  • measured in millivolts
  • Na+ K+: electrically excited tissue
  • Ca+ : smooth muscle and cardiac muscle fibers
45
Q

Plasma membrane of voltage gated channels

A
  • millivolts measured by charge difference, due to neg charge inside plasma membrane relative to outside
  • stimulated cell changes permeability of membrane due to open gates
  • movement if ions into or out of cell changes charge difference across the plasma membrane
46
Q

Resting membrane potential

A
  • in stimulated, is potential difference
  • intercellular fluid neutral (cations and anions)
  • extracellular fluid also neutral
47
Q

Polarized

A

Due to changes across membrane

•inside negative outside positive

48
Q

Potential difference

A

Electrical charge difference across membrane

49
Q

Depolarization

A
  • decrease in the membrane potential
  • caused by decrease in charge difference (polarity) across plasma membrane
  • inside becomes more positive
50
Q

Hyperpolarization

A
  • increase in membrane potential
  • caused by increase of charge difference across plasma membrane
  • inside becomes more negative
51
Q

Grades potential

A
  • chance in membrane potential that is localized to one area of the plasma membrane
  • potential change can vary from small to large
52
Q

Nerve fiber types are classified by what

A

Size and myelination

•structure reflects function

53
Q

Nerve fiber types

A

1- large and myelinated, 15-20 mls
• motor neurons supporting skeletal muscles, most sensory neurons
2-lightly myelinated medium sized 3-15 mls
3- small and unmyelinated

54
Q

Type 2 and 3 nerve fiber types are mostly:

A
  • part of the ANS, stimulates internal organs ( stomach heart intestines)
  • responses necessary to maintain internal homeostasis
  • don’t need to be as rapid as responses to external environment
55
Q

Synapsis

A

Junction between two cells

•where communication takes place

56
Q

Presynaptic cell (terminal)

A

•transmits a signal towards the synapse

57
Q

Postsynaptic cell (membrane)

A

•cell that receives the signal from presynaptic terminal

58
Q

Postsynaptic membrane

A

Membrane of post synaptic cell

•usually neurons, muscle cells or glands

59
Q

Neurotransmitter

A
  • in chemical synapse
  • action potentials do not pass directly from the presynaptic terminal to postsynaptic membrane
  • instead, AP causes the release of neurotransmitters from terminals
60
Q

Synaptic vesicles

A
  • contains neurotransmitters

* are membrane bound

61
Q

How action potential travels

A
  • AP arrives at presynaptic terminal
  • initiate a series of specific events
  • = the release of neurotransmitters
  • voltage gate Ca2+ channels open
  • Ca2+ diffuse into presynaptic terminals
  • ions cause synaptic vesicles to fuse with presynaptic membrane
  • release neurotransmitter by exocytosis into synaptic cleft
62
Q

Presynaptic terminals job:

A

•produce and release neurotransmitters

63
Q

Exocytosis

A

Elimination of material from a cell through the formation of vacuoles

64
Q

Post synaptic potentials

A

When Hyperpolarization occurs in post synaptic membrane

65
Q

Excitatory postsynaptic potential

A
  • when depolarization occurs
  • the response is stimulatory
  • graded potential is called “EPSP”
66
Q

Excitatory postsynaptic potential “EPSP”

A
  • important because depolarization might reach threshold and fire off action potential
  • excitatory neurons: release neurons that cause EPSP
67
Q

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential

A
  • when neurotransmitter and receptor result in Hyperpolarization
  • “IPSP”
68
Q

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential “IPSP”

A
  • important because they reduce the likelihood of producing action potential
  • movement and potential farther from threshold
69
Q

Inhibitory neurons

A
  • release neurotransmitter substances that cause IPSP

* results from increase if permeability of the plasma membrane to Cl- or K+

70
Q

Axoaxon synapse (CNS)

A

•the axon of one neuron synapses with the presynaptic terminal if another

71
Q

Presynaptic inhibition

A

The amount of neurotransmitter release from the presynaptic terminal decreases
•ex: endorphins can reduce or eliminate pain by inhibiting the release of neurotransmitter from presynaptic terminals

72
Q

Presynaptic facilitation

A

The amount if neurotransmitter release from presynaptic terminal increases
Ex: serotonin, release in certain axoaxonic synapses, function as neuromodulator that increase release of neurotransmitters from the presynaptic terminal, opening voltage gated Ca2+ channels

73
Q

Spatial summation

A
  • occurs when multiple action potentials arrive at two presynaptic terminals
  • that synapse with same post synaptic neuron
74
Q

Temporal summation

A

Two or more action potentials arrive in very close succession @ single presynaptic terminal
•combine where IPSP and EPSP summate to reach threshold

A&P (13 decks)

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