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Spain Flashcards

1
Q

Who were the first to establish the value of viticulture in Spain?

A

The Phoenicians, one of the first great maritime trading cultures, founded the city of Gadir (modern Cádiz) on the coast of southern Spain around 1100 BCE and established the value of viticulture and wine as a commodity in Andalucía

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2
Q

Winemaking continued under the?

A

Romans, who improved on the fragile, large amphorae in use, but it remained a secondary pursuit under the conquering Moors, whose religion forbade the consumption of alcohol. Still, grapegrowing persisted and was often used for raisins and distillation for medicines, perfumes, and other goods

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3
Q

Several events throughout its three millennia of viticulture have threatened the industry, including?

A

the Moorish conquest of Iberia, the phylloxera crisis, a devastating Civil War, and several decades under a fascist regime, during which winemaking customs lost favor to bulk production and cooperatives

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4
Q

Consejos Reguladores were established for the major regions of Rioja, Jerez, and Málaga in the?

A

1930s

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5
Q

civil war, fascism took hold in Spain under?

A

Francisco Franco in 1936, and Spain remained the only major fascist country in Western Europe after World War II—a dark period for wine that would last until the dictator’s death in 1975

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6
Q

brought stainless steel and temperature-controlled fermentations to Catalonia in the 1960s?

A

Miguel Torres

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7
Q

Who modernised the indusrty during the 1850s and 60s?

A

The Bordeaux-trained Marqués de Riscal and Marqués de Murrieta returned to Rioja with grape varieties and lessons from the Médoc, including barrique aging (called barricas in Spain) and estate bottling (performed at their newly constructed bodegas)

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8
Q

Name the classifications of Spain

A

Denominación de Origen (DO) and the superior Denominación de Origen Calificada (DOCa) represent the two highest tiers of quality wine
Vinos de Calidad con Indicación Geográfica (VCIG)
The lowest level of quality wine, Vino de la Tierra (VdlT)
and Vino de Mesa (or VdM), translating to “table wine
The DO Pago (Vinos de Pago) estates represent a theoretically superior appellation to the basic DO

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9
Q

Noble: min.

Añejo: min.

Viejo: min.

A

18 months aging in a cask of less than 600 L or bottle

24 months aging in a cask of less than 600 L or bottle

36 months aging, demonstrates marked oxidative character

Oak casks max capacity of 600ltres

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10
Q

Who identified Rueda and its grape Verdejo for the possibility of creating a more contemporary style of non-oxidative white wine?

A

In 1972, famed French enologist and winemaker Émile Peynaud, working as a consultant for the Marqués de Riscal
He also suggested Sauvignon Blanc

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11
Q

Spain joined the EU when?

A

1986

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12
Q

Is Spain the largest country under vine?

A

True
Spain, however, is not the world’s largest producer of wine. It comes in third, with 44.4 million hectoliters, trailing Italy and France

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13
Q

The first Spanish Denominaciones de Origen (DOs) were awarded in?

A

1932

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14
Q

VdlT wines are also designated Protected Geographical Indication (PGI), which mandates that?

A

85% of grapes derive from a given area

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15
Q

The first, Rioja, was granted DOCa status in ?

A

1991

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16
Q

Priorat became DOQ when?

A

2009

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17
Q

Vino de Pago established in?

A

2003

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18
Q

Name the Vino de Pagos of Castilla y Leon

A

Abadia Retuerta
Dehesa Peñalba

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19
Q

Name the Vino de Pagos of Navarra

A

Prado de Irache
Arinzano
Otazu
Bolandin

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20
Q

Name the Vino de Pagos of Valencia

A

El Terrerazo
Los Balagueses
Vera de Estenas
Chozas Carrascal

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21
Q

Name the Vino de Pagos of Castilla la Mancha

A

Dominio de Valdepusa
Finca Elez
Guijoso
Dehesa de Carrizal
Campo de la Guardia
Florentino
Casa del Blanco
Calzadilla
El Vicario
La Jaraba
Vallegarcia
Los Cerillos

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22
Q

Name he Vino de Pago of Aragon

A

Ayles

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23
Q

Palomino Fino in the Canary islands is called?

A

Listán Blanco

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24
Q

Which is the third most planted grape of Spain?

A

Bobal

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25
Q

Cariñena is also known as?

A

Mazuelo as well as Mazuela, Crujillón, and Samsó

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26
Q

Which is the main grape in the DO Cariñena?

A

Garnacha

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27
Q

Garnacha in Sardinia is known as?

A

Cannoneau

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28
Q

Garnacha Tintorera, also known as?

A

Alicante Bouschet, is the offspring of Garnacha and Petit Bouschet
It is a teinturier variety, meaning both its skins and flesh are red

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29
Q

The red Garnacha Peluda is also known as?

A

Lladoner Pelut in Catalonia

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30
Q

Which country is the largest exporter of rose wines?

A

Spain

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31
Q

Name the regions of Galicia

A

Rias Baixas
Ribeiro
Ribeira Sacra
Valdeorras
Monterrei

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32
Q

Name the sub-zones of Rias Baixas

A

Val do Salnés, Ribeira do Ulla, Soutomaior, O Rosal, Condado do Tea

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33
Q

Which was the first commercial winery in Rias Baixas?

A

Palacio de Fefiñanes was Rías Baixas’ first commercial winery, founded in 1904

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34
Q

Soils of Rias Baixas?

A

Much of the region is planted on decomposed granite, called xabre, with low water retention that serves the rainy environment well.

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35
Q

What is minifundias?

A

small plots of vineyards

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36
Q

Training method in Rias Baixas is called?

A

parral, or “pergola,” system

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37
Q

Name the white grape varieties of Rias Baixas

A

Blanco:
Recommended: Albariño, Loureira, Treixadura, Caiño Blanco
Authorized: Torrontés, Godello

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38
Q

Name the red grape varieties of Rias Baixas

A

Tinto:
Recommended: Caiño Tinto, Espadeiro, Loureira Tinta, Sousón
Authorized: Mencía, Brancellao

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39
Q

Val do Salnés and Ribeira do Ulla wines must be composed of at minimum?

A

70% Albariño, Loureira, Treixadura, and Caíño Blanco

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40
Q

Wines labeled O Rosal must be at least?

A

70% Albariño and Loureira

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41
Q

Condado do Tea must contain a minimum?

A

70% Albariño and Treixadura

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42
Q

Name some top producers from Rias Baixas

A

Pazo de Barrantes
Pazo de Senorans
Palacio de Fefiñanes
Mar de Frades
Bodegas Albamar
Bodegas Forjas del Salnes

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43
Q

Ribeiro DO produces mostly?

A

white wine

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44
Q

What is Vino Tostado?

A

Vino tostado is a historic style made in Ribeiro
is a dried grape wine similar to Tuscan vin santo. Red or white grapes are left to dry for a minimum of three months following harvest in covered rooms with consistent ventilation to avoid rot. They must be dried to a minimum must weight of 350 grams per liter. Drying can be performed using various tactics, from hanging the clusters to resting them on shelves or in plastic bins. The wines are then fermented and aged in oak or cherry casks for at minimum six months, followed by a minimum three in bottle before release

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45
Q

Name the grape varieties of RIbeiro

A

Blanco:
Recommended: Treixadura, Torrontés, Godello, Lado, Loureira, Albariño, Caiño Blanco
Authorized: Palomino, Albillo,
Tinto:
Recommended: Caiño Tinto (also known as Caiño Bravo or Caiño Longo), Ferrón, Sousón, Brancellao, Mencía
Authorized: Garnacha Tintorera (Alicante Bouschet), Tempranillo

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46
Q

Name the 5 sub-zones of Ribeira Sacra

A

Amandi, Chantada, Ribeiras do Miño, Ribeiras do Sil, Quiroga-Bibei

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47
Q

Which of the sub-zones of Ribeira Sacra is the most significant?

A

Amandi, which sits at the appellation’s center on the steep northern slopes of the Sil, is most historic and most often viewed as highest in quality

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48
Q

Ribeira Sacra sits on the confluence of the rivers?

A

Sil and Miño

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49
Q

Soils of Ribeira Sacra?

A

Vineyards along the Sil and near its lower sections tend to be grounded in granitic soils, while the Upper Sil has more slate

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50
Q

Name some top producers of Ribeira Sacra

A

Guímaro, Algueira, and Dominio do Bibei

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51
Q

Wines produced in Ribeira Sacra are predominately?

A

red, with Mencía as the most important grape, covering 90% of vineyards

Tinto: min. 70% Mencia
Rosado: Min 85% Principal red Grapes
Súmmum: 85% principal grapes
Blanco Barrica & Garda
Tinto Barrica & Garda

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52
Q

Name the authorised grape varieties of Ribeira Sacra

A

Blanco:
Principal: Albariño, Godello, Treixadura, Loureira, Torrontés, Dona Branca
Tinto:
Principal: Mencía, Merenzao (Bastardo), Brancellao, Sousón, Caiño Tinto
Authorized: Garnacha Tintorera, Mouratón, Tempranillo

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53
Q

Galicia’s easternmost appellation is?

A

Valdeorras DO

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54
Q

Which river flows through Valdeorras?

A

Sil

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55
Q

Valdeorras’s main soil type?

A

slate

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56
Q

Valdeorras is famous for which grape?

A

Godello

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57
Q

Wines labelled Mencia or Godello require how much of the stated grape?

A

85% Mencia
100% Godello

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58
Q

Monterrei produces which styles?

A

Monterrei exclusively makes white and red wines, its whites produced from Dona Branca, Godello, and Treixadura, among other regional varieties, and its reds primarily from Mencía and Bastardo, with blending grapes

Blanco: min. 60% recommended white grapes
Tinto: min. 60% recommended red grapes

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59
Q

Name the sub-zones of Monterrei

A

Valle de Monterrei, Ladera de Monterrei

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60
Q

Where is Basque country located?

A

Tucked into the western Pyrenees and Iberia’s northern Atlantic Coast

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61
Q

Name the 3 DOs of Basque Country

A

Txakoli de Bizkaia (Bizkaiko Txakolina), Txakoli de Getaria (Getariako Txakolina), and Txakoli de Álava (Arabako Txakolina)

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62
Q

Name the grape varieties for Txakoli

A

Hondarrabi Zuri (or Ondarrabi Zuri) dominates white plantings, though some have theorized that this name represents three different grape varieties. The DOs of Basque Country also employ various international white grapes for blending, including Folle Blanche, Petit Manseng, Gros Manseng, Riesling, Chardonnay, and Sauvignon Blanc, depending on the appellation. The indigenous red grape Hondarrabi Beltza (Ondarrabi Beltza, of no relation to Hondarrabi Zuri) is grown to a smaller extent, yielding fresh, light-bodied reds. Sparkling and rosado Txakoli also exist, though in the shadow of the region’s white wines.

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63
Q

Castilla y León sits on the upper portion of the?

A

Meseta, a higher plateau than neighboring Castilla-La Mancha, from which it is separated by the mountains of the Sistema Central. Elevations are high (700 to 1,000 meters), and most regions are concentrated along the banks of the Duero River, before it crosses into Portugal.

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64
Q

Name th DO’s of Castilla Leon

A

Bierzo
Rueda
Toro
Ribera del Duero
Arribes
Arlanza
Cigales
Tierra del Vino de Zamora
Leon

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65
Q

Name the 2 unofficial zones of Bierzo

A

the low-lying, flatter Bajo Bierzo at the base and the mountainside plantings of Alto Bierzo. Quality winegrowing is favored in the latter’s higher, sloped sites, often composed of quartz and slate. Vines in Bajo Bierzo are typically planted in deeper, clay-alluvial soils

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66
Q

Bierzo reds from Mencia require a min of?

A

85% Mencia followed by Garnacha Tintorera, Estaldiña, and Merenzao

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67
Q

Name the vineyard quality pyramid of Bierzo

A

Vino de la Region
Vino de Vila
Vino de paraje
Vino de Vina Clasificada
Gran Vino de Vina Clasificada

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68
Q

Until the 20th centrury in Rueda they were producing?

A

Dorado (literally “golden”) wines, fortified and sometimes flor-affected rancios aged in a solera system or demijohns from Palomino

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69
Q

Who and when shaped Rueda’s wine indusrty?

A

Marques de Riscal wanted to add a white wine in his portfolio in the 1970s and hired Emile Peynaud who predicted the success of Verdejo in Rueda and he also suggested Sauvignon Blanc

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70
Q

Rueda Blanco requires?

A

a minimum 50% Verdejo or Sauvignon Blanc, the latter capable of adding acidity and an herbaceous quality. Palomino, Viura, Chardonnay, and Viognier are also authorized for blending

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70
Q

Rueda’s altitudes and soils?

A

Rueda’s vineyards, though mainly flat, benefit from elevations around 600 to 700 meters. The Duero just runs through the very north of the region, but its tributaries extend throughout Rueda. The soil has a high portion of limestone and is famously gravelly, allowing for good drainage

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71
Q

Vinos Espumosos requierements?

A

traditional method
aged at least 9 months on the lees
At least 75 percent of the blend must be Verdejo or Sauvignon Blanc

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72
Q

Vino Espumoso “Gran Añada requierements?

A

36 months of age on lees prior to disgorgement (starts with the 2020 vintage)

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73
Q

Gran vino de Rueda must come from vines at least?

A

30 years old

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74
Q

Vino de Pueblo is a new village wine classification, where

A

85% of the grapes must be harvested for nearly 70 municipalities

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75
Q

Name the Vino de Licor of Ruedda and its requierements

A

Rueda Pálido (Pale): 100% combined Palomino Fino and/or Verdejo
Rueda Dorado (Golden): 100% combined Palomino Fino and/or Verdejo
Rueda Dorado: min. 4 years, including at least 2 years in oak
Vino Pálido: biologically aged for a minimum of 3 years in oak

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76
Q

Name the red grape varieties of Rueda

A

Principal: Tempranillo
Authorized: Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Garnacha Tinta, Syrah.

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77
Q

Name some top producers of Rueda

A

Telmo Rodriguez
Marques de Riscal
Ossian

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78
Q

Rueda Verdejo and Rueda Sauvignon require?

A

at least 85 percent of the stated variety

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79
Q

The first to recognize the potential of Ribera del Duero was?

A

Don Eloy Lecanda y Chaves, who founded in 1864 what would later be named Vega Sicilia

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80
Q

Ribera del Duero became a DO when?

A

1982

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81
Q

Who made Tempranillo the main grape due to his success?

A

In 1972, Alejandro Fernández established Tinto Pesquera, where he helped return focus to Tempranillo and produced acclaimed monovarietal renditions

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82
Q

Which was the first vintage of Pingus?

A

1995 which was lost in a voyage

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83
Q

Who created Pingus?

A

Peter Sisseck

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84
Q

Which is the second wine of Pingus?

A

FLor de Pingus
ψ third wine

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85
Q

Which is the first vintage of Unico?

A

1915

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86
Q

Unico is aged for?

A

The wines are aged for 10 years in wood and bottle using American and French wood barrels: new and used 225-litre barrels and 20,000-litre vats. Normally the Unico spends 6 years in wood and 4 in the bottle

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87
Q

Ribera del Duero Blanco?

A

min. 75% Albillo Mayor

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88
Q

Ribera del Duero Tinto must be composed?

A

min 75% Tinta del País / Tinto Fino
Garnacha, Malbec, Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon

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89
Q

Name the ageing requierements of RIbera del Duero

A

Roble/Barrica: min. 3 months in oak (max. 600 liter capacity)

Crianza:
Blanco/Rosado/Clarete: min. 18 months, including at least 6 months in oak (max. 330 liter capacity)
Tinto: min. 24 months, including at least 12 months in oak (max. 330 liter capacity)

Reserva:
Blanco/Rosado/Clarete: min. 24 months, including at least 6 months in oak (max. 330 liter capacity)
Tinto: min. 36 months, including at least 12 months in oak (max. 330 liter capacity)

Gran Reserva:
Blanco/Rosado/Clarete: min. 48 months, including at least 6 months in oak (max. 330 liter capacity)
Tinto: min. 60 months, including at least 24 months in oak (max. 330 liter capacity)
Crianza, Reserva, and Gran Reserva wines must spend the rest of their required aging outside of barrel in the bottle.

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90
Q

Name some top producers of Ribera del Duero

A

Vega Sicilia
Aalto
Dominio di Aguila
Dominio de Pingus
Pesquera
Arzuaga

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91
Q

Cigales DO produces mainly?

A

rosados and claretes

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92
Q

Toro Reds requiere a min of?

A

75% Tempranillo or 85% Garnacha, with the balance of the blend coming from those two grapes

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93
Q

Does Toro produces white and rose wines?

A

Rosado and white wine also come from Toro, the latter from Verdejo, Malvasía Castellana, Albillo Real, and/or Muscat à Petit Grains.

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94
Q

Toro’s ageing requierements?

A

Crianza (Tinto only): Wines must be aged for a min. 2 years, including at least 6 months in oak (max. 330 liter barrels)
Reserva (Tinto only): Wines must be aged for a min. 3 years, including at least 1 year in oak (max. 330 liter barrels)
Gran Reserva (Tinto only): Wines must be aged for a min. 5 years, including at least 18 months in oak (max. 330 liter barrels)

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95
Q

Rioja became DOCa when?

A

1991

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96
Q

Name the four autonomous communities of Rioja

A

La Rioja, Basque Country, Navarra, and Castilla y Léon. (The inclusion of territory from Castilla y Léon results from the fact that two small areas within La Rioja belong to Castilla y Léon; a single estate sits in the DOCa.)

97
Q

Rioja’s highest elevation vineyards are in?

A

Rioja Alavesa

98
Q

Name some of the oldest wineries from Rioja Alta

A

López de Heredia, Muga, CVNE, and La Rioja Alta S.A

99
Q

Name the subzones of Rioja

A

Rioja Alta (La Rioja & Castilla y León), Rioja Oriental-formerly Baja(Navarra), Rioja Alavesa (País Vasco)

100
Q

Name the ageing requierements for Vino Espumoso

A

Vino Espumoso de Calidad: min. 15 months on the lees from the date of tirage prior to disgorgement
Vino Espumoso de Calidad Reserva: min. 24 months on the lees from the date of tirage prior to disgorgement
Vino Espumoso de Calidad Gran Añada: min 36 months on the lees from the date of tirage prior to disgorgement.

101
Q

Vino Espumoso requierements?

A

Traditional Method
Only manual harvesting
Vino Espumoso de Calidad Gran Añada must come entirely from a single vintage, and state the vintage on the label.
Sweetness Designations:
Brut Nature: Less than 3 g/l of residual sugar, and has not received dosage
Extra Brut: Maximum 6 g/l of residual sugar
Brut: Maximum 12 g/l of residual sugar
Pressure must be at least 3.5 bars

102
Q

Name Rioja’s ageing requierements

A

Crianza Blanco/Rosado: min. 18 months, including at least 6 months in oak (remainder may be in bottle, oak or stainless steel)
Reserva Blanco/Rosado: min. 2 years, including at least 6 months in oak (remainder must be in bottle or oak)
Gran Reserva Blanco/Rosado: min. 4 years, including at least 6 months in oak (remainder must be in bottle or oak)
Crianza Tinto: min. 2 years, including at least 1 year in oak
Reserva Tinto: min. 3 years, including at least 1 year in oak and 6 months in bottle
Gran Reserva Tinto: min. 60 months of aging with at least 24 months in oak and at least 24 months in bottle

103
Q

Name the top vintages of Rioja

A

2001, 2004 and 2005
2008, 2009 and 2010
2012 very hot vintage
2015, 2018, 2019

104
Q

Viñedo Singular, or “single vineyard,” category requierements?

A

Hand-harvested individual sites where vines are at least 35 years old. These wines must achieve nearly 30% lower yields, with whites dropping from 63 to 45 hectoliters per hectare and reds moving from 45.5 to 32.5 hectoliters per hectare. They must also pass approval by the consejo tasting committee

105
Q

Vinos de Municipio requierements?

A

Grapes must come exclusively from the municipality (but 15% from neighboring municipalities may be allowed with 10 year history working with the vineyard)
Vinification, aging, and bottling must occur within the municipality

106
Q

Vinos de Zona requierements?

A

Grapes must come exclusively from the zone (but 15% from neighboring zones may be allowed with 10 year history working with the vineyard)
Vinification, aging, and bottling must occur within the zone

107
Q

Graciano in blends adds?

A

It supplies acidity, tannin, and exotic spice flavors, and in a select few cellars, it is bottled on its own into characterful yet serious wines

108
Q

Which grapes are used for Rioja Blanco?

A

Viura (Macabeo) is most prevalent among white varieties and can achieve tremendous structure balanced by acidity. It is commonly blended with Malvasía for its floral aromas, and together these yield the great, traditional white Riojas, of which only a couple stewards remain. Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc, Verdejo, Garnacha Blanca, Maturana Blanca, Tempranillo Blanco, and Turruntés are also permitted.

109
Q

Name the five district zones of Navarra DO

A

Baja Montaña, Tierra Estella, Valdizarbe, Ribera Alta, and Ribera Baja

110
Q

Baja Montaña, in the northeast, concentrates almost entirely on ?

A

red wine production, with treasured old vine Garnacha vineyards

111
Q

Navarra DO produces which styles?

A

white,red,rosado (Garnacha preferred; Sangrado/Saignée method required) and sweet and fortified wines

112
Q

Which grape variety is used for Navarra’s sweet wines?

A

Moscatel de Grano Menudo is also utilized for sweet and fortified wines, notably from Ribera Baja
Minimum 85% Moscatel
Envejecido en Roble (Moscatel Vino de Licor): Wines must be aged a min. 24 months, including at least 18 months in oak

113
Q

Name the authorized grape varieties of Navarra

A

Blanco: Garnacha Blanca, Viura, Malvasía, Moscatel de grano menudo, Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc

Tinto: Tempranillo, Garnacha Tinta, Graciano, Mazuelo, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Syrah, Pinot Noir

114
Q

red crianzas in Navarra must be aged for at least?

A

two years, with a minimum nine months in barrel

115
Q

Name the 4 DOs of Aragon

A

Calatayud, Cariñena, Campo de Borja, and Somontano
Calatayud is largest

116
Q

Calatayud produces which styles?

A

Garnacha occupies nearly two-thirds of the vineyard area, followed by Tempranillo and Syrah
While 92% of plantings are dedicated to red grapes, white, red, sparkling, semi-sparkling, sweet, and fortified wines are all permitted

117
Q

For wines designated Viñas Viejas, or “old vines in Calatayud?

A

necessitates a minimum 35 years

118
Q

Calatayud Superior must be composed of at least ?

A

85% Garnacha from vines that surpass 50 years in age

119
Q

Cariñena produces which styles?

A

Red, white, rosado, sparkling, semi-sparkling, sweet, and fortified are permitted.

120
Q

Which are the main grapes of Carinena?

A

Garnacha (at 27%) and Tempranillo (at 22%). The rest of the vineyard area is dedicated to mostly typical white and red grapes, both Spanish and foreign

121
Q

Campo de Borja produces mainly?

A

Reds from Garnacha
Rosado, white, sparkling, fortified Moscatel, and late-harvest wines can also be crafted

122
Q

The youngest of Aragon’s DOs is?

A

Somontano

123
Q

Somontano’s most successful wines come from?

A

Gewürztraminer, Riesling, and Chardonnay, as well as Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot. Several additional French and Spanish grapes are cultivated, including the local white Alcañón, and reds Parraleta (not to be confused with the white Parellada) and Moristel. The consejo allows white, red, sparkling, fortified, and sweet wines.

124
Q

Mediterranean Coast includes which DOs?

A

Penedès
Priorat DOQ
Monstant
Tarragona
Conca de Barberà
Costers del Segre
Terra Alta
Alella
Pla de Bages
Empordà
Catalunya
Valencia
Alicante
Utiel-Requena
Murcia

125
Q

The first traditional method sparkling wine using Macabeo, Xarel·lo, and Parellada, widely considered to be the forerunner of all Cava was made by?

A

Josep Raventós i Fatjó of Codorníu Raventós in 1872

126
Q

the town that continues to serve as the industrial center of Spain’s sparkling wine industry is?

A

Sant Sadurní d’Anoia

127
Q

Yet Cava can be vinified in various patches across Spain and in seven of its autonomous communities

A

Catalonia, Valencia, Aragon, Basque Country, La Rioja, Navarra, and Extremadura

128
Q

Cava Rosado is produced by which grapes?

A

Garnacha Tinta, Monastrell, Pinot Noir, and Trepat, with these red grapes comprising a minimum of 25% of the blend. (Trepat can only be vinified for rosado wines). Rosado Cava can be produced through brief maceration of red skins, saignée, or blending red and white base wines. Though the color spectrum varies, rosado Cava is often darker hued and more tannic in style than most rosé Champagne.

129
Q

Monastrell is mainly used for Cava in which region?

A

Valencia

130
Q

Basic Cava must age a minimum of?

A

nine months from the date of tirage until disgorgement

131
Q

Reserva Cava must age a min of?

A

18 months

132
Q

Gran Reserva Cava must age a min of?

A

30 months

133
Q

gyropalette is called also?

A

girasol

134
Q

In 2014, the consejo regulador introduced a new category, Cava de Paraje Calificado, with its first crop of wines arriving in 2017 on the market.
State its requierements:

A

Cava de Paraje must originate from a single parcel whose vines are at least 10 years old. Wines must be vintage dated, unacidified, and aged in bottle for a minimum 36 months before being disgorged. They must also adhere to stricter yields, hand-harvesting, and quality control. The Cava de Paraje category applies exclusively to brut, extra brut, and brut nature wines.

135
Q

What is Corpinat?

A

A number of high quality producers (examples include Gramona and Recaredo) left
the Cava DO in 2019 and founded the legally recognised producer group Corpinnat. This
commits members to making sparkling wines by the traditional method with 100 per cent
organic grapes, grown in Penedès, harvested by hand and vinified entirely on the premises of
the winery. 90 per cent of the grapes used must be approved local varieties. There are three
categories with minimum ageing on the lees of 18, 30 and 60 months

136
Q

Requierements for Classic Penedes?

A

sparkling wines made from certified organic grapes grown in the DO. The wine must be made by the traditional method with a minimum of 15 months on the lees.
Must be vintage
Clàssic producers cannot buy in their wine. Fermentation, disgorging, dosage, and all other aspects of production must happen within their own registered premises

137
Q

Name the 3 sub-zones of Penedes DO

A

Penedès Marítim, also referred to as Baix- (low) Penedès
Medio Penedes
Penedes Superior or Alto Penedes

138
Q

Penedès Marítim produces?

A

Rises from sea level to 250 meters. Monastrell, Garnacha, and Cariñena perform well, moderated by the proximity to the Mediterranean, while Macabeo, Xarel·lo, and Parellada will often produce simpler white wines

139
Q

Penedès Central or Medio produces mainly?

A

Cava’s trio of grapes, as well as Tempranillo and red Bordeaux varieties, are successful. Here, vineyards lie between 250 and 500 meters

140
Q

Penedes Superior produces mainly?

A

The highest elevation plots are found in Penedès Superior, or Alt- (high) Penedès, between 500 and 850 meters as the vineyards ascend into the Montserrat mountain range. With increased precipitation and a more dramatic diurnal swing, Penedès Superior grows an assortment of cooler-climate international grapes, including Pinot Noir, Cabernet Franc, Chardonnay, Riesling, and Gewürztraminer. Also permitted are a number of other grape varieties, such as Chenin Blanc, Sauvignon Blanc, Garnacha Blanca, and Moscatel de Alejandría and de Grano Menudo—though examples are few

141
Q

What is the first vintage of Mas La Plana from Miguel Torres?

A

This exceptional wine burst onto the international scene in 1979, with its first vintage from 1970, by beating the world’s greatest Cabernets in the Gault & Millau Wine Olympics held in Paris

142
Q

Priorat became DOQ in?

A

2000 and confirmed in 2009

143
Q

Who pioneered Priorat and when?

A

In 1989
René Barbier (Clos Mogador) and his recruits Álvaro Palacios (Clos Dofí, now Finca Dofí), Daphne Glorian (Clos Erasmus), José Luis Pérez (Clos Martinet, now Mas Martinet), and Carlos Pastrana and Mariona Jarque (Clos de l’Obac)

144
Q

In Catalonia Tempranillo is called?

A

Ull de Llebre

145
Q

Name the 12 villages of Priorat authorised for Vi de Vila

A

La Morera de Montsant, Gratallops, Bellmunt del Priorat, Escaladei, Porrera, Poboleda, La Vilella Baixa, La Vilella Alta, El Lloar, Masos del Terme de Falset, Solanes del Terme de El Molar, and Torroja del Priorat

146
Q

What is Vi de Finca?

A

In 2019, Priorat announced a new vineyard classification pyramid. This is in addition to the Vi de Finca scheme that already exists for Catalonia more broadly. Established in 2002, Vi de Finca recognizes specific growing zones and single vineyards. (Priorat’s first two Vi de Finca wines were Clos Mogador and Vall Llach’s Mas de la Rosa.)

147
Q

Name the classification system of Priorat

A

Vi de Vila
Vi de Finca (Single vineyard, independent of Vi de Vinya): 100% Sourced from designated parcel. Only allowed for wines that also qualify for Catalan “Vi de Finca”.
Vi de Paratge: 100% Sourced from a single zone.
Vi de Vinya Classificada: Quality vineyard designation given to single parcel wines by the Consell.
Vi de Gran Vinya Classificada*: Top-Quality vineyard designation given to single parcel wines by the Consell.
Velles Vinyes: Vineyard designation given to vineyards planted prior to 1945 (75 year old vines).

148
Q

Vi de Vila requierements?

A

Since the 2007 vintage.
Grapes grown within the boundaries of the village as determined by the Consejo Regulador.
Made from vineyards owned or long-term leased (minimum seven years).
Maximum yields: 7,000 kg/ha for whites; 5,000 kg/ha for reds.
Minimum 60% Garnacha and/or Cariñena.
90% of the vineyards must be at least 10 years old: the remaining 10% must be at least five years old.

149
Q

Vi de Paratge requierements?

A

Since the 2017 harvest.
Grapes grown on a single site whose boundaries are determined by the Consejo Regulador.
Made from vineyards owned or long-term leased (minimum seven years).
Maximum yields: 6,000 kg/ha for whites; 4,000 kg/ha for reds.
Minimum 60% Garnacha and/or Cariñena.
90% of the vineyards must be at least 15 years old; the remaining 10% must be at least five years old.

150
Q

Vinya Classificada requierements?

A

Since the 2017 harvest.
Grapes grown on a single vineyard classified by the Consejo Regulador
Made from vineyards owned or long-term leased (minimum seven years).
Maximum yields: 6,000 kg/ha for white; 4,000 kg/ha. for red
Minimum 60% Garnacha and/or Cariñena
80% of vineyards must be at least 20 years old: the remaining 20% must be at least five years old.
Traceability of at least five years.

151
Q

Gran Vinya Classificada requierements?

A

Since the 2017 harvest.
Grapes grown on a single vineyard classified by the Consejo Regulador and using traditional growing methods.
Made from vineyards owned or long-term leased (minimum seven years).
Maximum yields: 4,000 kg/ha for whites; 3,000 kg/ha for reds.
Minimum 90% Garnacha and/or Cariñena.
80% of the vineyards must be at least 35 years old; the remaining 20% must be at least 10 years old.
Traceability of at least five years.

152
Q

Name the three wineries that allow Gran Vinya Classificada?

A

“Mas de la Rosa” by Vall Llach, “1902, Tossal d’en Bou” by Mas Doix and “L’Ermita” by Álvaro Palacios.

153
Q

Who started Terroir Al limit?

A

Eben Sadie and Dominik Huber in 2001

154
Q

Name some top vineyards in Priorat

A

L’Ermita
Les Aubaguetes
Les Manyes
Les Tosses
L ’ Arbossar

155
Q

Priorat produces which styles?

A

Apart reds
White wines of complexity can also be achieved in Priorat, particularly those grounded in Garnacha Blanca. Macabeo, Pedro Ximénez, and a variety of Spanish and French whites are also permitted. Rosado wines are also bottled, as are the typical fortified vi dolç natural (usually sweet reds with added grape spirit), rancio, and mistela wines.

156
Q

Carinena in Priorat is called?

A

Samsó

157
Q

Perpetual and Salmos are produced from?

A

Miguel Torres

158
Q

Les Manyes vineyard: grape variety, alt, vine age, orientation etc?

A

The grapes are hand harvested, whole cluster fermented, and then aged for 8 months in cement.
Location Montsant Mountain, around Mas Deu
Age 60 years old
Altitude 800 meters
Orientation
West
Varieties
100% Hairy Grenache
Soils
Clay
Production
3,500 bottles
Yield
2,000 kg per hectare
Alcohol 13.5 %

159
Q

Les Tosses vineyard: grape variety, alt, vine age, orientation etc?

A

Location Torroja del Priorat
Age 90 years old
Altitude 600 meters
Orientation
South
Varieties
100% Carignan
Soils
Black slate
Production
3,200 bottles
Yield
1,850 kg per hectare
Alcohol 13.5 %
this wine is hand harvested, with whole cluster native fermentation, and then aged for 8 months in cement tanks.

160
Q

Els Escurcons is being produced by?

A

Mas Martinet

161
Q

Clos Erasmus is being produced by?

A

Daphne GLorian of Clos I Terrases

162
Q

L’Arbossar vineyard: grape variety, alt, vine age, orientation etc?

A

Location Torroja del Priorat
Age 90 years old
Altitude 350 - 400 meters
Orientation
North
Varieties
100% Carignan
Soils
Slate/granite
Production
4,200 bottles
Yield
2,500 kg per hectare
Alcohol 13.5 %

163
Q

Name the river and mountain of Priorat

A

Siurana
Serra de Montsant

164
Q

Formerly the Falset subzone of Tarragona, Montsant was awarded its separate appellation in?

A

2001

165
Q

Describe Montsant’s topography, soils and grapes

A

It is shaped by a series of adjoining mountain ranges, with the one named Montsant at the north of the circle. The southwestern corridor descends nearly to the Ebro River Valley and enjoys the warmest temperatures of the region, with portions planted in the same llicorella soils as Priorat. The northern areas have cooler conditions, as well as more limestone, while vineyards in the south around Falset, the appellation’s main town, are sandier. Like Priorat, Montsant is largely identified for its Garnacha and Cariñena blends. Other Spanish and French red grapes are vinified, as are whites with increasing promise. Montsant bottles an array of fortified sweet wines, in both oxidative and reductive styles.
Vino Rancio / Vi Ranci: white or red authorized grapes (fortified)
Mistela (Blanca/Negra)
Garnatxa de Montsant: Vi de Licor (fortified)
Vino Dulce Natural / Vi Dolç Natural: Vi de Licor, min. must weight of 272 g/l (fortified)
Vimblanc: Vi de Licor, 100% Pansa (dried grapes, fortified)
Also rosado

166
Q

Which grape is Pansa Blanca?

A

The white Pansa grape is a variety found in Catalonia, also known in other regions as the white Xarel-lo grape
specifically the autochthonous grape of the D.O. Alella

167
Q

Tarragona is divided into?

A

The Camp de Tarragona and Comarca Ribera d’Ebre subzones. The Camp de Tarragona subzone sits along the Mediterranean, in the plains and at lower elevations. Ribera d’Ebre surrounds the Ebro River near its mouth. Here, there is more continental influence, and vineyards are planted at various elevations from the river’s banks to higher up the hillsides.

168
Q

Tarragona produces which styles?

A

Blanca / Blanc
Rosado / Rosat
Tinta / Negre
Vino Brisado (Orange Wine) (Authorized white grapes plus Xarello Rosado)
Vino de Aguja / Vi d’Agulla (semi-sparkling)
Vino Espumoso / Vi Escumós
Vino Rancio / Vi Ranci: Oxidized wine
Mistela (Blanca/Negra, fortified)
Moscatell de Tarragona (Vi de Licor produced from Moscatell d’Alexandria and Moscatell de Gra Petit)
Garnatxa de Tarragona (Vi de Licor produced from Garnatxa Blanca and Negre)
Vimblanc (Vi de Licor made from overripe grapes)

169
Q

Name the 3 DOs of Valencia

A

Utiel-Requeña
Valencia
Alicante

170
Q

Valencia DO is further divided in four sub-zones?

A

Alto Turia
Moscatel de Valencia
Clariano
Valentino

171
Q

The northern tip, Alto Turia, cultivates predominately?

A

white varieties, namely Merseguera and Macabeo, at elevations between 700 and 1,100 meters.

172
Q

To the south, the Moscatel subregion takes its name from the family of grapes it utilizes for the production of?

A

sweet mistelas and fortified wines (Moscatel de Alejandría being the most significant

173
Q

Clariano, the unattached most southerly winegrowing area, sees diverse styles and varieties such as?

A

Garnacha Tintorera, Monastrell, and Tempranillo offer noteworthy wines, as can international grapes.

174
Q

Which is the most southern DO of Valencia?

A

Alicante

175
Q

Alicante is most often associated with full-bodied red wines made from?

A

Monastrel accounting for roughly 75% of the vineyard area
Garnacha, Garnacha Tintorera, and Tempranillo can all be found, as can examples from mainstream international varieties.
Airén, Moscatel de Alejandría, Macabeo, and the local grape Merseguera, among others

176
Q

Name the sub-zones of Alicante

A

L´Alacantí, L’Alcoià, Alto Vinalopó, Medio Vinalopó, Bajo Vinalopó, La Marina Alta, La Marina Baja, El Comtat

177
Q

Beyond table wines, the coastal sector of La Marina specializes in?

A

Sweet Moscatel wines

178
Q

What is Fondillón?

A

Traditional wine from Alicante from late harvested Monastrel grapes
or additional post-harvest drying will inform the wine’s character).
Fermentation naturally halts off-dry, with roughly 20 to 50 grams per liter of residual sugar.
wines will eventually enter a modified solera system in large oak barrels for a min of 10 years developing a rancio character reminiscent of an Oloroso

179
Q

Which is the northern sub-zone of Valencia?

A

Utiel-Requeña

180
Q

Which is the main grape of Utiel-Requeña?

A

72%, Bobal dominates plantings
Garnacha and Tempranillo are grown, as are several international varieties.

181
Q

Name the 3 DOs of Murcia

A

Yecla
Jumilla
Bullas

182
Q

Yecla and Jumilla soils and altitudes?

A

Yecla: between 400 and 800 meters above sea level, and the loamy, well-drained soil sits atop limestone bedrock
Jumilla: 400 to 800 meters, albeit sandier soils above limestone

183
Q

Red wines from Jumilla require a min of?

A

85% Monastrel

184
Q

Vino de Licor from Jumilla must be made from?

A

100% Monastrel

185
Q

Name the top winery of Jumilla?

A

Casa Castillo

186
Q

Castilla la Mancha is famous for which cheese?

A

Manchego

187
Q

Name the 8 DOs of Castilla la Mancha

A

La Mancha, Almansa, Ribera del Júcar, Manchuela, Méntrida, Mondéjar, Uclés, and Valdepeñas

188
Q

Tagus River is located in?

A

Extremadura

189
Q

Tempranillo is allowed for the production of Cava?

A

No

190
Q

Name the 3 regions that comprise Rioja

A

Navarra
La Rioja
Pais Vasco

191
Q

Where would you most likely encounter wines labeled “Súmmum?”

A

Ribeira Sacra
at least 85% for both red and whites

192
Q

Labastida is located in?

A

Rioja Alavesa

193
Q

Alfaro is located in?

A

Rioja Baja

194
Q

Name the grapes permitted in Cava

A

Xarello
Macabeo
Parellada
Chardonnay
Subirat Parent

195
Q

Priorat min alc?

A

13.5%

196
Q

Name a cider-producing autonomía that only produces VCIG wine?

A

Asturias
Asturian cider has its own protected designation of origin (PDO). This status is testament to the quality of the product, its sensory qualities and the traditional production methods used. Look out for D.O. Sidra de Asturias on the label

197
Q

Spanish semi-sparkling wine that can be made in a sweet, off-dry, or dry style is known by what general term?

A

Aguja

198
Q

The Alt-Penedès sub-region is defined by what range of elevation?

A

500-850m

199
Q

Rueda Dorado, Garnatxa del Tarragona, Lagrima, and Vendimia Asoleada de Malaga are all examples of what style of wine?

A

Vino de Licor

200
Q

Euskadi is the indigenous name for what region?

A

Pais Vasco

201
Q

Bastardo in Ribeira Sacra is known as?

A

Merenzao

202
Q

San Vicente de la Sonsierra is a town located in?

A

between Rioja Alavesa and Rioja Alta

203
Q

Many of Rioja Oriental’s vineyards sit at higher elevations in the ?

A

Yerga Mountains

204
Q

Ribera del Duero requieres a min alc of?

A

Blanco/Rosado: 11%
Tinto: 11.5%

205
Q

Who produces Contador?

A

Having been the winemaker at revered Rioja producer, Artadi, for 15 years, Benjamin Romeo began his solo project, Bodega Contador, in 1995. His flagship wine, Contador, is produced from 100% Tempranillo sourced from three parcels of vines ranging between 60 and 80 years of age.

206
Q

Where is Bodegas Remírez de Ganuza?

A

Rioja Alavesa

207
Q

Teso la Monja is in?

A

Toro

208
Q

Numanthia is in?

A

Toro
produces Termes, Numanthia and Termanthia
owned by LVMH

209
Q

Bodegas Gerardo Méndez is a producer in?

A

Val do Salnes

210
Q

Pesus is a wine from?

A

Viña Sastre “Pesus”, Ribera del Duero
From 100 year old vines planted at 830 meters in elevation comes this showy, full-bodied red wine made of mostly Tinto del País (aka Tempranillo) with a dash of Cabernet Sauvignon. Aged in new French oak barrels for 18 months. Production is minimal and only 2000 bottles are made each year.

211
Q

Janus Gran Reserva is produced from?

A

BODEGAS ALEJANDRO FERNANDEZ PESQUERA
The 1994 Janus may be the greatest Pesquera ever made
This massive wine resembles a young Port in its extraordinary concentration of ripe, sweet fruit, thick texture and potential for long aging. Closed now, it only hints at the richness of ripe fruit that hides behind the iron tannins and lavish oak. Few Spanish reds attain this degree of power and intensity; with time, it should also develop the harmony and elegance the country’s best wines are know for.

212
Q

Maleollus is wine from?

A

Emilio Moro
One of our favourite Tempranillos. A very representative wine exercise from the Ribera del Duero region; intense aroma and great character thanks to up to 75 years-old vines and its 18 month rest in French oak barrels.

213
Q

Name the best vintages for Ribera del Duero from 2010

A

2010 is considered a model vintage and one of the best in the 21st century

2011 Many producers found similarities with 2005. The vintage was rated “Excellent.”

2012 and 2014 Very Good

2015 has been compared to 2005 due to its power and concentration. The Regulatory Council rated it “Excellent.”

2016, 2017 and 2018 are Very Good

2019 was warm and is considered excellent

214
Q

Name the best vintages for Ribera del Duero from 2000 until 2009

A

2001, 2004 and 2009 were excellent with 2005 a bit behind

215
Q

Name the best vintages for RIbera del Duero before 2000

A

1986, 1989, 1996, 1996, 1999

216
Q

La Faraona is a top bottling of?

A

Descendientes de J Palacios is a single-vineyard Mencia red wine produced by Alvaro Palacios in the Bierzo region of north-west Spain. Alongside his nephew, Ricardo Perez, Alvaro founded Descendientes de J Palacios in 1998. Together they have gained an enviable reputation for their fragrant and elegant wines made from the local variety, Mencía. La Faraona is regarded as their ‘grand cru’ cuvée and contains a small percentage of white grape varieties. 2020 marked the first vintage in which the vineyard was certified organic.

217
Q

Sot Lefriec is an acclaimed wine from?

A

Penedes DO
A joint venture by Catalan winemaker Irene Alemany and Frenchman Laurent Corrio, the Sot Lefriec is the most innovative wine to come out of the Penedes in at least a decade. Big, thick and rich, it is made in the newest of “New World styles” and as rare as hen’s teeth, with only 5,430 bottles made.
‘the first garage wine to emerge from the Penedes region.’ The debut vintage, the 1999 (a blend of 50% Merlot, 40% Cabernet Sauvignon, and 10% Carignan) was produced from yields of 17 hectoliters per hectare, and was aged in French oak. It boasts a saturated opaque purple color as well as tremendously intense notes of espresso, blueberries, blackberries, vanilla, and toast. Rich, full-bodied, intense, and promising, this blockbuster effort will be at its finest between 2005-2016+

218
Q

Who produces Viña El Pisón?

A

Artadi, now owned by the famillies of Lacalle and Laorden since 1992 in laguardia in Rioja Alavesa
a plot of 2.4 hectares planted in 1945 Tempranillo 100%
aged in French oak for a year

219
Q

Who produces Pago la Jara?

A

Telmo Rodriguez in Toro, Tempranillo with a little Albillo mayor

220
Q

Who produces Embruix?

A

Vall Llach in Priorat
entry level blend of Garnacha, Merlot, Syrah and Carignan

221
Q

Wine pairing with Manchego?

A

Rioja Red
Verdejo and white rioja white
Sherry Amontillado

222
Q

Name the DOs of Andalucia

A

Condado de Huelva
Jerez-Xérès-Sherry and Montilla-Moriles
Málaga & Sierras de Málaga
Manzanilla Sanlúcar de Barrameda
Granada

223
Q

Málaga DO is designated for?

A

sweet fortified white wines
from the Moscatel and Pedro Ximenez grape varieties
the Moscatel de Alejandría, and Moscatel Morisco

224
Q

DO Sierras of Malaga produces which styles?

A

producing what are popularly known as ‘the Ronda Wines’.

Here modern bodegas at over 750m altitude in the Serrania de Ronda produce young red wines from Romé, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Syrah, Petit Verdot and Tempranillo. Their white wine varieties include Chardonnay, Macabeo, Colombard and Sauvignon Blanc.

225
Q

Which is Spain’s newest DO?

A

Granada was promoted from VCIG to DO in 2021

226
Q

Which area of Spain is famous for Jamon Serrano and cork production?

A

Extremadura

227
Q

Ribera del Guadiana DO is the sole DO of?

A

Extremadura

228
Q

La Mancha DO main grapes?

A

Airen and Cencibel

229
Q

Ribera del Júcar main grape?

A

Tempranillo

230
Q

Manchuela DO main grape?

A

Borders Utiel-Requena, with which it shares Bobal as a dominant variety

231
Q

Almansa’s dominant grape is?

A

Monastrel

232
Q

Valdepeñas main grape?

A

Tempranillo

233
Q

Name the sole DO of Madrid

A

Vinos de Madrid

234
Q

white Alcañón and red Parraleta are found in?

A

Somontano along a wide range of international grapes

235
Q

Whites in Ribera del Duero must contain a min of?

A

75% Albillo Mayor

236
Q

Ribera del Duero DO, which surrounds the towns of ?

A

Aranda de Duero and Peñafiel in the Duero River Valley

237
Q

Vega Sicilia, founded in by ?

A

Don Eloy Lecanda y Chaves, who in 1864 planted a number of Bordeaux varieties and—curiously—a little Pinot Noir alongside Tinto del País (Tempranillo) in order to make brandy.

238
Q

Fariña and Numanthia-Termes are among the top names in?

A

Toro

239
Q

Tierra del Vino de Zamora DO is located in?

A

Castilla Leon and produces red, white, rosado, and the lighter clarete (rosé) wines from similar grapes. Reds require a minimum 75% Tempranillo.

Advanced Somm (42 decks)

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