South Africa Flashcards
1
Q
Who established the first vineyard of South africa, when and where?
A
Jan van Riebeeck of the Dutch East India Company founded Cape Town and established its first vineyard in 1652
2
Q
When did South Africa returned to democracy?
A
1994
3
Q
Name the co-operative that dominated the wine indusrty until the 1990s
A
KWV
4
Q
When did the French Huguenots arrived in SA and when?
A
In the late 1680s and early 1690s came a new wealth of winemaking knowledge. The Huguenots settled between Paarl and Stellenbosch in a region that became known as Franschhoek (meaning “French Quarter”) and established vineyards
5
Q
Who and when introduced Vid de Constance?
A
governor Simon Van del Ster in 1685
6
Q
When was KWV founded and what did it do?
A
formed in 1918 with the support of 90% of South Africa’s growers. The KWV, a cooperative of wine producers and growers, fixed minimum prices, determined areas of production, and established production limits—powers formalized in the 1924 Wine and Spirits Control Act. In addition, the KWV would effectively monopolize the export market, which, despite the tariffs, was still dominated by Britain
7
Q
When was the Wine of Origin system introduced?
A
1973
8
Q
Name the 4 production areas of wine of origin scheme
A
- Geographical unit – very large areas, e.g. Western Cape, which accounts for nearly all South African wine by volume
- Region – large areas named after major feature, e.g. Coastal Region or Breede River Valley
- District – e.g. Stellenbosch or Walker Bay
- Ward – defined area within a district, e.g. Simonsberg-Stellenbosch
9
Q
If variety and vintage is stated?
A
85%
10
Q
If name of origin is stated e.g. Swartland?
A
100% of the grapes must come from Swartland
11
Q
If a single vineyard is on the label?
A
A single vineyard may be listed on a label if the wine is sourced solely from a vineyard that is appropriately registered and of less than six hectares
12
Q
What is Integrated Production of Wine Scheme (IPW) and when it was launched?
A
Launched in 1998 it is a voluntary means of certification for WO producers wishing to comply with sustainable environmental standards. Wineries are judged on a number of points, including worker safety measures, handling of wastewater, carbon emissions, use of pesticides and other chemicals, and vineyard biodiversity. Starting with the 2010 vintage, wines that meet a minimum score in IPW evaluation (60% or better) and qualify for WO certification are marked with a joint seal, indicating a “sustainable wine of origin,” rather than the basic WO seal. Today, over 95% of South African WO wines carry this seal.
13
Q
South Africa’s wine-producing areas are divided into seven large geographical areas (GIs)
A
Western Cape
Northern Cape
Eastern Cape
North West
Kwazulu-Natal
Limpopo
Free State
14
Q
When did KWV lost its power
A
1994
15
Q
In 1700s what was the most important products in SA?
A
The wine industry grew steadily during the 1700s, with the most important products being dessert and fortified wines such as Constantia, Cape Madeira, Cape Port, Steen, and Hanepoot. Brandy grew to become an important export as well, and as it was generally distilled from white wine, plantings of white grapes—especially Semillon (here spelled without the accent, and historically called Greengrape)—swelled
16
Q
When were the British arrived in SA?
A
In 1795 and land under vine tripled between 1795 and 1825. The vast majority of viticulture was confined to Stellenbosch, Paarl, and the area immediately surrounding Cape Town. Interior regions such as Robertson and the Swartland wouldn’t be planted until the 1870s, as the railway system extended inland
17
Q
When did phylloxera hit SA?
A
1886
18
Q
When was the Boer War between British and Dutch?
A
1902
19
Q
SA’s latitude?
A
Situated between 33–35° latitude, comparable to California and Israel in the northern
hemisphere
20
Q
SA’s climate?
A
warm Mediterranean, with long, dry summers and rain generally confined to the winter months
21
Q
Name the wind of SA
A
frigid Benguela Current that swirls up from Antarctica. Cool, moist ocean breezes bathe the coastal vines, slowing the growing season. During the spring and summer, the occasionally fierce Cape Doctor wind blows in from the southeast. At its most intense, it can damage vines by breaking canes and interfering with fruit set. But its presence is typically benevolent, helping to stave off disease and pests in the vineyards
22
Q
Name the 2 oceans of SA
A
Atlantic and Indian
23
Q
Elevations of SA
A
Vineyard elevations range from 50 to 600 meters
24
Q
Major threat in SA?
A
Drought and water shortages
25
Geology?
South Africa’s soils are relatively simple and very old. The country has been geologically stable for millennia—no glacial or volcanic activity and very few earthquakes. Most of the mountains are made of granite capped by sandstone, and these bedrocks have decomposed to form the basis of South Africa’s soils. Quartz is scattered throughout nearly all of the major winegrowing regions, and pockets of slate and shale can also be found
26
Initially wine production has been dominated by?
Due to the major roles played by brandy and dessert wine throughout its history, South Africa has long been dominated by white grapes. Semillon took the early lead. The grape enjoyed a near monopoly in South African vineyards during the 1800s. The phylloxera replant that came at the end of the century provided an opportunity to diversify and other white varieties—specifically Palomino, Chenin Blanc, and Muscat—that rose to fill the void.
The dominant red of South Africa’s past was Cinsaut, the local spelling of Cinsault and historically known as Hermitage. The high-yielding grape was introduced to the country in the 1880s, and by 1909, it was the third most widely planted variety
27
When did the OVP (old vine project) was launched?
The journey to document South Africa's old vines was started in 2002 by vineyard manager, Rosa Kruger.
The OVP’s Certified Heritage Vineyard seal can be used by farms where the average vine age is over 35 years.
The OVP estimates that over half of the South African vines over 35 years old are Chenin Blanc.
28
What happened with the end of Apartheid?
Apartheid’s end (1948–1994) coincided with a global rush of enthusiasm for a handful of French varieties, specifically Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Chardonnay, and Sauvignon Blanc (Shiraz, too, due to the Aussie explosion).
As an increasing number of coastal regions have been developed since the early 2000s, plantings of Pinot Noir and other cool-climate varieties are on the rise.
29
Who and when brought illicit Chardonnay cuttings into South Africa?
In the late 1970s, winemakers Peter Finlayson, Danie De Wet.
The best fruit for these wines comes from newly developed coastal regions such as Hemel-en-Aarde, Elim, and Elgin, though De Wet is also making ageworthy wines from the limestone-rich soils of the Robertson Valley. In Elgin, where the potential is arguably the highest, viticulture is at risk as farmers are rapidly replacing grapes with apples, a significantly more profitable crop.
30
MCC launch and regulations
Legally regulated since 1992, MCC supposedly finds its roots with the French Huguenots but seems to have really begun in 1971 with the appearance of Champagne method sparkling by Simonsig.
Méthode Cap Classique can be made from any variety, and from any region, but it must undergo secondary fermentation in the bottle and rest on the lees for a minimum of twelve months. To be labeled as brut, the wine must contain less than 12 grams of residual sugar, extra brut less than 6, and brut nature less than 3.
As in actual Champagne, many of the top producers (Graham Beck, Le Lude, and Charles Fox, for example) take things much further. They and others rely on the classic Champagne varieties of Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, and Pinot Meunier (although, again, any variety is technically allowed) and subject their wines to far more extended lees and bottle aging. Robertson Valley, which boasts limestone soils and is the home of Graham Beck, seems to be a hub of quality MCC activity.
31
Name the semi-sweet wine from Chenin Blanc that dominated domestic consumtion
Lieberstein debuted in 1959 and was enormously popular on the domestic market
32
Which is the most planted grape variety of SA?
Chenin Blanc known as Steen followed by Colombard and Muscat (Muscadelle or Muscat de Frontignan)
Muscat of Alexandria known as Hanepoot
33
When Hanepoot is fortified prior to fermentation, the result is?
the vin de liqueur Jerepigo
34
When was the first Sauvignon Blanc was bottled?
1977
35
Semillon is also known as?
Greengrape
36
Red mutation of Semillon is called?
Semillon Gris
37
When was Pinotage created and from who?
Pinotage was created in 1925 when Dr. Abraham Izak Perold, professor at the University of Stellenbosch, swabbed the pollen from Pinot Noir onto a Cinsaut flower with the aim to combine the quality of Pinot with the high yields of Cinsault
38
Name the 2 wineries to plant and promote Pinotage
Kanonkop and Bellevue in Stellenbosch
39
Pinotage characteristics?
thick skinned, drought resistant, and high yielding
40
What happens if Pinotage experiences water stress or high temperatures at harvest?
Isoamyl acetate (the source of paint thinner and rusty nail aromas) can develop
41
Why Pinotage needs careful handling in the winery?
Aggressive extraction techniques in the cellar yielded the toothsome tannins, and the wines’ tendency toward high pH increased the risk of microbial spoilage.
42
Pinotage's coffee aroma is due to the compound?
furfurylthiol, which is formed from furfural released by toasted staves during fermentation
43
The Western Cape geographical unit has been divided into five regions
Breede River Valley
Klein Karoo
Olifants River
Cape South Coast
Coastal Region
The first three are associated with bulk wine, while Cape South Coast and the Coastal Region are known for fine wine production
44
Name the sixth region until 2019
Boberg
Unlike the other regions, it applied only to fortified wine specifically produced from the Coastal Region’s districts of Paarl, Franschhoek, Tulbagh, and Wellington
repealed in 2019
Cape Ruby, Cape Tawny and Cape Vintage are far more popular names for this Port-like type of wine.
45
Name the districts of Breede River Valley
The Breede River Valley region is divided into three districts: Breedekloof (which, confusingly, means “Breede River Valley” in Afrikaans) in the west, Worcester in the middle and the north, and Robertson in the southeast.
46
Which region produces the most wine in SA?
Though it contains relatively few wineries, the Breede River Valley grows more grapes (34.29% of South Africa’s 2018 total) and produces more wine than any other region. This is because it is, by and large, home to massive operations, many of which are cooperatives. Vines are cropped heavy, and much of the local production is sent to the distillers to become brandy.
47
Name Breedkloof's grape varieties
mainly whites, Chenin Blanc followed by Colombard, Sauvigon Blanc, Pinotage and Chardonnay
48
Name the wards of Breedkloof
Goudini, Slanghoek (slightly cooler)
49
Name a top artisan small producer from Breedekloof
Olifantsberg, a tiny estate dedicated to Rhône varieties
50
Which is the coolest district of Breede River Valley?
Robertson due to cooling ocean breezes
Because of this, and certainly because of its soils, it is home to over 25% of South Africa’s Chardonnay.
Limestone soils rich in calcium
51
Name a top Chardonnay producer from Roberson
De Wetshof produces a range of single-vineyard and single-soil Chardonnays that have brought considerable critical acclaim to the region.
52
Name a top MCC producer from Robertson
Graham Beck
53
Name the grape varieties of Robertson
Chardonnay,Colombard, Sauvignon Blanc, Chenin Blanc, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Shiraz. This list demonstrates that, while brandy and fortified wine production are still significant parts of regional operations, Robertson has had an easier time realigning itself to so-called noble varieties such as Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz than other interior areas.
54
Name the wards of Robertson
Agterkliphoogte, Ashton, Boesmansrivier, Bonnievale, Eilandia, Goedemoed, Goree, Goudmyn, Hoopsrivier, Klaasvoogds, Le Chasseur, McGregor, Vinkrivier, Zandrivier
55
Which is the largest district of Breed River?
Worcester is the largest of the three Breede River Valley districts but the least widely planted
56
Worcester most planted grapes?
It is also the most closely associated with “brandy varieties,” Chenin Blanc and Colombard followed by Sauvignon Blanc
57
Which is the hottest and driest district of Breede River?
Worcester, though frost is a regular and acute threat. Here, irrigation is almost always necessary, and vineyards higher on the slopes produce better quality
58
Where is the odd sweet jeripigo vin de liquer mainly produced?
Worcester
59
Name the wards of Worcester
Hex River Valley, Keeromsberg, Nuy, Rooikrans, Scherpenheuvel, Stettyn
60
Name the predominant grapes of Cape South Coast
Sauvignon Blanc,
Shiraz
Chardonnay
Pinot Noir
Cabernet Sauvignon
61
Name the Cape South Coast wards with no district
Herbertsdale, Napier, Stilbaai East
62
Name the districts of Cape South Coast
Cape Agulhas
Elgin
Overberg
Swellendam
Walker Bay
Plettenberg Bay (the smallest in SA)
63
Name the ward of Cape Agulhas district
Elim
64
Elim's soils and grapes?
layered shales and iron-rich koffieklip, or “coffee stone,” soils, also known as ferricrete, it is becoming increasingly well known for the quality of its Sauvignon Blanc, which tends to feature noticeable green or grassy tones.
65
Elgin's climate, elevations and soils?
The terrain undulates gently, and most of the agricultural land ranges between 300 and 500 meters in elevation. Soils vary but are primarily decomposed sandstone and shale.
Elgin is among the cooler regions in all of South Africa. It is also besieged by rains throughout the growing season—over 1,000 millimeters annually. This rain and the accompanying high humidity come with all the attendant risks (mildew, botrytis, fruit dilution), but the regular cloud cover helps extend ripening. Frost is another major concern for farmers.
66
Elgin grape varieties?
Chardonnay is by far the most successful variety, generally produced in a bright, crisp style similar to the Chardonnays of Walker Bay. Sauvignon Blanc dominates, a handful of good Pinot Noir and Rieslings exist (but the potential for more is there), and Merlot remains a solid point of distinction.
Also botrytised Rieslings
67
Name the wards of Overberg
Elandskloof, Greyton, Klein River, Theewater
68
Name the first commercial winery of Overberg
Lismore Estate in Greyton Ward was started in the early 2000s by American transplant Samantha O’Keefe.
She planted Sauvignon Blanc, Chardonnay, and Shiraz, becoming the first commercial grower in the area.
Lismore’s steep vineyard is dramatically situated at around 320 meters above sea level and features extremely rocky soils of shale and slate over clay and limestone. O’Keefe only plants vines where there’s enough clay that she can dry-farm.
69
Name the wards of Swellendam district
Buffeljags, Malgas, Stormsvlei
70
Name Swelledam's most famous wards and single producer
Malgas, lies close to the ocean and looks down upon the Breede River. The vineyards of this producer, Sijnn (pronounced “sane”) lies on soils resemble that of Châteauneuf-du-Pape, in that they are a jumble of round weathered stones bound by relatively little topsoil.
The proprietors have planted a range of varieties featuring numerous Rhône selections including Roussanne, Grenache, Mourvèdre, and Shiraz.
71
Name the wards of Walker Bay district
Bot River, Hemel-en-Aarde Ridge, Hemel-en-Aarde Valley, Springfontein Rim, Stanford Foothills, Sunday’s Glen, Upper Hemel-en-Aarde Valley
72
Name the coastal city of Walker Bay
Hermanus
73
Name those who pioneered Walker Bay
Hamilton Russell and Bouchard-Finlayson wineries in what is now Hemel-en-Aarde (Afrikaans for “heaven and earth”).
74
Name the main grape varieties of Walker Bay
Pinot Noir and Chardonnay, followed by Syrah, Riesling, Semillon, Chenin Blanc, Mourvedre and Pinotage
75
Name the best wards of Walker Bay
Bot River and the trio of Hemel en Aarde
76
Name some top producers from Bot River
Gabrielskloof is an important winery to the area, and though it has a long history there, it is starting to incorporate more contemporary approaches to winemaking, as evidenced by a single-soil Syrah series. Beaumont, the first operating winery of the modern era, is also significant. Its focus is on select bottlings of Chenin Blanc.
77
When was the first vines planted in HeA and from who?
these appellations got their viticultural start in the 1970s when Hamilton Russell with Pinot Noir and Chardonnay to give the best results
78
Describe the terroir of Hemel en Aarde
Hemel-en-Aarde Valley is the lowest in elevation at about 125 meters, while Hemel-en-Aarde Ridge (the highest) crests 400 meters in elevation. Rainfall averages 750 millimeters a year and, according to local producers, the climate is cooler than Burgundy in the summers but warmer during the shoulder seasons. Hemel-en-Aarde Valley and Hemel-en-Aarde Ridge enjoy predominately shale-based clay, while Upper Hemel-en-Aarde Valley is dominated by decomposed granite.
79
Name a top producer from Elgin
Kershaw wines (MW Richard Kershaw)
mostly famous for his mineral driven Chardonnays with restraint use of oak and chiselled acidities from selected Dijon clones
80
Name the Coastal Region wards with no district
Bamboes Bay, Lamberts Bay
81
Name the districts of Coastal Region
Cape Town
Darling
Franschhoek Valley
Paarl
Stellenbosch
Swartland
Tulbagh
Wellington
Lutzville Valley
82
Which 2 districts merged to form Cape Town?
Cape Peninsula and Tygerberg in 2017
83
Name the wards of Cape Town
Constantia, Durbanville, Hout Bay, Philadelphia
84
Constantia's main grapes?
In addition to the range of prestigious Muscat-based dessert wines, Sauvignon Blanc is the dominant variety. Red grapes such as Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz have enjoyed some success at higher elevations, where the increased sun exposure and distance from the ocean aids ripening.
85
Constantia's climate and soils?
As Constantia is surrounded on three sides by chilly ocean currents and is directly in the path of the relentless Cape Doctor wind, it is very much a cold-climate growing region.
Heavy rain is a signature of the region, averaging 1,000 millimeters per year, and the soils are primarily clay mixed with sand derived from granite (higher elevations) or sandstone (lower elevations).
86
Durbanville's main grape?
Sauvignon Blanc
87
Name the top producer of Durbanville
Diemersdal is one of the larger producers in the region and is considered a quality leader, followed by Bloemesdal
88
Name the ward of Darling district
Groenekloof
89
Darling's main grapes
Sauvignon Blanc and Cinsault
90
Franschhoek Valley's location, climate and soils?
The district (which contains no wards) is a small, narrow valley that forms a pie-shaped wedge between Paarl and Stellenbosch.
it is cooler than Paarl but warmer than Stellenbosch (though elevation plays a major role in microclimate). The mountains that so dramatically define the valley are made of pure granite, which informs the area’s soils. And as the valley floor is thick with clay, most viticulture has long been confined to the slopes.
91
Franschhoek Valley's grape varieties?
Franschhoek is planted to a little bit of everything but is most famous for its old vine Semillon, though much of it has been removed over the years. Perhaps the most coveted vineyard in the area is La Colline, which is believed to have been planted in 1936. Beyond that, Sauvignon Blanc, Chardonnay,Cabernet Sauvignon and Syrah seem to be the other favorites
92
Name some top producers from Franschhoek
Lynx Wine
Anthonij Rupert
Boekenhoutskloof
Chamonix
Alheit Vineyards
Leeu Passant
La Motte
Glenwood Vineyards
93
KWV was based in which district?
Paarl
94
Paarl's climate and soils?
Paarl enjoys granitic soils that contain more clay at lower elevations, and more sand and rock higher up. It is primarily a hot and flat area, though there are exceptions.
95
Name the river that flows on Paarl
Berg river
96
Name the three mountaneous areas of Paarl for higher quality wines
Simonsberg, Paardeberg, and Paarl Rock (pure granitic rock)
97
Name the wards of Paarl
Agter-Paarl, Simonsberg-Paarl, Voor-Paardeberg
98
Paarl's main grape varieties?
Paarl is one of the most widely planted districts, boasting even more area under vine than the significantly larger Swartland (14,766 hectares compared to Swartland’s 12,850). Of all these vines, Chenin Blanc is the most significant, and many patches of old vines can be found. After that, Cabernet Sauvignon leads, followed by Shiraz , Pinotage, Chardonnay) Merlot and Sauvignon Blanc. Though not statistically significant, Rhône varieties are gaining traction among quality-minded producers.
99
Name some top producers of Paarl
Vilafonte
Glen Carlou
Alheit Vineyards
Fairview
Vrede en Lust
Babylonstoren
Plaisir de Merle
Nederburg
Perdeberg
Avondale
Mellasat Vineyards (first commercial white Pinotage)
Landskroon
100
Which is the second oldest wine growing region of SA?
Stellenbosch
101
Name the wards of Stellenbosch
Banghoek, Bottelary, Devon Valley, Jonkershoek Valley, Papegaaiberg, Polkadraai Hills, Simonsberg-Stellenbosch, Vlottenberg
102
Which is the largest and most northely wards of Stellenbosch ans its grape varieties?
Simonsberg-Stellenbosch
It is primarily dedicated to red varieties (Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Shiraz, Pinotage), though Sauvignon Blanc and Chardonnay are planted in significant amounts as well
103
Name some top producers from Siminsberg-Stellenbosch
Kanonkop, which is especially well known for its Bordeaux blends and Pinotage, Rustenberg and Warwick
104
Which is the coolest and highest in elevation ward of Stellenbosch?
Banghoek ward is often called Banker’s ward. This small ward occupies a dramatic valley that sits to the south of Simonsberg-Stellenbosch.
105
Banghoek's soils and grape varieties?
The soils here are mostly decomposed granite (sandstone higher up) with clay, and as development has been fairly recent, modern varieties such as Cabernet Sauvignon and Chardonnay dominate the vineyards.
106
Bottelary ward grape varieties and climate?
located in the western end of Stellenbosch, has north-facing slopes ideal for the ripening of red varieties, but its proximity to the coast opens the appellation up to the ocean’s cooling influence. Vineyards are mostly confined to the valley floor and low hills, stretching as high as 300 meters. Chenin Blanc can be found here, but Bordeaux varieties, Pinotage, and Shiraz are more common
107
Stellenbosch grape varieties?
The most widely planted variety across the entire district is Cabernet Sauvignon. This is logical, as Cabernet-dominant Bordeaux blends are very much the hallmark wine of the region. Sauvignon Blanc leads the whites, and Shiraz, Merlot, Chenin Blanc, Pinotage, and Chardonnay follow in order.
108
Name some top producers of Stellenbosch
Beyerskloof, DeMorgenzon, Ken Forrester, Meerlust, Neil Ellis, Raats, Rustenberg, Rust en Vrede, Thelema, and Vergelegen.
109
Name the wards of Swartland
Malmesbury, Paardeberg, Paardeberg South, Picket-Bo-Berg, Porseleinberg, Riebeekberg, Riebeeksrivier, St. Helena Bay
110
Swartland produced bulk wines since the 1960s and 1970s but when did its fortune changed?
Swartland’s fortunes changed in the mid-1990s when Charles Back established a winery named Spice Route.
Spice Route was cutting edge in that it focused on Mediterranean varieties while the rest of the country was looking toward Bordeaux and Burgundy. But while the winery is significant in its own right, Spice Route is perhaps now more famous as the former employer of Eben Sadie, the man who has almost single-handedly transformed the Swartland from viticultural backwater to the torchbearer for “the New South Africa.”
111
Which is the first vintage of Columella, varietal composition and winemaking.
the first release of Columella with the 2000 vintage.
predominantly Syrah with a little Mourvèdre, Grenache, Carignan and Cinsault is one of South Africa’s very best wines.
It is a blend of old-vine fruit from eight Swartland vineyards, spending 24 months in oak (with only a small proportion that is new) and is racked every six months
He worked with renowned viticulturalist, Rosa Kruger, to seek out, revitalise, and in some cases, save old vineyards throughout the Cape
112
What is Palladius?
Eben’s white wine, Palladius, is arguably more impressive still; it is a delicious blend of 11 varieties from 17 different vineyard sites, with old, bush-vine Chenin Blanc playing the leading role.
113
Which were the three involved in the Swartland Revolution?
Eben Sadie, Mullineuxs and Adi Badenhorst, who was raised on the Groot Constantia estate, where his father worked as manager.
114
Swartland's soils?
The soils are some of the most variegated in South Africa, with sand-like decomposed granite common in the Paardeberg area to the south, where Sadie and Badenhorst are based. Slate, shale (Malmesbury Shale), and schist dominate the area around the eastern mountains, and some chalk can be found in the north. Bands of rich red clay loam run west of Malmesbury, and quartz stones are sprinkled throughout.
115
Swartland's climate and topography?
It is primarily a hot and dry place, with little in the way of rainfall.
Its western length runs along the coast, but most viticulture is found further inland, barely in reach of the cooling breezes. Mountains ring the plains, which undulate in low hills that are often covered in livestock or agriculture.
116
Swartland is famous for?
Wide spaced, head-trained bush vines that can be dry-farmed dominate. These old vines, preserved largely through the area’s lack of prosperity, are one of the Swartland’s most prized and defining characteristics.
117
Swartland's grape varieties?
Chenin Blanc most planted followed by Cabernet Sauvignon, Pinotage and Sauvignon Blanc, Shiraz as well as Grenache and Mourvedre among many.
118
Name the most important wards of Swartland
Most winegrowing is concentrated in the area to the southeast of Malmesbury, the commercial hub of the Swartland, in the Paardeberg and Paardeburg South wards, which are rich in sandy granitic soils.
The other major hubs for viticulture are in the adjacent Riebeekberg and Riebeeksrivier wards, just to the northeast of Malmesbury. The wines here, cultivated on soils of iron-rich slate and shale, tend to be earthy and powerful, while the Paardeberg wines are more sculptural.
119
Name some top producers from Swartland
Sadie Familly Wines
Mullineaux
David & Nadia
Testalonga
Dragon Ridge
AA Badenhorst
Porseleinberg
Leeuwenkuil Family Vineyards
120
Tulbagh's main grapes?
Chenin Blanc, Cabernet Sauvignon, and red Rhône varieties thrive
Fable Mountain in particular stands out for its concentrated yet elegant reds.
121
Wellington district mostly produces?
bulk wines
122
Wellington's main grapes?
varieties that can handle heat, Chenin Blanc, Shiraz, and Pinotage, along with some new and notable plantings of Grenache and Carignan.
123
Wellington hosts the?
the center of the vine nursery industry; nearly all of the vine stock distributed across South Africa finds its origin here.
124
Name the wards of Wellington
Blouvlei, Bovlei, Groenberg, Limietberg, Mid-Berg River
125
Klein Karoo wards with no district?
Cango Valley, Montagu, Outeniqua, Tradouw, Tradouw Highlands, Upper Langkloof
126
Other districts in Klein Karoo?
Calitzdorp (no wards), Langeberg-Garcia (no wards)
127
What does Karoo means?
dry and thirsty land
128
Where is Klein Karoo?
The Klein Karoo is essentially a long east-west valley that sits just over a mountain ridge to the north of the Robertson and Swellendam districts.
This area is considered by many to be the farthest inland that quality grapegrowing is possible.
129
What does Klein Karoo produces mainly?
Klein Karoo is associated with bulk, sweet (Hanepoot, Jerepigo, and Moscatel), and “Port” production. The Calitzdorp district in the east is one of the best-known sources for Cape Vintage, Cape Ruby, and Cape Tawny
Because of the emphasis on bulk, brandy, and dessert styles, Colombard is the leading variety, with 716 hectares. Chenin Blanc and Hanepoot follow
130
Olifants River climate and location?
The Olifants River region is a vast and remote area located to the north of Swartland that traces the path of the river for which it is named. Overall, this area is even hotter and drier than the Swartland, and in many cases, it is only the river that renders viticulture possible.
131
Olifants River grape varieties?
The region remains very dedicated to bulk wine, as evidenced by the grapes grown. Chenin Blanc and Colombard lead, Shiraz is a distant third, followed by Merlot, Sauvignon Blanc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Hanepoot and Ruby Cabernet
132
What is Ruby Cabernet?
A cross of Cabernet Sauvignon and Carignan
133
Name the districts of Olifants River
Citrusdal Mountain (ward: Piekenierskloof), Citrusdal Valley (no wards)
134
Olifants River wards with no district?
Spruitdrift, Vredendal
135
Piekenierskloof ward produces?
Here the best vines grow at high elevation (around 600 meters) on the slopes of a large sandstone mountain. Rooibos tea bushes and citrus are the primary crops, but patches of old vine Chenin and Semillon can also be found. Piekenierskloof has also been home to the single largest amount of Grenache in South Africa since the 1960s, which has drawn the attention of some of the country’s best wineries.
136
Name some wards that do not belong to a region
Ceres in the Ceres Plateau district is the most exciting mainly for its Chardonnay and Pinot Noir from high altitudes (850m) to offset the heat.
Another is Cederberg at 1,100m
137
Name the 3 districts of Northern Cape
Central Orange River, Douglas and Sutherland-Karoo ( SK higher in quality)
138
KwaZulu-Natal's 2 districts?
Central Drakensberg and Lions River
139
Trilogy is a wine from?
Warwick a blend of Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc and Merlot from Siminsberg Stellenbosch
140
The Western Cape's southernmost district is?
Cape Agulhas
141
Which regions are close to False Bay?
Constantia and Stellenbosch
142
What is the maximum percentage of new oak that can be used on a bottling labelled under the Swartland Independent Producers (SIP) certification?
25%
143
Select the WO district(s) previously apart of Paarl.
Wellington and Franschhoek
144
Cape Riesling is synonymous with?
Crouchen Blanc
145
Fusion V is a wine from?
De Toren Cabernet Sauvignon plays a dominant role with Cabernet Franc, Malbec, Merlot and Petit Verdot from Stellenbosch
146
1694 Classification is a wine from?
Rust en Vrede (Helderberg, Stellenbosch)
This exclusive blend consists of Shiraz, Cabernet Sauvignon, carefully selected and aged for 24 months in oak barrels
147
Paul Sauer is a wine from?
Kanonkop (Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc and Merlot)
148
Name some estate(s) established prior to the end of Apartheid
Rust en Vrede, Kanonkop and Meerlust
149
What is the single ward within Eastern Cape, South Africa?
St. Francis Bay
150
What region has the coolest climate in South Africa? Which has the hottest?
Cape Agulhas (Western Cape); Orange River (Northern Cape)
151
What teinturier grape is linked to the old red wines of Constantia?
Pontac
152
Who is the largest producer in Paarl?
Nederburg- over 40 bottlings in their range and the first to produce Botrytised dessert wines in South Africa
153
What is commonly produced in Tulbagh? Why?
Because of the higher altitudes creating a significant diurnal temperature shift, Cap Classique wines are increasing
154
What are the wards (with out a district) of Klein Karoo?
Montagu
Tradouw
Tradouw Highlands
Upper Langkloof
Outeniqua
155
What is the larges co-operative winery in South Africa?
Vredendal (in Olifants River Region)
156
Who is responsible for renovating Groot Constanta in 1778 and bringing acclaim back to the wines?
Hendrik Cloete
157
When was the Apartheid?
1948-1994
