Sources - The Amphitheatre Flashcards
Like sporting events in many ancient cultures, Roman gladiatorial combat originated as a ___________ event, possibly as funerary games to honour the _________
Religious
Dead
The Roman historian _________ wrote about the first known gladiatorial games, held in 310BC by the Campanians. The first Roman gladiatorial games were held in 246 BCE by Marcus and Decimus Brutus in honour of their father, as a ‘_________’ or funeral gift for the ________
Livy
Munus
Dead
Gladiators were trained at special __________ originally owned by private ___________, but later taken over by ____________ state to prevent the build of a private _______
Schools
Citizens
Imperial
Army
Gladiators trained like true ___________ . They received medical attention and 3 ________ a day
Athletes
Meals
Gladiator training included learning how to use various weapons, including:
The war chain Net Trident Dagger Lasso
Each gladiator was allowed to fight in the __________ and with the ___________ that best suited him.
Armour
Weapons
Gladiators wore armour, though not Roman military armour. Why not?
Because this would send out the wrong political signal
Which weapons did Gladiators use rather than that of the Roman military ?
Those of non-Roman people, playing the role of Rome’s enemies
What were the 3 different types of gladiator
Thracian
Samnite
Retatius
A Thracian - wore an ________ (a leather or metal ______ guard) on both ________, carried on a small square __________.
Ocrea
Leg
Legs
Shield
What were 2 features of a Thracian helmet
They wore a full visored helmet with a wide brim
A Thracian carried a ___________ Thracian sword with an angled bend in the blade
Curved
A Secutor - took his name from the term for ‘____________’ and fought virtually _________ and _________, carrying a large oval or rectangular __________and a sword or a dagger, wearing an ___________ on the left leg, ____________ bands at the elbow and __________ (manicae) and a round or high-___________ helmet
Pursuer Bald and Naked Shield Ocrea Wrists High-visored
A Retarius symbolised the ______________ and wore only a _________ _________ (subligaculum) and a metal ___________-piece (galerus) on the left arm, and carried a ______ (iaculum), a dagger, and a trident or tunny-fish harpoon (fascina). One variation on the Retarius was the Laquearii who carried a ________ instead of a ________
Fisherman Loin Cloth Shoulder Net Lassoo Net
Gladiators were _________ each time they fought. If a gladiator survived three to five years of combat they would be __________
Paid
Freed
Gladiators fought in ____________, the most famous of which was the ______________ in Rome
Arenas
Colosseum
When one of the opponents in a contest was wounded, the crowd would typically shout ‘_________, ______ _________ which translates as ____ ______ _____ ___
Habet, hoc habet
He has had it
What would an opponent who thought he was defeated do as a request for mercy
Raise his left hand with one finger extended
When an opponent begged for mercy, if the decision was for death, what would that defeated opponent do
Grasp the thigh of his conqueror
How would the conqueror slay the loser
By stabbing him in the neck with a sword
The dead body would be removed by costumed attendants, one dressed as the ferry man _________, and the other as ___________. ___________ struck the dead body with a hammer and ___________ poked the body with a hot iron disguised as his _________ to assure that the loser was __________
Charon Mercury Charon Mercury Wand Dead
The winner would receive a symbol of their victory. What could this be?
A golden bowl
A crown
A gold coin
A pal leaf symbolising victory
In ancient Rome, gladiators could earn the idolized status of a ________, like many modern athletes
Hero
Even though a gladiator’s social status was barely better than a __________, many Roman citizen, knights and even ______________ fought in the gladiatorial arena because of their love of the sport and their desire for adoration
Slave
Emperors
The emperor _____________ boasted that he himself had fought in over 1,000 gladiatorial duels
Commudus
There is evidence that Roman ___________ especially idolized ______________, sometimes to the dismay of their _____________
Women
Gladiators
Husband
Juvenal wrote about __________, a senators wife who is said to have thought so highly of ______________ that she preferred them to her ____________, ___________, ___________ and ____________
Eppia Gladiators Children Sister Husband Country
Another form of gladiatorial combat involved the ‘__________’ and slaying of ________ _____________ called the _____________, or hunt. These hunts were held in the ____________ before the main duels
Hunting
Wild animals
Venatio
Morning
Exotic wild beasts from the far reaches of the __________ __________ were brought to Rome and hunts were held in the morning prior to the afternoon main event of ______________ duels
Roman empire
Gladiatorial
During the Venatio:
Special precautions were taken to prevent the animals from _____________ such as the erection of ____________ and digging of ___________
Escaping
Barriers
Ditches
Very few animals survived the hunts but sometimes they did defeat the hunter of wild beast (____________) or even __________. Thousands of wild animals would be ______________ in one day. E.g at the games Trajan held when he became emperor, over 9,000 animals were killed
Bestiarius
Escape
Slaughtered
Not all the animals were _____________ though most were
Ferocious
Which animals appeared in the _____________?
Venatio Lions Elephants Bears Deer Wild goats Dogs Camels
Some animals were ferocious were trained and did what instead of fight?
Performed tricks
Those who did battle with the animals, the bestiarii, were usually ______________ and would have to fight the animals without __________ and __________. These were the ___________ class of participants in the games
Criminals
Weapons and armour
Lowest
Following the venatio (beast hunts) in the order of daily events were the ‘______________’
Humiliores
What were the humiliores
The execution of Roman citizens of lower status
Usual forms of execution included what?
Burning at the stake
Crucifixion
Ad bestias
What was Ad Bestias
When the prisoner was left alone in the ring with one or more wild animals
What did most respectable men and women do during the humiliores
They would go for lunch rather than staying to watch
