Sources - Religion Flashcards
Roman prayer was a way in which individuals, families or groups of people made _________ from the _______ and offered something in exchange
Requests
Gods
Prayer was in a way a _________ between human and God: The _______ would grant something and the _________ would give something in return
Contract
God
Mortal
A Roman would pray in what position?
With hands and face raised to the sky
What would those who worked on farms often pray for
They would pray that their crops and land would be fruitful
A Roman would often sacrifice a ________ to the appropriate God or Goddess in the hope that the God would be pleased with the gift and would restore him to _______
Lamb
Health
People in the ancient world thought that by offering _________ ___________ and other gifts to the Gods they would keep on good terms with them and stand a better chance of getting their _________ answered. This was true at all levels of __________
Animal sacrifices
Prayers
Society
If a general was going off to war, there would be a solemn public ___________ in which __________ and expensive _____________ would be offered to the ________
Ceremony
Prayers
Sacrifices
Gods
Ordinary citizens would also offer sacrifices. For what sort of reason would they do this?
Succesful business deals
Safe voyages
Birth of children
Sometimes in Roman homes, offerings of food would be made to ________, the spirit of hearth, and o the 7 lares and penates, the spirits of the household and store cupboard
Vesta
People also offered sacrifices and presents to the Gods to __________ them at their ___________, to thank them for some _________ or an escape from danger, or to keep a __________
Honour
Festivals
Success
Promise
Who was the Pontus Maximus
The chief priest
What did the Pontifex do
They advised the senate and the magistrates on all matters of the state cult
The ______ monitored the flight of birds and advised the _________ on whether or not the Gods approved of proposed actions
Augur
Senate
What was the main job of the Haruspex
To predict the outcome of an action by studying the vital organs of sacrificial animals
When the Romans made sacrifices __________ would oversee it and a ____________ would also be present
Present
Haruspex
The Romans believed that the __________ would give divine signs about the future. If the _________ of the animal was diseased, that would be taken as a _______ omen
Organs
Liver
Bad
In what way did the Romans predict the future? What was the name of the priests who carried out this duty
Augur - they would monitor the flight of birds
The Romans generally ____________ the religious beliefs of the subject peoples. They encouraged them to identify their own Gods with _________ Gods who shared some of the same characteristics
Tolerated
Roman
Another feature of Roman religion which was intended to encourage acceptance of Roman rule was the worship of the ___________
Emporer
In _________ itself, emperor worship was generally ______________ however the peoples of the eastern provinces of the Roman empire had always regarded their kings and rulers as __________. Gradually the Romans introduced this idea in the _________ as well
Rome
Discouraged
Divine
West
When an emperor died, it was usual to __________ him and _________ were often built to honour the deified emperor
Deify
Temples
The message of Christianity was spread around the Roman empire. The early converts to Christianity in Ancient Rome faced many difficulties because the Romans believed in many _______ and the worship of ___________
Gods
Emperors
It was made illegal to be _____________ and if you were caught practising the religion you faced __________. Many would be thrown to the _________
Christian
Death
Lions
In AD 64, part of Rome was burnt down. The emperor Nero blamed the ____________ and the people turned on them
Christians
In AD 313 the emperor Constantine made Christianity ________ and for the first time Christians were allowed to worship in public. __________ were quickly built not just in Rome but throughout the empire. In 391, the worship of other Gods was made __________
Legal
Churches
Illegal
How might you use information about Christ to figure out when someone died
It might say ‘In Christo’ and Christ was only legal after AD 313
The Romans believed that if the spirits of the dead were happy then they would journey on to the ______________. If they were unhappy, however, then they would come back and cause __________ for the living. Therefore the Romans did everything possible to make sure that __________ ________ were carried out correctly
Underworld
Problems
Funeral rights
The Romans showed grief by wearing __________ clothes and not changing them, not __________ and __________ their hair. If the family was rich they would hire a __________ __________. At the cremation, a priest would purify the _________ by sprinkling them with _________ as the Romans thought they had been polluted by death
Cheap Washing and combing Pontifex maximus Family Water
After the funeral there were _______ days of sorrow. The final day was marked with a big _________
Nine
Feast
Why did the Romans build their tombs along busy roads
Because they thought that the dead wanted to feel like they were still a part of life
The parentalia festival was for honouring whom?
Dead parents
When was the parentalia festival
In the Ides of February
During the parentalia festival, families would gather at the family tombs and offer sacrifices of _________ and ________
Grain
Wine
During the parentalia festival no ___________ were allowed and all the __________ were closed. All public business was stopped
Marriages
Temples
Burial day, at the end of ________ was when people remembered whom?
March
All dead relatives
The festival of Violets and Roses was at the end of May. This was when people laid ___________ over the tombs of their dead ____________
Flowers
Ancestors
What was a curse tablet
A curse tablet was a written curse asking the Gods to do harm to others
Curse tablets were typically scratched on what?
What would happen after they had written their curses?
Very thin sheets in very tiny letters
They were then rolled, folded or pierced with nails
Curse tablets were typically addressed to whom?
Gods of the underworld: Charon and Persephone
What do an urn and torch represent
What might a boat represent
Death
Journey to the underworld
What was the most common offence committed by the person being cursed
Theft
