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DPT 503 > Somatosensory System > Flashcards

Somatosensory System Flashcards

1
Q

what is somatosensation?

A

collection of body sensations gathered from receptors in the skin, muscle, connective, and visceral tissues

multimodal

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2
Q

what does somatosensation contribute to?

A

smooth accurate movements

prevention/minimization of injury

understanding of the external world

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3
Q

sensory info from skin is called

A

cutaneous

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4
Q

sensory info from touch is called

A

tactile

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5
Q

sensory info from nociception is called

A

pain

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6
Q

what does the musculoskeletal system consist of?

A

muscles, joints, tendons, and ligaments

detect proprioception, nociception, and stretches

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7
Q

chemoreceptors

A

respond to chemcials

ie: O2 and H+ levels that lead to pH changes

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8
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

vibration, pressure, stretch, touch

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9
Q

thermoreceptors

A

temp changes

how cold/hot something is

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10
Q

nociceptors

A

sense pain; submodality of all receptors

ex: extreme stretch activates mechanoreceptors and nociceptors

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11
Q

tonic receptors

A

slowly adapting receptor

activate at onset of stim and stays on for duration of stim

codes whole duration

pain receptor, thermoreceptor

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12
Q

phasic receptor

A

rapidly adapting

responds to onset and offset of stim

only when there’s a change

signals there’s a change

1a fibers - dynamic spindle

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13
Q

peripheral somatosensory afferents

A

cutaneous-letters
proprioceptive info-roman numerals

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14
Q

classification of afferents

A

smallest to largest:
- C/4, A delta/3, A beta/2, 1a, 1b

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15
Q

C, 4 fibers

A

small unmyelinated

slow pain/secondary pain

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16
Q

A delta, III fibers

A

small myelinated

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17
Q

A beta, II fibers

A

medium myelinated

fast pain

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18
Q

1a 1b fibers

A

large myelinated

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19
Q

hairy skin

A

a beta and a delta fibers

ruffini endings-stretch, joint sensitization

hair follicle nerve ending-hair movement

Merkel cell-texture

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20
Q

hairless skin

A

free nerve endings-nociceptive, mechanical stim

Meissner’s corpuscle-dynamic movements across skin, slippage during grip

Pacinian corpuscle-vibration

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21
Q

A beta fibers and their receptor end organs, stimulus, and tonic/phasic

A

myelinated

hair follicle-hair movement
–> phasic
Meissner’s corpuscle-dynamic movement across the skin, slippage during grip
–> tonic
Merkel cell-light pressure, curvature, edges
–> tonic
Pacinian corpuscle-vibration
–> phasic
Ruffini’s corpuscle-skin stretch
–> tonic

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22
Q

A delta fibers and their receptor end organs, stimulus, and tonic/phasic

A

lightly myelinated

hair follicle-hair movement
–> phasic
free nerve ending-nociceptive mechanical stim, cold stim
–> tonic

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23
Q

C fibers and their receptor end organs, stimulus, and tonic/phasic

A

unmyelinated

free nerve endings-nociceptive mechanical stim, pleasant mechanical stim, ticklish mechanical stim, itch, thermal stim, and chem stim
–> tonic

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24
Q

what is a receptive field?

A

area of skin innervated by a single afferent neuron

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25
Q

small vs large receptive fields

A

small receptive field=can feel 2 close points as 2 separates stimuli

large receptive field=feel only one point when 2 close points are applied to the skin

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26
Q

are receptive fields smaller or larger distally?

A

smaller

27
Q

are receptive fields smaller or larger proximally?

A

larger

28
Q

smaller receptive fields have ___ threshold and ___ density of receptors

A

low, higher

29
Q

larger receptive fields have ___ threshold and ___ density of receptors

A

high, lower

30
Q

what does low threshold mean?

A

can sense stimuli with less distance b/w 2 points

can be as close as 4mm

31
Q

what does high threshold mean?

A

2 points have to be further apart to feel them as 2 points

32
Q

first pain response

A

sharp, localized pain

can feel exactly where it is

fast nociception conveyed by A delta fibers (small myelinated)

fast pain

33
Q

second pain response

A

aching, poorly localized pain conveyed by C fibers (small unmyelinated)

slow pain

34
Q

what happens when A delta fibers are blocked?

A

no fast pain (sharp, well localized pain)

35
Q

what happens when C fibers are blocked?

A

no slow pain (dull, aching, poorly localized pain)

36
Q

spinothalamic pathway

A

fast pain

1st order neuron-A delta

2nd order neuron from dorsal horn SC to thalamus

3rd order neuron from thalamus to primary somatosensory cortex and secondary somatosensory cortex

37
Q

3 slow pain (c fiber) divergent pathways

A

spinolimbic, spinomesencephalic, and spinoreticular

38
Q

spinomesencephalic pathway

A

SC to midbrain

superior colliculus: visual reflex-look to site of pain

periaqueductal gray: suppress pain signals

39
Q

spinolimbic pathway

A

SC to limbic system (emotion, motivation)

ventral striatum in basal ganglia: motivation, aversion, reward seeking

amygdala

trigger emotion: upset in response to pain, avoiding pain

40
Q

spinoreticular pathway

A

SC to thalamus, hypothalamus, and reticular formation

arousal autonomic control

41
Q

sharp pain

A

A delta

spinothalamic

42
Q

dull aching pain

A

C fibers

divergent pathways (3)

43
Q

what are the sensory organs in the muscles responsible for proprioception?

A

muscles spindle and GTO

44
Q

large proprioceptive afferents

A

1a and 1b

45
Q

small proprioceptive afferents

A

3 and 4

46
Q

ligament receptors

A

in ligaments

1 b afferents

47
Q

Ruffini’s and Paciniform endings

A

2 afferents

48
Q

free nerve endings

A

3 and 4 afferents

49
Q

1a axons

A

myelinated

nuclear bag and chain fibers

velocity of muscles stretch

phasic

intrafusal

50
Q

1b axons

A

myelinated

GTO and ligament receptors

tension on muscle and ligament

tonic

tendons and ligaments

51
Q

type 2 axons

A

myelinated

nuclear chain and some bag fibers - muscle length - tonic - intrafusal

Paciniform corpuscles - joint movement - phasic - joint capsule

ruffini’s endings - extreme joint stretch - phasic - joint capsule

52
Q

type 3 and 4 axons

A

lightly/unmyelinated

free nerve endings

nociceptive stimuli

tonic

muscles, joint capsule, ligaments

53
Q

how do somatosensory receptors transduce stimulus into neural code and NT released?

A

stimulus activates receptor, afferents neurons receive potential, AP leads to NT release

moderate stimulus (shorter duration): fire AP and some NT released

stronger stimulus: increased frequency and duration of AP = increased NT released

54
Q

peripheral neuropathy

A

damage to one (mononeuropathy) or more (polyneuropathy) peripheral nerves

loss of sensory and/or motor function

55
Q

order of sensory loss

A

preferentially attack large myelinated fibers first

loss proceeds in order of decreasing axon diameter

large myelinated–> medium myelinated–> small myelinated, small unmyelinated

1a/b first= proprioception lost first
A beta first=light touch lost first

56
Q

order of sensory recovery

A

opposite of loss

small unmyelinated–> small myelinated–> medium myelinated–> large myelinated

pain is first sense back

57
Q

perception

A

central processing of sensory stimuli into a meaningful pattern

tied with sensation

increased stim intensity=increased perception intensity

58
Q

is light touch consciously or unconsciously coded?

A

consciously coded

59
Q

are joint position and proprioception consciously or unconsciously coded?

A

unconsciously coded

60
Q

primary somatosensory cortex (s1)

A

reception of info, discrimination of object size, texture, and shape

bulk of somatosensory info (touch, temp, vibration, pressure, pain)

process type and intensity of info

post central gyrus

61
Q

secondary somatosensory cortex (S2)

A

higher level processing

analyze info from S1 and thalamus

spatial and tactile memory

not somatotopically arranged

62
Q

what is stereognosis?

A

the ability to identify an object w/o visual info

requires lots of info from the DCML and previous experiences

63
Q

what is barognosis?

A

perception of weight from cutaneous and proprioceptive info

64
Q

what is graphesthesia?

A

ability to identify letters and numbers drawn on skin w/o visual input

DPT 503 (22 decks)

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