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DPT 503 > Integumentary System > Flashcards

Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

what does the integumentary system consist of?

A

skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous (oil) glands

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2
Q

regions of the skin

A

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

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3
Q

epidermis

A

superficial; consists of epithelial tissue and is avascular

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4
Q

dermis

A

underlies the epidermis; mostly fibrous connective tissue; vascular-bleeding

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5
Q

hypodermis

A

superficial fascia; subcutaneous layer deep to the skin; not really skin; mostly adipose tissue that absorbs shock and insulates; anchors skin to underlying structures (mostly muscle)

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6
Q

cells of the epidermis

A

keratinocytes, melanocytes, dendritic (Langerhans) cells, and tactile (Merkel) cells

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7
Q

5 layers of the epidermis

A

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

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8
Q

keratinocytes

A
  • produce fibrous keratin
  • major cells of the epidermis
  • tightly connected by desmasomes
  • millions slough off everyday
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9
Q

melanocytes

A
  • spider-shaped cells in the deepest epidermis
    -Produce pigment melanin, which is packaged into melanosomes which are transferred to keratinocytes, where they protect the nucleus from UV damage
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10
Q

dendritic (Langerhans) cells

A

-Star shaped macrophages that patrol deep epidermis
- key activators of the immune system
- clean up bacterium to keep it healthy

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11
Q

tactile (Merkel) cells

A

sensory receptors that sense touch

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12
Q

stratum basale

A
  • deepest layer firmly attached to the dermis
  • single row of stem cells that actively divide (mitotic)
  • one daughter cell stays, the other goes to the surface and dies as it moves up
  • 10-25% melanocytes
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13
Q

stratum spinosum

A
  • prickly layer that is several layers thick
  • weblike system of intermediate prekeratin filaments attached to desmosomes (allows them to resist tension and pulling)
  • scattered among keratinocytes are abundant desmosomes and dendritic cells
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14
Q

stratum granulosum

A
  • 4-6 cells thick (flattened so its a thin layer)
  • cell apearance changes: cells flatten, nuclei and organelles disintegrate
  • keratinization begins
  • cells accumulate lamellar granules (water resistent glycolipid that slows water loss)
  • cells above this layer die bc they’re too far from capillaries
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15
Q

stratum lucidum

A
  • clear layer
  • found only in thick skin
  • 2-3 rows of clear flat dead keratinocytes
  • lies superficial to stratum granulosum
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16
Q

stratum corneum

A
  • horny layer
  • 20-30 rows of flat anucleated keratinized dead cells
  • 3/4 of epidermal thickness
  • Protect deeper cells form environment
  • Prevent water loss
  • Protect from abrasion and penetration
  • Acts as barrier against biological, chemical, and physical assaults.
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17
Q

dermis

A
  • strong flexible connective tissue
  • cells include fibroblasts, and occasionally mast cells and WBCs
  • contains nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels
  • contains epidermal hair follicles, oil glands, and sweat glands
  • 8-10x thicker than the epidermis
  • papillary layer and reticular layer
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18
Q

papillary layer of the dermis

A
  • superficial layer of areolar connective tissue
  • contains friction ridges
  • contains dermal papillae
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19
Q

reticular layer of the dermis

A
  • 80% of dermal thickness
  • consist of course dense fibrous connective tissue
  • cutaneous plexus: network of blood vessels
  • extracellular matrix contains pockets of adipose tissue
  • cleavage lines
  • flexure lines
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20
Q

cleavage lines

A

caused by many collogen fibers running parallel to skin surface; incisions parallel to cleavage lines heal better

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21
Q

flexure lines

A

dermal folds at or near joints

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22
Q

straie

A

stretch marks caused by dermal tears

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23
Q

3 pigments that contribute to skin color

A

melanin, carotene, hemoglobin

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24
Q

melanin

A
  • made by melanocytes
  • reddish yellow or brownish black
  • skin colot differences due to amount and form of melanin
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25
Q

carotene

A
  • yellow to orange pigment
  • most obvious in palms and soles
  • accumulates in stratum corneum and hypodermis
  • can be converted to vitamin A for vision and epidermal health
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26
Q

hemoglobin

A
  • pinkish hue of fair skin is due to lower levels of melanin
  • skin of Caucasians is more transparent, so color of hemoglobin shows through
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27
Q

cyanosis

A

Blue skin color: low oxygenation of hemoglobin

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28
Q

pallor

A

Anemia, low blood pressure, fear, anger

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29
Q

erythema

A

redness; Fever, hypertension, inflammation, allergy

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30
Q

jaundice

A

yellow; Liver disorders

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31
Q

bruises

A

Also referred to as ecchymoses or hematomas, are a result of clotted blood beneath skin

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32
Q

brown/black necklace bruises

A
  • hyperpigmented dark areas in axillae and around neck may be a sign of insulin resistance and elevated blood glucose levels
  • immediate referral
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33
Q

functions of hair

A
  • Warn of insects on skin
  • Hair on head guards against physical trauma
  • Protect from heat loss
  • Shield skin from sunlight
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34
Q

shaft of hair

A

area that extends above scalp, where keratinization is complete

35
Q

root of hair

A

area within scalp, where keratinization is still going on

36
Q

medulla of the hair shaft

A

central core of large cells and air spaces

37
Q

cortex of the hair shaft

A

several layers of flattened cells surrounding medulla

38
Q

cuticle of the hair shaft

A

outer layer consisting of overlapping layers of single cells

39
Q

hair pigments

A

Combinations of different melanins (yellow, rust, brown, black) create all the hair colors

40
Q

red hair

A

additional pheomelanin pigment

41
Q

gray hair

A

results when melanin production decreases and air bubbles replace melanin in shaft

42
Q

hair bulb

A

expanded area at deep end of follicle

43
Q

hair follicle receptor

A

sensory nerve endings that wrap around bulb

44
Q

hair matrix

A

actively dividing area of bulb that produces hair cells

45
Q

arrector pilli

A

small band of smooth muscle attached to follicle; responsible for “goose bumps”

46
Q

hair papilla

A

Dermal tissue containing a knot of capillaries that supplies nutrients to growing hair

47
Q

vellus hair

A

pale, fine body hair of children and adult females

48
Q

terminal hair

A

course long hair

49
Q

PCOS

A

tumors of adrenal glands that causes excess androgens

50
Q

telogen effluvium

A

abrupt hair thinning caused by an abundance of hair follicles entering resting phase at same time; can be caused stress, hormonal changes, surgery, trauma, crash dieting, etc.

51
Q

causes of hair changes

A

Drugs (ex: antidepressants, chemotherapeutic drugs)

Hypothyroidism

Protein-deficient diets

Hyperthyroidism can also cause hair loss

52
Q

nails

A

Scale-like modifications of epidermis that contain hard keratin

53
Q

parts of nails

A

free edge, nail plate, and root

54
Q

nail bed

A

epidermis underneath keratinized nail plate

55
Q

nail matrix

A

thickened portion of bed responsible for nail growth

56
Q

nail folds

A

skin folds that overlap border of nail

57
Q

eponychium

A

nail fold that projects onto surface of nail body (cuticle)

58
Q

hyponychium

A

area under free edge of plate that accumulates dirt

59
Q

lunule

A

thickened nail matrix, appears white

60
Q

yellow-tinged nails

A

may indicate respiratory or thyroid gland disorder

61
Q

Koilonchya

A

also called “spoon nail” – an outward concavity of nail may signal iron deficiency

62
Q

Beau’s lines

A

horizontal lines across nails may indicate severe illnesses such as uncontrolled diabetes, heart attack or cancer chemotherapy

63
Q

eccrine (merocrine) glands

A

palms, soles, and forehead; ducts connect to pores; thermoregulation

64
Q

apocrine sweat glands

A

axillary and anogenital areas; begin at puberty; viscous milky or yellowish sweat

65
Q

modified apocrine glands

A
  • Ceruminous glands: lining of external ear canal; secrete cerumen (earwax)
  • Mammary glands: secrete milk
66
Q

sebaceous (oil) glands

A

Widely distributed, except for thick skin of palms and soles; most develop from hair follicles and secrete into hair follicles; relatively inactive until puberty

67
Q

functions of skin

A

protection, body temp regulation, cutaneous sensations, metabolic functions(synthesize vit D for calcium absorption), blood reservoir, and excretion of wastes

68
Q

insensible perspiration

A

Under normal, resting body temperature, sweat glands produce about 500 ml/day of unnoticeable sweat

69
Q

sensible perspiration

A

If body temperature rises, dilation of dermal vessels can increase sweat gland activity to produce 12 L (3 gallons) of noticeable sweat

70
Q

skin protection mechanism

A

chemical barrier, biological barrier, and physical barrier

71
Q

basal cell carcinoma

A

Least malignant and most common

Stratum basale cells proliferate and slowly invade dermis and hypodermis

Cured by surgical excision in 99% of cases

72
Q

squamous cell carcinoma

A

Second most common type; can metastasize

Involves keratinocytes of stratum spinosum

Usually is a scaly reddened papule on scalp, ears, lower lip, or hands

Good prognosis if treated by radiation therapy or removed surgically

73
Q

melanoma

A

Cancer of melanocytes; is most dangerous type because it is highly metastatic and resistant to chemotherapy

Treated by wide surgical excision accompanied by immunotherapy

74
Q

ABCD rule

A

A: asymmetry; the two sides of the pigmented area do not match

B: border irregularity; exhibits indentations

C: color; contains several colors (black, brown, tan, sometimes red or blue)

D: diameter; larger than 6 mm (size of pencil eraser)

75
Q

immediate threat with burns

A

dehydration and electrolyte imbalance

76
Q

the rule of nines

A

divides the body into 11 sections with each section representing 9% (except genitals, which account for 1%)

77
Q

superficial burns

A

epidermal damage only; localized redness, edema, and pain

78
Q

superficial partial thickness/deep partial thickness

A

epidermal and upper dermal damage; blister appear; 1st and 2nd degree burns

79
Q

full thickness burns

A

entire thickness of skin is involved through the subcutaneous tissues; skin turns gray-white, cherry-red, or blackened; no edema and no pain bc nerve ending are destroyed; skin grafting usually necessary; 3rd degree burns

80
Q

burns are critical if:

A

> 20% of body has deep-partial thickness burns

> 10% of body has full thickness burns

Face, hands, or feet bear full thickness burns

81
Q

lanugo coat

A

delicate hairs in 5th and 6th month

82
Q

vernix caseosa

A

sebaceous gland secretion that protects skin of fetus while in watery amniotic fluid

83
Q

aging skin

A

Epidermal replacement slows; skin becomes thin, dry, and itchy (decreased sebaceous gland activity)

Subcutaneous fat and elasticity decrease, leading to cold intolerance and wrinkles

Increased risk of cancer due to decreased numbers of melanocytes and dendritic cells

Hair thinning

Bringing new cells up doesn’t happen as rapidly partially bc sebaceous glands don’t work as much anymore.

Less thermal insulation as you age.

DPT 503 (22 decks)

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