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DPT 503 > Basal Ganglia > Flashcards

Basal Ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

do the basal ganglia have a direct connection to the LMN pool?

A

no, they provide and regulate info coming out of UMNs

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2
Q

what is the result of that basal ganglia having no direct connection to the LMN pool?

A

lesions don’t affect strength of muscles but will effect inhibition of movement and suppression of movement

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3
Q

what behaviors do the basal ganglia control?

A

goal-directed behavior, social behavior, and some emotional responses

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4
Q

what are the structures of the basal ganglia

A

caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra

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5
Q

what structures make up the striatum?

A

caudate and putamen

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6
Q

what structures make up the lenticular nucleus?

A

putamen and globus pallidus

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7
Q

what structure of the basal ganglia is not in the cerebrum, but rather in the midbrain?

A

the substantia nigra

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8
Q

what are the two parts of the GP?

A

GPi (globus pallidus internal) and GPe (globus pallidus external)

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9
Q

what are the two parts of the SN?

A

SNpc (substantias nigra pars compacta) and SNr (substantia nigra reticulata)

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10
Q

what is the area surrounding the 4th ventricle and what does it do?

A

PEG (periaqueductal grey)

it plays a big role in pain modulation (suppresses pain by releasing endogenous opioids)

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11
Q

what are the 5 cortico-BG-thalamic circuits?

A

2 motor:
- motor
- oculomotor

3 non-motor:
- goal-directed behavior
- emotion/motivation
- social behavior

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12
Q

what structures are involved in the motor basal ganglia circuit? what is the function of the circuit?

A

putamen and GP

skeletal muscle contraction, muscle force, multi joint movement, movement sequencing, motor planning

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13
Q

what structures are involved in the oculomotor BG circuit? what is the function of the circuit?

A

caudate body and SNr

spatial awareness and eye movement

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14
Q

what structures are involved in the goal-directed behavior BG circuit? what is the function of the circuit?

A

caudate head and GP

decision-making, information evaluation, planning, choosing actions in context

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15
Q

what structures are involved in the emotion/motivation BG circuit? what is the function of the circuit?

A

ventral striatum and ventral pallidum

regulates emotional expression, reward-seeking behavior

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16
Q

what structures are involved in the social behavior BG circuit? what is the function of the circuit?

A

caudate head and SNr

recognizes social cues, self-control, attention to social disapproval, and selective attention

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17
Q

what 3 things are involved in all BG circuits?

A

BG, cortical structure, and thalamic nuclei

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18
Q

what 3 things are involved in the 3 non-motor and 2 motor BG circuits?

A

prefrontal cerebral cortex

BG

thalamic nuclei

19
Q

what are the BG afferents?

A

all areas of the cerebral cortex

PPN

dorsal raphe nuclei

20
Q

what is the NT of the cerebral cortex?

A

glutamate

excitatory

always excitatotry input from the cortex

21
Q

what are the 2 NTs of the PPN?

A

ACh (excitatory or inhibitory)

glutamate (excitatory)

22
Q

what is the PPN responsible for?

A

attention, reward, voluntary movement, etc.

23
Q

what is the NT of the dorsal raphe nuclei?

A

serotonin (usually inhibitory)

24
Q

inputs enter the BG through what strucures?

A

striatum (caudate and putament)

subthalamic nucleus (STN)

25
Q

what are the 3 main sources of input?

A

PPN, dorsal raphe nuclei, and cerebral cortex

26
Q

what is the intrinsic circuitry of the BG?

A

SNpc to striatum (dopamine=excitatory or inhibitory)

striatum to GP and SN (GABA=inhibitory)

GPe to STN (GABA=inhibitory)

STN to GPi and SNr (glutamate=excitatory)
- only soley excitatory pathway

27
Q

what are the efferents of the BG?

A

GPi (globus pallidus interna) to thalamus (VL and VA) and SNr (substantia nigra reticulata) to superior colliculus

28
Q

tracts in the GPi to thalamus of BG

A

corticospinal

corticopontine

corticobrainstem

29
Q

efferent info from GPi to thalamus

A

provide info for descending system from cerebral cortex

30
Q

efferent info from SNr to superior colliculus

A

contributes to directing visual attention to the stimulus

superior colliculus inhibited by SNr

midbrain locomotor region inhibited

31
Q

what are the 3 movement control pathways?

A

Go (direct)

No-Go (indirect)

Stop (hyperdirect)

normal movement requires all pathways

32
Q

how does the BG control movement?

A

the BG controls movement by controlling what’s happening in these circuits

33
Q

the SN to putamen will activate which 2 pathways depending on the signal?

A

go or no-go

34
Q

what is disinhibition?

A

double inhibition=activation

silent inhibitory neuron activated and inhibits another inhibitory neuron which always excitation

35
Q

stop (hyperdirect) pathway

A

inhibition of the motor thalamus

goal: inhibit ongoing, irrelevant movement

motor cortex activates STN
STN excites GPI
GPi inhibits motor thalamus

36
Q

go (direct) pathway

A

goal: getting info from SNpc; facilitate movement

disinhibition of motor thalamus

motor cortex activates D1 receptor of putamen
D1 inhibits GPi (inhibiting inhibitory nucleus)
motor thalamus is disinhibited (activated)

37
Q

no-go (indirect) pathway

A

goal: inhibit/suppress unnecessary movements

inhibition of motor thalamus

suppress competing movements

motor cortex excites D2 receptor of putamen
putamen inhibits GPe
GPe disinhibits STN
STN excites GPi
GPi inhibits motor thalamus

38
Q

Control of movement from the GPi

A

voluntary movement

postural control

walking

39
Q

LMN: control of voluntary movement

A

GPi inhibits the motor thalamus

motor thalamus excites motor cortex

motor cortex excites corticospinal tracts

corticospinal tracts contribute to voluntary movements

40
Q

LMN: postural and girdle muscles

A

GPi inhibits the PPN

PNN inhibits reticulospinal tracts

disinhibition of postural and girdle muscles

41
Q

stepping pattern generators/LMN for walking

A

GPi inhibits midbrain locomotor region

midbrain locomotor region has cholinergic effects on reticulospinal tracts

reticulospinal tracts activate SPG/LMN for walking

42
Q

movement disorders of the BG

A

affect balance of the function of the 3 pathways

43
Q

hypokinetic disorders

A

less movement

down regulation of go pathways, up regulation of no-go pathway

Parkinson’s disease: postural instability

44
Q

hyperkinetic disorders

A

too much movement

up regulation of go pathway, down regulation of no-go pathway

Huntington’s disease

Tourette’s syndrome

DPT 503 (22 decks)

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