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DPT 503 > Connective Tissue Physiology > Flashcards

Connective Tissue Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

connective tissues

A

fibrous connective tissue, adipose tissue, cartilage, bone, blood

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2
Q

functions of connective tissue

A

binds: ligaments (bone to bone) and tendons (muscle to bone)

supports: framework for organs and body as a whole (bone)

protects: protection against external environment and repairs (adipose)

insulates: adipose

transports substances: wastes and nutrients

major site of stored energy: adipose tissue (fatty acid can be mobilized and become pre-fatty acid and used as a big source of energy)

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3
Q

mesenchyme

A

precursore cell/origin

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4
Q

-blast

A

premature form of connective tissue that will differentiate into a -cyte

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5
Q

-cyte

A

mature form of connective tissue cells

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6
Q

can connective tissue cells de-differentiate?

A

yes!

mobilization=differentiation

immobilization=de-differentiate

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7
Q

3 primary germ layers

A

ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

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8
Q

ectoderm

A

outer germ layer

nerve tissue

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9
Q

mesoderm

A

middle germ layer

muscle and connective tissue

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10
Q

endoderm

A

inner germ layer

inner lining of digestive system

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11
Q

what layer(s) do(es) epithelial tissue (mesenchymal cells) come from?

A

all 3 germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm)

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12
Q

aging tissues

A

thinning epithelia

less effective tissue repair

tissue atrophy (smaller thinner mass)-osteoporosis

DNA mutation (greater cancer risk)

cartilage doesn’t repair well (even when young)

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13
Q

tendons

A

parallel arrangement

lower metabolism (limited vasculature=longer healing)

muscle to bone

unidirectional tension

less type 3 and more type 1 collagen than ligaments
- greater dynamic capabilities
- has to resist greater tensile force

has tendon sheath (tenosynovium)
- mostly type 3 collagen (cushion)
- protects tendon from friction

functions:
- shock absorption: dissipates forces from muscle to bone
- stabilize joints (compression or restriction of translation)
- contributes to length-tension relationship and maintaining optimal muscle length (stretched muscle can generate more force)

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14
Q

ligaments

A

interlaced arrangement
- densely packed fibers in multiple directions

fibers in line with tensile forces

greater metabolism (has vasculature)

bone to bone

most often joint surfaces

heterozygous:
- 10-20% cells (mainly fibroblasts)
- 80-90% ECM
–> mostly type 1 collagen (high tensile strength) and some type 3
–> amount of elastin=very little stretch

functions: mechanical stability, guide and restrain movement, prevents unnecessary translation by compressing joint surfaces

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15
Q

ligaments and tendons have an active or passive role in motion?

A

passive

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16
Q

myotendinous junctions

A

where muscles meet tendons

interdigitation b/w collagen fibers and muscles
-reduced load/immobilization=flatter and decreased=decreased function of transmitting tensile forces
–> start with low load/resistance

very sensitive to mechanical condition

function: transmitting/ dissipating tensile force from muscle to bone

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17
Q

entheses

A

insertion area for joint capsule, ligaments, and tendons on bone

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18
Q

direct attachment

A

via fibrocartilage

common site for degenerative change

perpendicular to bone=more likely a direct insertion

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19
Q

indirect attachment

A

via fibrous attachment

blend into periosteum (outer bone)

Sharpey’s fibers serve as “roots”

parallel to bones=more likely indirect insertion

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20
Q

direct insertion zones

A

zone 1: end of tendon/ligament
zone 2: uncalcified fibrocartilage
zone 3: calcified fibrocartilage
zone 4: merge into cortical bone

tidemark differentiates bone and fibrocartilage

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21
Q

ligament and tendon immobilization

A

water loss=shrinking

random arrangement of fibers

stiffer tissues=break easier w/little stress

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22
Q

stress

A

amount of force imparted on tissue

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23
Q

strain

A

amount of deformation of tissue upon stress

24
Q

stiffness

A

ability to resist deformation (strain) when stress is applied

25
Q

compliance

A

opposite of stiffness

tissue can be easily changed

26
Q

stress strain curve

A

shows relationship b/w stress and strain as a curve

curve changes depending on material of tissue
- increased cross sectional area= thicker=stiffer=more vertical curve
- longer tissue=more compliant=more horizontal curve

27
Q

toe region

A

initiation of the force

beginning of fibril stretch

28
Q

elastic region

A

linear relationship b/w stress and strain

tissue returns to normal length when the stress is removed

normal day-to-day activities

29
Q

yield point

A

some ruptures in some fibers begin

30
Q

plastic region

A

microfailure of collagen fibers trigger synthesis of new components

no return to normal length when stress is removed

Therapeutic region

some pain, but no surgery required

31
Q

ultimate stress/stress

A

beyond this point=rupture/fracture

macrofailure

32
Q

macrofailure

A

complete failure of all tissues

33
Q

tendon vs ligament stress strain curve

A
  • tendon: more vertical=stiffer bc of more type 1 collagen (high tensile strength)
  • ligament: more horizontal=more compliant
34
Q

viscoelasticity

A

viscocity: resistance to deformation/flow
- honey=high
- water=low
- depends on proteoglycans and water composition
- time dependent: increase/decrease w/time
- rate and temp dependent: increase temp=decreased viscocity, slow load= decreased viscocity

elasticity:
- ability to return to og length/shape after removal of load
- depends on collagen and elastin content and organization

35
Q

time and rate dependent properties

A

creep and stress-relaxation

36
Q

creep

A

CONTINUED DEFORMATION of tissues over time with CONSTANT STRESS after initial elastic response has occurred

gradual return to shape once stress is removed

clinical: stretching shortened muscle-exert constant force and over time will feel less resistance

37
Q

stress-relaxation

A

when tissue is stretched to FIXED LENGTH (CONSTANT STRAIN), the stress required to maintain the length decreases over time

feeling of resistance lessens over time

38
Q

fast loading

A

increased creep and stress relaxation

stiff muscles (larger force needed to deform the tissues)

more vertical curve

39
Q

hysteresis

A

when viscoelastic material is loaded/unloaded, the unloading curve is different from the loading curve.

the difference b/w the 2 curves=energy dissipated (usually heat)=decreased viscocity

as tissue changes length and is heated w/repeated stretches, higher loads are tolerated in subsequent reps

failure load (ultimate stress) increases giving more wiggle room b4 rupture which makes the exercises safer

40
Q

factors that affect mechanical behavior

A

maturation and aging
- maturation: increased collagen=stiffer=can resist increased stress w/less strain
-aging: decreased collagen=more brittle=more susceptible to stress

pregnancy and postpartum
- increased laxity

mobilization/immobilization
- mobilization: stronger and stiffer w/stress
–> exercise increases tensile strength
- immobilization: decreased tensile strength=break with less stress

41
Q

functions of articular cartilage

A

produce smooth, lubricious surface for decreased friction

transfer load to subchondral bone

42
Q

nutrition of articular cartilage

A

avascular: relies on diffusion of synovial fluid for its nutrient supply and waste removal

compression=efflux
NWB=influx

no influx/efflux=no waste removal/nutrients incoming

to maintain cartilage health, you need to exercise for repetitive compression and relaxation

43
Q

cartilage responses to compression

A

reduces cartilage volume and increases pressure=efflux of interstitial fluid

eventually the stress balances the applies load

thicker=more resistance to compression

44
Q

responses to tension

A

dif zones behave dif
- stiffer in superficial (tangential) zone

45
Q

responses to shear

A

no volume changes=no interstitial fluid flow

higher collagen=lower friction

46
Q

types of cartilage growth

A

interstitial growth and appositional growth

47
Q

interstitial growth

A

growth within

growth through mitotic division of existing chondrocytes (new matrix made within cartilage)

occurs in immature cartilage (high tissue mass at epiphyseal plates and articular surfaces)

48
Q

appositional growth

A

growth on the surface

new cartilage laid down at the surface of perichondrium (chondroblasts for ECM and develop into mature chondrocytes)

occurs in mature cartilage

49
Q

articular cartilage degeneration

A

magnitude of stresses

duration of stresses

changes in molecular and microscopic structures:
- loss of superficial cartilage fibers=increased permeability=lost fluid

changes in mechanical properties:
- lose ability to resist forces

50
Q

interfacial wear of cartilage

A

bearing surfaces in direct contact

increased permeability, decreased lubrication

occurs in damaged/degenerated joints

51
Q

fatigue wear of cartilage

A

low loads over long period

52
Q

impact loading

A

rapid application of high loads

insufficient time for interstitial fluid redistribution to relieve the compacted region

opposite of fatigue wear

53
Q

endochondral ossification

A

not degeneration

replacement of calcified layer of articular cartilage

maturation/growth

aging

calcification occurs w/in chondroid

54
Q

aging of cartilage

A

abnormal mechanical stresses and inflammatory cytokines

thinning of superficial cartilage
- osteoarthritis: repetitive or high loads causing thinning of superficial layer of cartilage)

55
Q

articular cartilage repair/regeneration

A

little to no repair capacity upon injury

depends on interstitial growth (division of chondryocytes w/in cartilage) and ability of chondrocytes to synthesize and maintain ECM

aging cartilage is even more limited in ability to repair

DPT 503 (22 decks)

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