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DPT 503 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of the respiratory system?

A

exchange O2 and CO2 b/w environment, blood, and tissues

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2
Q

what is ventilation?

A

inspiration/expiration

exchange nutrients at capillary level

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3
Q

what is external respiration/gas exchange?

A

CO2 and O2 b/w lungs and blood

blood and lungs

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4
Q

what is internal respiration/gas exchange?

A

CO2 and O2 b/w systemic blood and tissues

blood and tissues

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5
Q

what structures are in the upper respiratory system?

A

nose, larynx, and pharynx

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6
Q

what structures are in the lower respiratory system?

A

below and including Carina (last ring of trachea b4 bifurcation into 2 main bronchi)

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7
Q

when is the epiglottis up/down?

A

up at rest, down when swallowing

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8
Q

histology of the trachea mucosa

A

ciliated pseudostratified epithelium w/goblet cells

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9
Q

histology of the trachea submucosa

A

connective tissue w/seromucus glands

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10
Q

histology of the trachea adventitia

A

outermost connective tissue

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11
Q

what makes up the conducting zone? what is the job of the conducting zone?

A

trachea–> primary bronchi–> bronchi–> bronchioles

ventilation: air in and out

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12
Q

is the right or left bronchi wider and shorter?

A

right

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13
Q

what makes up the respiration zone? what is it’s role?

A

begins where terminal bronchioles feed into respiratory bronchioles to alveolar ducts to sacs

respiration-gas exchange

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14
Q

what do the alveoli secrete and what is its role?

A

surfactant which keeps the sacs open

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15
Q

how many lobes does the left lung have

A

2 with the heart in the cardiac notch

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16
Q

how many lobes does the right lung have?

A

3

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17
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

pulmonary arteries deliver blood from heart to lungs for oxygenation

pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood to the heart

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18
Q

pulmonary circulation is a ___ pressure, ___ volume system:

A

low, high

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19
Q

systemic circulation is ___ pressure:

A

high

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20
Q

bronchial circulation

A

oxygenated blood to lungs

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21
Q

sympathetic function in the respiratory system

A

bronchodilation

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22
Q

parasympathetic function in the respiratory system

A

bronchoconstriction

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23
Q

what is intrapleural pressure?

A

negative pressure inside- cavity acts like a suction to keep the lungs from collapsing

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24
Q

what is intrapulmonary pressure?

A

pressure in alveoli sacs

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25
Q

what is transpulmonary pressure?

A

difference b/w intrapulmonary pressure and intrapleural pressure

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26
Q

what is atelectasis?

A

plugged bronchioles collapse alveoli

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27
Q

what is a pneumothorax?

A

air in the pleural cavity

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28
Q

pulmonary ventilation depends on what?

A

volume changes that lead to pressure changes which lead to gas flow

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29
Q

what is Boyle’s law?

A

relationship b/w pressure and volume of gas

constant gas+smaller container=increased pressure

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30
Q

inspiration

A

active-uses muscles

diaphragm contracts down and out

intercostals contract ribs up and out

external intercostals for deep breaths

increased thoracic volume

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31
Q

expiration

A

quiet=passive

volume decreases

pulmonary pressure > atomospheric pressure=air out

forced=active using obliques and transverse muscles and intercostals

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32
Q

what is lung compliance

A

stiffness of the lungs

33
Q

lung compliance in restrictive diseases

A

low compliance (more energy needed to breathe)

34
Q

lung compliance in obstructive diseases

A

high compliance

35
Q

volume

A

single

36
Q

capacity

A

volumes added together

37
Q

what is inspiratory reserve?

A

air forcefully exhaled

38
Q

what is tidal volume?

A

resting

about 500 mL

39
Q

what makes up inspiratory capacity?

A

inspiratory reserve and tidal volume

40
Q

what is expiratory reserve volume?

A

big exhale

41
Q

what is residual volume?

A

air that is always left in the lungs even after expiration

42
Q

what makes up functional residual capacity?

A

expiratory reserve volume and residual volume

43
Q

what makes up vital capacity?

A

inspiratory reserve, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve

44
Q

what makes up the total lungs volume?

A

inspiratory reserve, tidal volume, expiratory reserve, and residual volume

45
Q

what is anatomical dead space?

A

no contribution to gas exchange

46
Q

increased TLC, FRC, and RV

A

COPD

47
Q

decreased TLC, VC, FRC, and RV

A

restrictive disease

48
Q

what is FEV1?

A

amount of air expelled in 1st second

reduced in COPD

49
Q

what is a better indication of effective ventilation?

A

alveolar ventilation rate (AVR): gas in/out of alveoli at a specific time

50
Q

what is Dalton’s law of partial pressures?

A

total pressure=sum of pressures of each gas

51
Q

is the pressure gradient more steep for O2 or CO2? why?

A

O2 bc CO2 is 10x more soluble in plasma and alveolar fluid than O2

52
Q

what is perfusion-ventilation coupling?

A

perfusion:
- blood flow reaching alveoli
- controlled by PO2-arterial diameter

ventilation:
- amount of gas reaching the alveoli
- controlled by PCO2-bronchiole diameter

53
Q

tissue PO2 is always ___ than arterial PO2 so O2 moves from ____ to ____

A

lower; blood; tissues

54
Q

tissue PCO2 is always ____ than arterial PCO2 so CO2 moves from ____ to ____

A

higher; tissues; blood

55
Q

oxygen transport

A

1.5% dissolved in plasma

98.5% loosely bound to hemoglobin in RBCs

56
Q

oxygen transport with hemoglobin

A

each hemoglobin has 4 polypeptide chains each w/1 ion containing heme group

hemoglobin can transport 4 O2 molecules

loading and unloading of )2 changes Hg shape

O2 binds and changes the shape to increase affinity

57
Q

factors influencing hemoglobin saturation

A

PO2, temp, blood pH, PCO2, BPG (causes O2 release)

58
Q

what is the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?

A

shows the relationship b/w how much hemoglobin is saturated w/O2 versus how much O2 is dissolved in fluid around hemoglobin

59
Q

arterial blood

A

PO2=100mmHg

20 mL O2 per 100 mL blood

98% saturated

increased PO2

60
Q

venous blood

A

75% saturated

PO2=40 mmHg

15% volume O2

61
Q

right shift in oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve

A

enhanced O2 unloading

decreased O2 affinity

increased temp, H+, PCO2, and BPG

Bohr effect

decreased pH

exercise

62
Q

left shift in oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve

A

decreased factors

increased O2 affinity

decreased O2 unloading (holds onto O2)

life sustaining

63
Q

when BPG increased, oxygen…

A

decreased

64
Q

Hg concentration in men

A

13-18 g/dL

65
Q

Hg concentration in women

A

12-16 g/dL

66
Q

CO2 transport

A

7-10% dissolved in plasma

20% chemically bound to Hg

70% as bicarbonate ion in plasma

67
Q

CO2 transport: as bicarbonate ion in plasma

A

O2 and H2O=carbonic acid

quickly dissociates into bicarbonate and H+ (releases CO2 and H2O)

in lungs anhydrase splits carbonic acid

68
Q

what is the relationship b/w CO2 and pH?

A

increased CO2=decreased pH

decreased CO2=increased pH

69
Q

what is the Haldane effect?

A

amount of CO2 transported is affected by PO2

decreased PO2 and O2 saturation=increased CO2 can be carried in the blood

encourages in CO2 exchange

CO2 enters blood, increased O2 dissociation from Hg (Bohr effect)

70
Q

slow shallow breaths lead to ___ CO2 and ___ pH

A

increased; decreased

71
Q

rapid deep breaths lead to ___CO2 and ___pH

A

decreased; increased

72
Q

carbon monoxide poisoning

A

Hg has 200x affinity for CO than O2

73
Q

what are the controls of respiration?

A

higher brain centers

respiratory centers

COs

O2

74
Q

what are the higher brain centers that control respiration?

A

pons and medulla

75
Q

what affects respiratory centers?

A

chemical factors-PCO2, PO2, pH

higher brain centers

pulmonary irritant reflex

inflation reflex

76
Q

what is the influence of CO2 on respiration?

A

most potent and closely controlled

77
Q

what is the influence of O2 on respiration?

A

declining O2 may only have a slight affect on ventilation bc of large O2 reservoir bound to Hg (need to have significant drop to see effects)

when PO2 drops below 60 mmHg it becomes a major stimulus for respiration

78
Q

hyperventilation leads to ___CO2

A

decreased

treat by breathing into paper bag to reinhale CO2

DPT 503 (22 decks)

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