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DPT 503 > Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

when does the lymphatic system begin to develop?

A

by week 5 of embryonic development

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2
Q

How does the lymphatic system arise?

A

arise as lymph sacs from developing veins

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3
Q

jugular lymph sacs arise to form …

A

right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct

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4
Q

where do all the lymphatic organs (except thymus) arise from?

A

the mesoderm

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5
Q

6 lymph sacs from which the lymphatic vessels are derived

A

jugular (paired
posterior lymph (paired)
retroperitoneal
cisterna chyli

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6
Q

cisterna chyli

A

abdominal origin of thoracic duct

about T11 or T12

formed by the union of 2 lumbar trunks and the intestinal trunk

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7
Q

all lymphoid organs (except thymus) develop from what cells?

A

mesodermal mesenchymal cells

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8
Q

poorly developed at birth T/F?

A

true

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9
Q

function of lymphatic system

A

fluid balance-returns excess fluid back to the venous system.

immune surveillance in fighting pathogens.

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10
Q

3 parts of the lymphatic system

A

network of lymphatic vessels

lymph: fluid in vessels

lymph nodes: cleanse lymph

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11
Q

lymphoid organs and tissues provide structural basis of immune system by…

A

housing phagocytic cells and lymphocytes

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12
Q

structures of the lymphatic system

A

spleen, thymus, tonsils, lymph nodes, other lymphatic tissues

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13
Q

circulation in lymphatic system

A

3L of interstitial fluid per day

75% via thoracic duct

25% via right lymphatic duct

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14
Q

what is the largest lymphatic vessel?

A

the thoracic duct

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15
Q

when does interstitial fluid become lymph

A

when it has entered the lymphatics (lymphatic capillary)

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16
Q

lymph fluid

A

proteins, water, lymphocytes, waste products of cell activity, foreign substances like cancer cells, and fats (cholesterol, vit A, D, E)

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17
Q

transport system

A

fluid comes into lymphatic capillaries and travels through body up through venous system

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18
Q

is the lymphatic system one way or two way?

A

one way: lymphatic vessles up toward heart

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19
Q

blind ended tubes

A

closed on one end

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20
Q

lymphatic capillaries

A

smallest of lymphatic vessels

absorb interstitial fluid

absent in bone, teeth, and bone marrow

larger and more permeable than blood capillaries

can take up larger molecules

has minivalves

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21
Q

lacteals

A

specialized lymph capillaries present in intestinal mucosa

absorb digested fat and deliver fatty lymph (chyle) to the blood

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22
Q

chyle

A

fatty lymph

white color bc it is lymph mixed with digestive fats

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23
Q

minivalves

A

capillary flaps overlap, filaments get stretched as fluid builds up, open flaps, and fluid comes into the capillaries and becomes lymph

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24
Q

collecting lymphatic vessels

A

larger lymphatic vessels

similar to veins with thinner walls

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25
Q

larger lymphatic vessels

A

consist of vessels, trunks, and ducts

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26
Q

lymphatic trunks

A

formed by union of largest collecting vessels

drain large areas of the body

paired lumbar trunks

paired bronchomediastinal
trunks

paired subclavian trunks

paired jugular trunks

single interstitial trunk

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27
Q

fluid movement

A

capillaries–> collecting vessels–>trunks–> ducts

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28
Q

muscle role in lymphatic flow

A

pulsation from arteries to deep muscles help move lymph as well

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29
Q

paired lumbar trunks

A

lymph from the lower extremities, lower body quadrants, external genitalia

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30
Q

paired bronchomediastinal trunks

A

lymph from the lungs, heart, trachea and mammary glands.

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31
Q

paired subclavian trunks

A

lymph from the upper extremities, upper body quadrants, shoulder region, mammary glands

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32
Q

paired jugular trunks

A

lymph from head and neck

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33
Q

single intestinal trunk

A

lymph from stomach and digestive system, liver and pancreas

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34
Q

right lymphatic duct

A

25% of lymphatic circulation

drains right upper arm and right side of head and thorax

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35
Q

thoracic duct

A

largest lymphatic vessel in the body

75% of lymphatic circulation

drains the rest of the body (right and left lower quadrants, left upper quadrant, left head and neck

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36
Q

lymphagitis

A

condition in which lymphatic vessels appear as painful red lines under the skin; inflammed lymph vessels

can lead to septicemia

37
Q

lymph transport

A

low pressure

propelled by milking action of skeletal muscles, pressure changes in the thorax during breathing, valves, pulsation of nearby arteries, contractions of smooth muscle in walls of lymphatics, and physical activity

38
Q

lymphedema

A

severe localized edema

abnormal accumulation of protein rich fluid usually in extremities (proteins draw in water=swelling)

progresses if left untreated

treatment=complete decongestive therapy

common causes: parasite, breast cancer surgery/radiation, primary lymphedema (infants)

39
Q

stage 1 lymphedema

A

bad towards night, better in the morning (system catches up overnight)

40
Q

stage 2 lymphedema

A

doesn’t always go away

41
Q

stage 3 lymphedema

A

contours of the leg start to disappear

42
Q

stage 4 lymphedema

A

lost contours, some skin changes

43
Q

immune system cells

A

lymphocytes (T and B cells), macrophages, and dendritic cells

44
Q

T lymphocyte cells

A

manage immune response, and some also attack and destroy infected cells (involved directly in cell-to-cell contact)

mature in the thymus

45
Q

B lymphocyte cells

A

produce plasma cells, which secrete antibodies

antibodies mark antigens for destruction by phagocytosis or other means

46
Q

macrophages

A

phagocytize foreign substances and help activate T cells

47
Q

dendritic cells

A

capture antigens and deliver them to lymph nodes; also help activate T cells

48
Q

supporting lymphoid cell

A

reticular cells produce reticular fibers (stroma-scaffolding of immune cells) in lymphoid organs

49
Q

main functions of lymphoid tissue

A

houses and provides proliferation sites for lymphocytes

offers surveillance vantage points for lymphocytes and macrophages as they filter through lymph

largely composed of reticular connective tissue (type of loose connective tissue)

50
Q

macrophages live on what fibers?

A

reticular fibers

51
Q

2 main types of lymphoid tissues

A

diffuse lymphoid tissue and lymphoid follicles (nodules)

52
Q

diffuse lymphoid tissue

A

loose arrangement of lymphoid cells and some reticular fibers

in almost every organ

53
Q

lymphoid follicles (nodules)

A

solid, spherical bodies consisting of tightly packed lymphoid cells and reticular fibers

contain germinal centers of proliferating B cells

54
Q

primary lymphoid organs

A

areas where T and B cells mature—red bone marrow and thymus
–> T and B cells originate in bone marrow, but only B cells matures there; T cells mature in thymus

where the lymphocytes originate

55
Q

secondary lymphoid organs

A

areas where mature lymphocytes first encounter their antigen and become activated

nodes, spleen, MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue) and diffuse lymphoid tissues

56
Q

MALT

A

tonsils, Peyer’s Patches, and appendix

57
Q

lymph nodes

A

principal secondary lymphoid organs of body (not primary bc B and T cells don’t come from here)

humans have set number at birth

swollen and painful=likely a microorganism

swollen and not painful=likely cancerous

58
Q

2 main function of lymph nodes

A
  1. cleansing the lymph: act as lymph “filters”
    –> Macrophages remove and destroy microorganisms and debris that enter lymph

–> Prevent unwanted substances from being delivered to blood

  1. immune system activation: offer a place for lymphocytes to become activated and mount an attack against antigens
59
Q

structure of lymph nodes

A

bean shaped, surrounded by external fibrous capsule (extends inward as trabeculae)

60
Q

regions of nodes

A

cortex
medulla

61
Q

cortex

A

superficial area of cortex contains follicles with germinal centers that are heavy with dividing B cells

deep cortex houses T cells in transit

62
Q

medulla

A

medullary cords extend inward from cortex and contain B cells, T cells, and plasma cells

lymph sinuses are found throughout node
–> consist of large lymphatic capillaries spanned by crisscrossing reticular fibers.
–> macrophages reside on fibers, checking for and phagocytizing any foreign matter.

63
Q

lymph enters convex side of node via…

A

afferent lymphatic vessels

64
Q

circulation in lymph nodes

A

enters convex side of node via afferent lymphatic vessels, travels through large subscapular sinus into smaller sinuses found throughout cortex and medulla, then enters medullary sinuses, and finally enters concave side at hilum via efferent lymphatic vessel.

65
Q

centinal node

A

first node lymph goes through

usually removed in the case of cancer

66
Q

buboes

A

inflamed, swollen, tender lymph nodes that result when nodes are overwhelmed by what they are trying to destroy

67
Q

bubonic plague

A

painful swollen lymph nodes in groin and armpits; oozing pus and blood; damage to skin and underlying surfaces; dark blotches-acral necrosis

68
Q

lymphadenopathy

A

enlargement of superficial lymph nodes; from typical cold.

69
Q

What is the largest lymphoid organ?

A

the spleen

70
Q

functions of the spleen

A

site of lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance and response

cleanses blood of aged blood cells and platelets; macrophages remove debris

71
Q

site of lymphocyte proliferation

A

the spleen

72
Q

additional functions of the spleen

A
  1. stores breakdown products of RBCs (e.g., iron) for later reuse
  2. stores blood platelets and monocytes for release into blood when needed
  3. may be site of fetal erythrocyte production
73
Q

white pulp of the spleen

A

immune system here

most lymphocytes here

mostly lymphocytes on reticular fibers

found around central arteries

74
Q

red pulp of the spleen

A

around central arteries

site where old blood cells and bloodborne pathogens are destroyed

rich in RBCs and macrophages

composed of splenic cords separating blood-filled splenic sinusoids

75
Q

splenectomy

A

surgical removal of ruptured spleen

76
Q

What organs take over if the spleen must be removed?

A

liver and bone marrow

77
Q

tonsils

A

simplest lymphoid organ

lymphatic tissue around the pharynx

gather and remove pathogens from food and air

78
Q

palatine tonsils

A

posterior oral cavity

most often infected

largest tonsils

79
Q

lingual tonsils

A

base of tongue

80
Q

pharyngeal tonsil

A

posterior nasopharynx

also called adenoids

81
Q

tubal tonsils

A

surround openings of auditory tubes into pharynx

82
Q

Peyer’s patches

A

also called aggregated lymphoid nodules

clusters of lymphoid follicles in wall of distal portion of small intestine

peak at age 15-25

destroy bacteria, preventing them from breaching intestinal wall

generate “memory” lymphocytes

83
Q

appendix

A

offshoot of the first part of the large intestine

destroy bacteria, preventing them from breaching intestinal wall

generate “memory” lymphocytes

84
Q

thymus

A

bilobed lymphoid organ found in inferior neck

where t cells mature

largest during childhood

85
Q

thymus cortex

A

rapidly dividing lymphocytes

86
Q

thymus medulla

A

regulatory t cells develop in thymic corpuscles

87
Q

regulatory t cells

A

help body identify what are antigens and what are good self particles.

88
Q

thymus differs from other lymphoid organs in what important ways?

A
  1. no follicles bc it lacks b cells
  2. doesn’t directly fight antigens
  3. stroma is made up of epithelial cells, not reticular fibers
89
Q

blood thymus barrier

A

keeps immature T lymphocytes isolated from any antigens to prevent premature activation

prevents particles from getting into the thalamus and premature activation of T cells.

DPT 503 (22 decks)

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