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DPT 503 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

common function of the ES and NS

A

maintain homeostasis

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2
Q

NS sends messages by:

A

nerve fibers along neural pathways

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3
Q

ES sens messages by:

A

hormones in the blood

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4
Q

NS characteristics different from ES

A

Initiates responses rapidly,
short-duration responses, acts via action potentials and neurotransmitters, acts at specific locations determined by axon pathways, and neurotransmitters act over very short distances

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5
Q

ES characteristics different from NS

A

Initiates responses slowly, long-duration responses, acts via hormones released into the blood, acts at diffuse locations-targets can be anywhere blood reaches, and hormones act over long distances

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6
Q

endocrine functions

A

cell differentiation (in utero), growth and development, reproductive systems, homeostasis, and emergency responses

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7
Q

pure endocrine glands

A

pineal, pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands

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8
Q

mixed glands

A

hypothalamus and pancreas

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9
Q

negative feedback system

A

change in one direction produces change in the opposite direction; response will reverse or cause the opposite effect of the og stimulus.

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10
Q

positive feedback system

A

change in one direction produces change in the same direction (rare)

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11
Q

2 classes of hormones

A

amino acid based (amino acid derivatives, peptides, and proteins) and steriod (from cholesterol)

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12
Q

Are all cells affected by hormones?

A

no, only cells with receptors are effected

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13
Q

ways hormones produce changes:

A

alter plasma membrane permeability or membrane potential or both by opening or closing ion channels, stimulates synthesis of enzymes and other proteins within the cell, activates or deactivates enzymes, induces secretory activity, or stimulates mitosis

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14
Q

water-soluble hormones

A

all amino acid based hormones except thyroid hormone; acrt on plasma membrane receptors; second messenger systems with G-proteins; DOES NOT ENTER THE CELL ALONE

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15
Q

lipid-soluble hormones

A

steriod and thyroid hormone; act on intracellular receptors that directly activate genes; can enter the cell

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16
Q

humoral stimuli

A

changes blood levels of ions and nutrients directly stimulates secretion of hormones

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17
Q

neural stimuli

A

nerve fibers stimulate hormone release

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18
Q

hormonal stimuli

A

hormones stimulate targets to release their hormones

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19
Q

hypothalamic-pituitary-target organ feedback loop

A

hypothalamic hormones stimulate release of most anterior pituitary hormones, anterior pituitary hormones stimulate target to secrete more hormones; hormones from the final target organs inhibit release of anterior pituitary hormones

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20
Q

can NS adjust hormone levels?

A

yes

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21
Q

how can hormones be removed from the blood

A

degrading enzymes, liver, kidney

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22
Q

half life

A

time required for level of hormone in blood level to decrease by half

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23
Q

up regulation

A

target cells form more receptors in response to low hormone levels

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24
Q

down regulation

A

target cells lose receptors in response to high hormone levels; desensitizes the cell to prevent overreactions

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25
Q

alcohol and ADH

A

kidneys release water-dehydrated

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26
Q

anterior pituitary hormones

A

growth hormone (GH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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27
Q

posterior pituiatary hormones

A

oxytocin and antidiuretic horomones

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28
Q

posterior pituitary

A

neural

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29
Q

anterior pituitary

A

hormonal

30
Q

growth hormone (GH)

A

triggered by low blood levels of GH, sleep, hypoglycemia, increased amino acids, and low fatty acids; inhibited by growth inhibiting hormone or decreased growth releasing hormone; target organs are liver, muscle and bone; increase: giantism or acromegaly; decrease: dwarfism

31
Q

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

stimulated by releasing hormones or cold temp in infants; stimulates thyroid gland; inhibited by rising blood levels of thyroid hormones that act on pituitary and hypothalamus;

32
Q

is antidiuretic hormone produced or stored in the posterior pituitary?

A

stored; it’s produced in the hypothalamus

33
Q

antidiuretic hormone inhibition

A

good hydration and alcohol

34
Q

what hormone affects most of the systems of the body?

A

thyroid hormone

35
Q

2 forms of thyroid hormone

A

T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine-must be converted to T3 at tissue level)

36
Q

goiter

A

enlarged thyroid from lack of iodine (not seen often in the US); less iodine=decreased TH=increased TSH to synthesize more=enlarged thryoid

37
Q

calorigenic effect

A

increased basal metabolic rate and heat production

38
Q

graves disease

A

hypersecretion of TH; autoimmune disease where body makes abnormal antibodies directed against thyroid follicular cells, the antibodies mimic TSH, stimulating TH release; s/s:elevated metabolic rate, sweating, rapid and irregular heartbeats, nervousness, and weight loss despite adequate food, exophthalmos (protruding eyes)

39
Q

graves disease treatments

A

surgical removal the thyroid or radioactive iodine to destroy active thyroid cells

40
Q

parathyroid glands

A

secrete parathyroid hormone which is important in calcium; triggered by low calcium levels; inhibited by too much calcium; target organs: bones, kidneys, small intestines; KIDNEY IS INVOLVED IN RELEASE OF CALCIUM!!!!

41
Q

what vitamin helps with calcium absorption?

A

vitamin D

42
Q

adrenal glands

A

atop kidneys

43
Q

adrenal cortex (outer)

A

3 layers of glandular tissues that secrete aldosterone and cortisol; this area produces 24 hormone collectively called corticosteriods (mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids, and gonadocorticoids)

44
Q

mineralcorticoids

A

primarily aldosterone; regulates sodium ion reabsorption and potassium ion excretion;

45
Q

release of aldosterone

A

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism

46
Q

glucocorticoids

A

primarily cortisol; helps body resist stressors by increasing blood glucose, fatty acid and amino acid levels, and BP; high levels depress the immune system

47
Q

adrenal medulla (inner)

A

nervous tissue that is a part of the SNS; produces catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) in response to SNS stimulation

48
Q

epinephrine

A

stimulator of metabolic activities

49
Q

norepinephrine

A

influence on periferal vasoconstriction and BP

50
Q

effects of catecholemines

A

vasoconstriction, increased heart rate, increased blood glucose levels, and blood diverted to the brain, heart, and skeletal muscle

51
Q

short-term stress

A

1st action potential triggers hypothalamus activitating SNS, adrenal medulla release norepinephrine/epinephrine (fight or flight), respiratory/cardiac affects

52
Q

long-term stress

A

stimulates anterior and posterior pituitary, anterior pituitary releases adrenocorticotropin hormones to adrenal cortex causing metabolic and renal effects

53
Q

hyposecretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

not essential to life, so no effects

54
Q

hypersecretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

symptoms of uncontrolled SNS: hyperglycemia, increased metabolic rate, rapid heartbeat, palpitations, hypertension, intense nervousness, sweating

55
Q

aldosterone

A

steroid hormone; mineralcorticoid; increased blood volume by promoting reabsorption of sodium and water while increasing excretion of potassium

56
Q

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism

A
  • low blood volume stimulates release of angiotensin 2; angiotensin 2 stimulates adrenal cortex to produce aldosterone; aldosterone causes sodium reabsorption, water reabsorption, potassium excretion, and net increase in blood volume; increased blood volume inhibits the production of angiotensin 2 via negative feedback loop
  • renin makes angiotensin to angiotensin 1, lungs make angiotensin 2, stimulates cortex, aldosterone release, salt retention, higher BP; stimulated by low BP
57
Q

where is angiotensin produced?

A

in the liver

58
Q

med for high BP

A

ACE inhibitor

59
Q

where is ACE made?

A

in the lungs

60
Q

cortisol

A

released in response to ACTH which is released in response to CRH which is released in response to low cortisol levels; increased cortisol levels inhibit ACTH and CRH through negative feedback loop; governed by patterns of eating and activity; CNS can override inhibition of cortisol

61
Q

cortisol actions

A

increase in blood levels of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids; fight or flight; prime metabolic effect is gluconeogenesis (new glucose formation); enhance vasoconstriction (causes rise in BP);

62
Q

excessive cortisol

A

Depress cartilage and bone formation, inhibit inflammation by decreasing the release of inflammatory chemicals, depress immune system, and disrupt normal cardiovascular, neural, and gastrointestinal functions

63
Q

corticosteriod hypersecretion (Cushings)

A

Depresses cartilage/bone formation and immune system; inhibits inflammation; disrupts neural, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal function.

Causes: tumor on pituitary, lungs, pancreas, kidney, or adrenal cortex; overuse of corticosteroids.

Moon face and buffalo hump.

Treatments: removal of tumor or discontinuation of drug

64
Q

corticosteriod hyposecretion (Addisons)

A

Usually involves deficits in both glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids

Decrease in plasma glucose and Na+ levels

Weight loss, severe dehydration, and hypotension are common

Treatment: corticosteroid replacement therapy

Early sign is characteristic bronzing of skin due to high levels of ACTH, which triggers melanin production in melanocytes

65
Q

pineal gland

A

small gland hanging from the roof of the 3rd ventricle; melatonin

66
Q

pancreas

A

exocrine and endocrine cells; insulin levels

67
Q

acinar cells (exocrine)

A

produce enzyme rich juice for digestion

68
Q

pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) (endocrine)

A

alpha cells (hyperglycemic hormone) produce glucagon; beta cells (hypoglycemic hormone) produce insulin (secreted when blood glucose levels increase)

69
Q

insulin lowers glucose levels in 3 ways:

A

Enhances membrane transport of glucose into fat and muscle cells

Inhibits breakdown of glycogen to glucose

Inhibits conversion of amino acids or fats to glucose

70
Q

glucagon

A

potent hyperglycemic agent; triggerd by decreased blood glucose levels, rising amino acid levels, or SNS

raises blood glucose levels by targeting liver to:
- break down glycogen into glucose (glycogenolysis)
- synthesize glucose from lactic acid and other noncarbohydrates (gluconeogenesis)
- release glucose into the blood

71
Q

hormone secretion by other organs

A

adipose tissue, GI tract, skin, heart, kidneys (renin-initiates renin-angiotensis-aldosterone mechanism), and skeleton

72
Q

where is glycogen stored?

A

in the liver

DPT 503 (22 decks)

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