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DPT 503 > Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

what are the divisions of the ANS?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

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2
Q

what is the role of the ANS?

A

homeostasis

reproduction

regulates viscera, vasculature, and glands

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3
Q

what are the ANS receptors?

A

mechanoreceptors (pressure and stretch)
- pressure receptors: aorta, carotid sinus, lungs
- stretch receptors: veins, bladder, intestines

chemoreceptors (chemical changes)
- carotid and aortic bodies: oxygen
- medulla: H+ and CO2 (breathing)
- hypothalamus: plasma glucose, electrolytes

thermoreceptors (temp changes)
- hypothalamus: internal temp
- cutaneous receptors: external temp

nociceptors (pain)
- viscera, arterial walls

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4
Q

what are the afferent pathways of the ANS?

A

dorsal roots to SC

CN 9 and 10 to BS

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5
Q

afferent pathways from dorsal roots to SC

A

from muscles, vessels, or intestines to SC

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6
Q

afferent pathways from CN 9, 10 to BS

A

only CNs transmitting info from viscera to brain

CN 9: info from larynx and pharynx

CN 10: info from aortic arch, bronchii, and liver

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7
Q

what do the visceral afferents entering the BS via CNs go through?

A

the solitary nucleus

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8
Q

what is the solitary nucleus?

A

the main visceral sensory nucleus in the brain

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9
Q

from the solitary nucleus, what 2 areas can the visceral afferents be conveyed to?

A

visceral control area

regulatory area

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10
Q

what is the visceral control area?

A

in the medulla and pons

direct control of vital functions

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11
Q

what is the regulatory area?

A

in hypothalamus and limbic system

emotions and motivation

no direct control over vital functions, but can modulate them

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12
Q

what do the visceral afferents connect to?

A

visceral controls area

regulatory area

visceral (sympathetic) efferents

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13
Q

what additional areas do nociceptive afferents connect to?

A

somatosensory nociceptive tracts (contributing to referred pain)

somatic efferents (muscle guarding)

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14
Q

what is referred pain?

A

pain felt at a site different from the injured organ/body part

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15
Q

what is central regulation of autonomic function? what contributes to it?

A

efferents of the ANS

hypothalamus

medulla

pons

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16
Q

what is the role of the hypothalamus in central regulation of autonomic function?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic headquarters

master controller of homeostasis

hypothalamospinal and hypothalamobulbar tracts

direct action on pons and medulla

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17
Q

what is the role of the medulla in central regulation of autonomic function?

A

processing center for complex visceral reflexes (sympathetic and parasympathetic)

HR, respiration, vasoconstriction/dilation via autonomic efferents and vagus nerve

coughing, swallowing, vasomotor, and cardiac centers

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18
Q

what is the role of the pons in central regulation of autonomic function?

A

respiration

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19
Q

what is the role of the limbic system with the thalamus?

A

emotions and sensory input
- anxious=increased HR
- embarrassed=blushing

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20
Q

what is integration of central and peripheral receptor info for autonomic regulation?

A

checks and balances on ANS changes like respiration

ex: central and peripheral chemoreceptors adjust respiration when medulla detects CO2 and pH of blood
- high CO2, low pH=increased respiration and depth

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21
Q

what are the 2 main CNS outputs? (efferents)

A

somatic motor: skeletal muscle

autonomic: everything else

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22
Q

somatic motor division of the CNS output

A

skeletal muscles

voluntary/conscious

1 neuron system

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23
Q

autonomic division of the CNS output

A

everything else that isn’t skeletal muscle

usually 2 neurons system (1 exception)

hormonal influence

nonconscious

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24
Q

what are the 2 efferent divisions of the ANS?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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25
Q

what is the sympathetic division?

A

fight or flight

adrenergic (E, NE)

thoraco-lumbar efferent (T1-L2)

26
Q

what is the parasympathetic division of the ANS?

A

rest and digest

cholinergic (ACh)

cranio-sacral efferents

27
Q

what is the 2 neuron system?

A

CNS–> ganglion–> effector organ in periphery

28
Q

what is a ganglion?

A

a group of cells bodies

29
Q

what is the preganglionic neuron?

A

before the synapse in the ganglion

30
Q

what is the postganglionic neuron?

A

the soma is in the ganglion and the axon goes into the periphery

31
Q

cholinergic autonomic efferents

A

all preganglionic neurons synapse on postganglionic receptors that are ACh/nicotinic and result in EPSP

sympathetic efferents to the heart and blood vessels and apocrine sweat glands have adrenergic receptors

sympathetic efferents to eccrine sweat glands have muscarinic receptors

parasympathetic efferents to glands, smooth muscles, heart, and airways have muscarinic receptors and can lead to EPSP or IPSP

32
Q

apocrine sweat glands

A

nervous sweating

33
Q

eccrine sweat glands

A

temp regulation

34
Q

what are the neurotransmitters of the ANS?

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

35
Q

what are the adrenergic receptors subtypes?

A

alpha 1 and 2 and beta 1 and 2

36
Q

what targets have adrenergic receptors?

A

sympathetic postganglionic neurons innervating heart, blood vessels

sympathetic postganglionic neurons from the adrenal medulla

37
Q

where are alpha adrenergic receptors?

A

arterioles in peripheral smooth muscles and small amounts in the heart and bronchiole muscles

38
Q

sympathetic efferents

A

thoracolumbar outflow

innervate thoracic viscera and periphery

innervate abdominal and pelvic organs

innervate adrenal medulla

39
Q

sympathetic efferents in the thoracic viscera and periphery

A

synapse in paravertebral ganglia (sympathetic trunk)

travel up and down the sympathetic trunk

40
Q

sympathetic efferents in the abdominal organs

A

synapse near the target organs-pass the trunk w/o synapsing

splanchnic nerve

stomach, liver, pancreas, intestines

41
Q

sympathetic efferents in the adrenal medulla

A

specialized sympathetic ganglion

secrete NE/E in the bloodstream

42
Q

sympathetic efferents traveling the paravertebral ganglia

A

vasculature of limbs, face and upper/lower extremities

43
Q

sympathetic control of optimal blood supply in organs

A

optimize blood supply in organs
-stimulate smooth muscle in artery walls–> vasoconstriction (sit to stand, threat/fear)

regulate blood supply in skeletal muscle
- prevents blood pooling by causing vasoconstriction

orthostatic hypotension, syncope

44
Q

running away

A

vasoconstrict stomach and GI system

vasodilate muscles

45
Q

supine to standing

A

pooling of blood in legs prevented by vasoconstriction in legs to keep you from fainting when standing up

46
Q

sympathetic control of temp

A

effects on metabolism

effects on skin

47
Q

sympathetic control of temp: what is the effect on metabolism?

A

adrenal medulla releases epinephrine into the bloodstream and this increases the metabolic rate

48
Q

sympathetic control of temp: what is the effect on skin?

A

diameter of blood vessels, secretion of sweat, and piloerection

cold: NE binds to alpha adrenergic receptors in skin arterioles

hot: activation of eccrine sweat glands

49
Q

sympathetic control of blood flow and temp in the head

A

pupillary dilation

assist in upper eyelid elevation

secretion of thick saliva-dry mouth

50
Q

sympathetic control of the heart

A

beta 1 adrenergic

increased HR and contractility

51
Q

sympathetic control of the lungs

A

beta 2 adrenergic

dilation of airways

52
Q

sympathetic control of the GI tract

A

decrease blood flow

slow/stop peristalsis

reduce glandular secretions

contract sphincters (GI and bowel and bladder)

53
Q

parasympathetic efferents

A

cranio-sacral outflow

CN 3, 7, 9, 10 (also go to solitary nucleus)

lateral horn of S2-4

ganglia near or in target organs

main purpose: energy conservation and storage

no innervation to sweat glands, extremity arterioles/veins or hair cells

54
Q

parasympathetic efferents: CN 3

A

pupillary constriction

increase convexity of lens-focus on near object and accomodation reflex)

55
Q

parasympathetic efferents: CN 7 and 9

A

thin saliva to aid digestion

56
Q

parasympathetic efferents: CN 7

A

lacrimal glands-tears

57
Q

parasympathetic efferents: CN 10

A

innervates heart, lungs, GI, liver, and kidney

decrease HR

bronchoconstriction

increase peristalsis

increase glycogen synthesis and glandular secretion in the liver

mostly heart function

75% of CN innervation

58
Q

sacral parasympathetic efferents

A

S2-4

axons travel in pelvic nerves

emptying of the bowel and bladder

erection of genitalia

59
Q

bowel and bladder control: filling

A

sympathetic

involuntary

relax detrusor muscle, contract sphincter

afferent doesn’t have a lot of signal when full, sympathetic efferent (hypogastric nerve) orders the detrusor to be inhibited and internal sphincter to be activated

T10-L2

60
Q

bowel and bladder control: voiding

A

parasympathetic

relax sphincter, contract detrusor muscle

afferent signal says the bladder is full

activate pelvic nerve–> activate detrusor, inhibit sphincter

61
Q

what does reflexive voiding involve?

A

micturition reflex

not yet potty trained

afferent signal from bladder wall, when full it activates the micturition center of S2-4

pelvic nerve is efferent-contract detrusor

62
Q

what does voluntary voiding involve?

A

potty trained

needs pontine and cortical input- brain; pontine micturition center communicates w/sacral micturition center to tell it what to do

pudendal nerve-voluntary motor control relaxes voluntary muscles of sphincter

DPT 503 (22 decks)

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