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Anatomy Final > Somatic Sensory System > Flashcards

Somatic Sensory System Flashcards

1
Q

name the differences between somatic senses and other senses

A
  1. receptors are distributed throughout the body as opposed to being concentrated at small, specialized locations
  2. responds to many kinds of stimuli
  3. at least four senses
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2
Q

name the four senses

A

temperature
body position
touch
pain

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3
Q

name the 5 types of somatic receptors

A 
mechanoreceptors
nociceptors
thermoreceptors
proprioceptors
chemoreceptors
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4
Q

define mechanoreceptors

A

sensitive to physical distortion

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5
Q

define nociceptors

A

respond to damaging stimuli; pain

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6
Q

define thermoreceptors

A

sensitive to changes in temperature

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7
Q

define proprioceptors

A

monitor body position

are associated with joints, tendons

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8
Q

define chemoreceptors

A

respond to certain chemicals

smell, taste

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9
Q

nociceptors and thermoreceptors can be classified as

A

free nerve endings

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10
Q

the most cutaneous receptors are

A

encapsulated

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11
Q

what does stimuli applied on skin do?

A

it deforms or changes a receptor

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12
Q

what does this deformity do?

A

alters the ionic permeability of the receptor creating generator potentials

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13
Q

define sensation?

A

is the process initiated by stimuli acting on sensory receptors

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14
Q

how can mechanical energy be differentiated?

A

stimulus frequency
stimulus pressure
receptive field

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15
Q

name the types of mechanoreceptors

A 
pacinian
meissner's corpuscle
ruffini
merkel's disk
hair follicle receptor
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16
Q

the pacinian corpuscle are…

A

sensitive to vibration

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17
Q

where is the pacinian corpuscle located?

A

between the dermal and hypodermal

subcutaneous tissue

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18
Q

T/F:the pacinian corpuscle can be associated with joints

A

True

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19
Q

Meissner’s corpuscle are located in

A

dermal papillae

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20
Q

Meissner’s corpuscle are sensitive to what?

A

vibrations

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21
Q

Where are Ruffini’s located?

A

in the dermis of the skin

primarily the fingers

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22
Q

what doe Merkel’s disks tell?

A

light pressure and tactile discrimination

superficial pressure

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23
Q

where are Merkel’s disks located?

A

in basal layer of epidermis

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24
Q

Hair follicle receptors respond to

A

very slight bending of the hair and are involved in light touch

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25
Q

Nociceptors are what kind of nerve endings?

A

free, unmyelinated nerve endings

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26
Q

what do nociceptors tell you?

A

signal that body tissue is being damaged

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27
Q

where can nociceptors be found?

A

in most tissues but not the brain

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28
Q

what are the 3 types of damage detected?

A

mechanical
thermal
chemical

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29
Q

mechanical refers to

A

strong pressure (sharp objects)

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30
Q

thermal refers to

A

active when tissues begin to be destroyed

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31
Q

chemical refers to

A

environmental agents or those from tissues itself

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32
Q

thermoreceptors tightly regulates _______

A

the brain

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33
Q

at what temperature?

A

37C

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34
Q

brain function changes…

A

above and below that temperature

35
Q

____________in our skin that can perceive changes in temperature as small as 0.01 C

A

Specialized receptors

36
Q

warm begin firing at

A

30C up to 45C

37
Q

cold begin firing at

A

35C to 10C

38
Q

which receptors are more numerous in any given area of skin.

A

cold receptors

39
Q

proprioceptors are involved with

A

body position

40
Q

describe what it is looking at regarding body position

A

where the body is
direction of movement
speed of movement

41
Q

where can these proprioceptors be found?

A

in the skeletal muscles

42
Q

name the 2 kinds of mechanosensitive proprioceptors

A

muscle spindles

golgi tendon organs

43
Q

the muscle spindles consist of

A

specialized intrafusal muscle fibers distributed among ordinary muscle fibers
detect changes in muscle length

44
Q

the golgi tendon organs are distributed…

A

among collagen fibers in tendons and detects changes in muscle tension

45
Q

how many spinal segments are there?

A

30

46
Q

what do they consist of?

A

paired dorsal and ventral roots

47
Q

spinal segments are divided into 4 groups:

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral

48
Q

cervical:

A

C1-C8

49
Q

thoracic:

A

T1-T12

50
Q

lumbar:

A

L1-L5

51
Q

sacral:

A

S1-S5

52
Q

cervical controls mainly

A

head,shoulders,neck, and fingers

53
Q

thoracic controls mainly

A

chest and back

54
Q

lumbar mainly controls

A

umbilical and down

front of legs

55
Q

sacral mainly controls

A

back of leg

56
Q

____ and ______ are related

A

segmented organization of the spinal nerve

sensory innervation of skin

57
Q

define dermatome

A

area of skin innervated by the dorsal roots of a single spinal segment

58
Q

where can you find cervical dermatomes?

A

above sternum

59
Q

where can you find thoracic dermatomes?

A

top of sternum to waist

60
Q

where are lumbar dermatomes?

A

front of legs and stomach

61
Q

where can sacral dermatomes?

A

back of legs and genitals

62
Q

name the 2 basic systems of somatic sensory pathwayd

A
  1. pain and temperature

2. touch and proprioception

63
Q

which pathway is for touch and proprioception

A

Dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway

64
Q

which pathway is for pain and temperature

A

Spinothalamic pathway

65
Q

In the DCML pathway information ascends…

A

through the dorsal column on the ipsilateral side of the spinal cord

66
Q

where is the synapse?

A

in the medulla

67
Q

then the signal crosses

A

over and ascends via the medial lemniscus to the thalamus

68
Q

then where does it synapse?

A

in VP thalamus

69
Q

where does it project to

A

the cortex

70
Q

in the ST pathway, information crosses to the…

A

contralateral side in the spinal cord

71
Q

then it ascends via what?

A

spinothalamic tract

72
Q

it later synapses at

A

the thalamus (VP)

73
Q

it later projects to the

A

cortex

74
Q

Information carried in each pathway remains…

A

separate

75
Q

up to how?

A

to the cortex

76
Q

the ventral posterior (VP) or thalamus nucleus receives…

A

the information and projects to the somatosensory cortex

77
Q

if you injure the spinal pathway of one side, you will lose…

A

pain and temperature of opposite side

78
Q

_____________________ receives simple segregated streams of sensory information

A

primary somatosensory cortex

79
Q

where does the integration take place?

A

in the posterior parietal cortex

80
Q

define hyperalgesia

A

tissue already damaged is much more sensitive to pain

81
Q

how are nociceptors sensitized?

A

by various substances released by damaged tissue

82
Q

how can pain be modified?

A

by non-painful sensory input

and endorphins

83
Q

define somatotopy

A

mapping of the body’s surface sensations onto a brain structure

84
Q

how is the size of the area related?

A

to the importance of the sensory input (finger tip versus elbow)

Anatomy Final (12 decks)

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