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Anatomy Final > Reproductive System Part 2 > Flashcards

Reproductive System Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

define hormone

A

substance produced in one part of the body that affects another part of the body

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2
Q

_____ hormones travels through blood

A

endocrine

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3
Q

GnRH- gonadotropin releasing hormone is produced by

A

hypothalamus

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4
Q

the GnRH travels via __________ to anterior pituitary to control release of LH and FHS

A

portal vein

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5
Q

FSH is produced by

A

anterior pituitary gland

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6
Q

FSH controls

A

gonadic function

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7
Q

LH is produced by

A

anterior pituitary gland

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8
Q

LH controls

A

gonadic function

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9
Q

________ is produced by gonads

A

estrogens

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10
Q

progesterone is produced by

A

corpus luteum

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11
Q

what does progesterone do?

A

prepares uterus for implantation and pregnancy

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12
Q

____ is primarily a male hormone

A

testosterone

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13
Q

testosterone can also be produced by

A

adrenal gland

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14
Q

__ is secreted by extraembryonic membranes during pregnancy

A

HCG - human chorionic gonadotropin

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15
Q

the menstrual cycle is about how many days?

A

28

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16
Q

the range of the menstrual cycle is?

A

20-36 days

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17
Q

menstruation flow typically lasts

A

2-7 days

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18
Q

pheromones are

A

olfactory behavior signals important in lower species

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19
Q

the follicular phase begins when

A

hypothalamus secretes GnRH

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20
Q

the GnRH controls the activity of

A

anterior pituitary gland

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21
Q

after it has been stimulated, the anterior pituitary gland secretes

A

FSH and LH

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22
Q

FSH and LH controls activity of

A

ovary

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23
Q

FSH stimulates ______ to begin to develop

A

ovarian follicles

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24
Q

as ovarian follicles develop, they begin to secrete

A

estrogen

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25
Q

what does estrogen do?

A

causes further follicular development

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26
Q

T/F estrogen causes endometrium to thin

A

False; it causes it to thicken

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27
Q

____ acts to signal hypothalamus to stop releasing GnRH

A

estrogen

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28
Q

_____ feedback leads to reduced production

A

negative

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29
Q

negative feedback causes reduced

A

FSH release

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30
Q

elevated estrogen levels causes

A

LH release from anterior pituitary

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31
Q

elevated estrogen levels causing LH release is example of

A

positive feedback - increase production

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32
Q

Although there are many follicles in the ovary, one becomes _____

A

dominant

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33
Q

by dominant we mean…

A

mature

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34
Q

during ovulation, the ___ is released from follicle

A

egg

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35
Q

during ovulation, the follicle differentiate into

A

corpus luteum

36
Q

estrogen levels peak…

A

1 to 2 days prior to ovulation

37
Q

_______ causes a surge in LH from anterior pituitary

A

elevated estrogen

38
Q

_______ is a response to LH surge

A

ovulation

39
Q

the corpus luteum produces progesterone. Progesterone is thermogenic. what does this mean?

A

causes an increase in basal body temperature

40
Q

progesterone causes reduced ___ levels

A

LH and GnRH

41
Q

as follicles differentiate, it produces

A

testosterone

42
Q

T/F testosterone increase libido

A

true

43
Q

the rupture of the follicle results in

A

release of egg into fimbria

44
Q

define Mittelschmerz

A

pain of ovulation due to stretching of the ovarian capsule and subsequent capsular rupture

45
Q

how is the egg moved?

A

by cilia and motility of fallopian tube

46
Q

egg is ___ for approx. 36 hours

A

viable

47
Q

___ is viable for approx. 3 to 5 days

A

sperm

48
Q

window for pregnancy can be as large as

A

7 days

49
Q

window of pregnancy consists of

A

5 days prior to ovulation

1-1.5 days after ovulation

50
Q

___ phase last 14 days of the menstrual cycle

A

luteal

51
Q

the luteal phase corresponds to

A

the life of the corpus luteum

52
Q

the corpus luteum is derived from

A

the follicle

53
Q

name the 3 things the corpus luteum produces

A

progesterone
estrogen
testosterone

54
Q

_____ suppresses new follicle growth

A

progesterone

55
Q

if no pregnancy, the corpus luteum degenerates into

A

corpus albicans (white body)

56
Q

if there is no pregnancy, what levels fall?

A

estrogen and progesterone

57
Q

the fall in estrogen and progesterone levels causes

A

endometrium lining to degenerate –> menstruation

58
Q

if pregnant, the developing embryo produces

A

HCG

59
Q

what does HCG do?

A

maintains corpus luteum

60
Q

if pregnant, what maintains the uterus?

A

progesterone

61
Q

T/F: the proliferative phase corresponds to follicular phase in ovary

A

TRUE

62
Q

during the proliferative phase, the endometrium

A

thickens

63
Q

during the proliferative phase, the _______ grow in response to estrogen

A

glands and blood vessels

64
Q

name the changes that estrogen causes to the cervical mucus

A

thinner
clearer
more elstic

65
Q

what do the changes that estrogen does to cervical mucus allow?

A

passage of sperm into uterus

66
Q

what happens after proliferatve phase?

A

ovulation -egg is released from follicle

67
Q

the secretory phase corresponds to the

A

luteal phase in ovary

68
Q

during the secretory phase, the endometrial glands and blood suppy ___

A

mature

69
Q

why does the endometrial glands and blood supply mature during the secretory phase?

A

prepared to secrete glycogen that is a nutrition for egg

70
Q

during the secretory phase, _____ maintains endometrium

A

progesterone

71
Q

increased levels of progesterone causes a reduced quantity of

A

thick and tacky cervical mucus

72
Q

______ occurs if fertilization does not occur

A

menstruation

73
Q

during menstruation, progesterone and estrogen levels

A

fall

74
Q

during menstruation, the endometrial blood vessel do what?

A

constrict

75
Q

what does the loss of blood to supply to endometrium cause?

A

shedding of endometrium

76
Q

menstrual flow is a combination of

A

endometrial tissue and blood

77
Q

what are cramps associated with?

A

lack of progesterone and presence of prostaglandins secreted in uterus

78
Q

toxic shock syndrome is caused by

A

a strain of Staphylococcus aureus

79
Q

S. aureus is resistant to

A

penicillin and other related drugs

80
Q

a common site for bacteria to colonize and begin to grow with S. aureus is

A

vagina

81
Q

the bacteria secrete

A

toxins

82
Q

the toxins enter

A

bloodstream

83
Q

initial exposure to toxin causes mild

A

flu-like symtpoms

84
Q

what happens with the bacteria

A

they stay, grow in numbers with each menstrual cycle and then more toxin is released

85
Q

symptoms of toxic shock syndrome include

A 
high fever
scarlet fever - like rash on chest and neck
low BP
diarrhea and vomiting
muscle aches
vaginal or throat infection
kidney malfunction
liver failure
disorientation or confusion
86
Q

how to prevent toxic shock syndrome?

A

create less permissive environments for bacterial growth

frequently change tampons (every 3 to 4 hrs)

Anatomy Final (12 decks)

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