Reproductive System Part 2 Flashcards
define hormone
substance produced in one part of the body that affects another part of the body
_____ hormones travels through blood
endocrine
GnRH- gonadotropin releasing hormone is produced by
hypothalamus
the GnRH travels via __________ to anterior pituitary to control release of LH and FHS
portal vein
FSH is produced by
anterior pituitary gland
FSH controls
gonadic function
LH is produced by
anterior pituitary gland
LH controls
gonadic function
________ is produced by gonads
estrogens
progesterone is produced by
corpus luteum
what does progesterone do?
prepares uterus for implantation and pregnancy
____ is primarily a male hormone
testosterone
testosterone can also be produced by
adrenal gland
__ is secreted by extraembryonic membranes during pregnancy
HCG - human chorionic gonadotropin
the menstrual cycle is about how many days?
28
the range of the menstrual cycle is?
20-36 days
menstruation flow typically lasts
2-7 days
pheromones are
olfactory behavior signals important in lower species
the follicular phase begins when
hypothalamus secretes GnRH
the GnRH controls the activity of
anterior pituitary gland
after it has been stimulated, the anterior pituitary gland secretes
FSH and LH
FSH and LH controls activity of
ovary
FSH stimulates ______ to begin to develop
ovarian follicles
as ovarian follicles develop, they begin to secrete
estrogen
what does estrogen do?
causes further follicular development
T/F estrogen causes endometrium to thin
False; it causes it to thicken
____ acts to signal hypothalamus to stop releasing GnRH
estrogen
_____ feedback leads to reduced production
negative
negative feedback causes reduced
FSH release
elevated estrogen levels causes
LH release from anterior pituitary
elevated estrogen levels causing LH release is example of
positive feedback - increase production
Although there are many follicles in the ovary, one becomes _____
dominant
by dominant we mean…
mature
during ovulation, the ___ is released from follicle
egg
during ovulation, the follicle differentiate into
corpus luteum
estrogen levels peak…
1 to 2 days prior to ovulation
_______ causes a surge in LH from anterior pituitary
elevated estrogen
_______ is a response to LH surge
ovulation
the corpus luteum produces progesterone. Progesterone is thermogenic. what does this mean?
causes an increase in basal body temperature
progesterone causes reduced ___ levels
LH and GnRH
as follicles differentiate, it produces
testosterone
T/F testosterone increase libido
true
the rupture of the follicle results in
release of egg into fimbria
define Mittelschmerz
pain of ovulation due to stretching of the ovarian capsule and subsequent capsular rupture
how is the egg moved?
by cilia and motility of fallopian tube
egg is ___ for approx. 36 hours
viable
___ is viable for approx. 3 to 5 days
sperm
window for pregnancy can be as large as
7 days
window of pregnancy consists of
5 days prior to ovulation
1-1.5 days after ovulation
___ phase last 14 days of the menstrual cycle
luteal
the luteal phase corresponds to
the life of the corpus luteum
the corpus luteum is derived from
the follicle
name the 3 things the corpus luteum produces
progesterone
estrogen
testosterone
_____ suppresses new follicle growth
progesterone
if no pregnancy, the corpus luteum degenerates into
corpus albicans (white body)
if there is no pregnancy, what levels fall?
estrogen and progesterone
the fall in estrogen and progesterone levels causes
endometrium lining to degenerate –> menstruation
if pregnant, the developing embryo produces
HCG
what does HCG do?
maintains corpus luteum
if pregnant, what maintains the uterus?
progesterone
T/F: the proliferative phase corresponds to follicular phase in ovary
TRUE
during the proliferative phase, the endometrium
thickens
during the proliferative phase, the _______ grow in response to estrogen
glands and blood vessels
name the changes that estrogen causes to the cervical mucus
thinner
clearer
more elstic
what do the changes that estrogen does to cervical mucus allow?
passage of sperm into uterus
what happens after proliferatve phase?
ovulation -egg is released from follicle
the secretory phase corresponds to the
luteal phase in ovary
during the secretory phase, the endometrial glands and blood suppy ___
mature
why does the endometrial glands and blood supply mature during the secretory phase?
prepared to secrete glycogen that is a nutrition for egg
during the secretory phase, _____ maintains endometrium
progesterone
increased levels of progesterone causes a reduced quantity of
thick and tacky cervical mucus
______ occurs if fertilization does not occur
menstruation
during menstruation, progesterone and estrogen levels
fall
during menstruation, the endometrial blood vessel do what?
constrict
what does the loss of blood to supply to endometrium cause?
shedding of endometrium
menstrual flow is a combination of
endometrial tissue and blood
what are cramps associated with?
lack of progesterone and presence of prostaglandins secreted in uterus
toxic shock syndrome is caused by
a strain of Staphylococcus aureus
S. aureus is resistant to
penicillin and other related drugs
a common site for bacteria to colonize and begin to grow with S. aureus is
vagina
the bacteria secrete
toxins
the toxins enter
bloodstream
initial exposure to toxin causes mild
flu-like symtpoms
what happens with the bacteria
they stay, grow in numbers with each menstrual cycle and then more toxin is released
symptoms of toxic shock syndrome include
high fever scarlet fever - like rash on chest and neck low BP diarrhea and vomiting muscle aches vaginal or throat infection kidney malfunction liver failure disorientation or confusion
how to prevent toxic shock syndrome?
create less permissive environments for bacterial growth
frequently change tampons (every 3 to 4 hrs)
