Reproductive System Part 3

Question 1

fertilization is the

Answer 1

fusion of gametes (egg and sperm) to form the zygote

Question 2

where can fertilization occur?

Answer 2

in vivo

in vitro

Question 3

only ______ is normally released during the menstrual cycle

Answer 3

one oocyte

Question 4

following ovulation, the oocyte starts

Answer 4

undergoing an aging process

Question 5

this aging process, leads to

Answer 5

egg infertility

Question 6

egg is fertile for about

Answer 6

24 hours

Question 7

each ejaculation released

Answer 7

200 - 300 million spermatozoa

Question 8

_______ of spermatozoa will reach the site of fertilization

Answer 8

a very low percentage

Question 9

the cervic and uterofalloian junction is a

Answer 9

hostile environment

Question 10

what destroys most of the spermatozoa?

Answer 10

female immune system

Question 11

be more specific with what immune defense is found in uterine lumen

Answer 11

neutrophil granulocytes

macrophages

Question 12

is the killing of spermatozoa good?

Answer 12

yea, selects for the strongest sperm

Question 13

spermatozoa remain fertile for a maximum of ___ in the female reproductive system

Answer 13

2 days

Question 14

name the 2 functional modifications spermatozoa need for fertilization to take place

Answer 14

1. spermatozoa undergo maturation in the epididymis

2. spermatozoa undergo capacitation in the female reproductive system

Question 15

because of their size, sperm have

Answer 15

limited resources

Question 16

why is timing of motility off sperm important?

Answer 16

motility is very energy consuming and there is a great distance to travel

Question 17

_______ of the ovum form barriers to fertilization

Answer 17

extra-cellular layers

Question 18

what facilitates the acquisition of motility?

Answer 18

sperm maturation in the epididymis

Question 19

what triggers motility?

Answer 19

ejaculation of semen into the female reproductive tract

Question 20

sperm gradually become more motile after they

Answer 20

enter the female reproductive tract

Question 21

what does chemotaxis do?

Answer 21

chemical signals released by ovum that attracts sperm to the egg

Question 22

sperm require a period of maturation in the female reproductive tract before what?

Answer 22

they are capable of fertilizing the egg

Question 23

capable of fertilizing the egg takes about

Answer 23

5 to 6 hours

Question 24

capacitation takes place in

Answer 24

uterus and oviduct

Question 25

capacitation alters the

Answer 25

sperm plasma membrane

Question 26

T/F Capacitated sperm show greater respiratory activity and motility than noncapacitated sperm

Answer 26

true

Question 27

define acrosomal reaction

Answer 27

initiated as sperm proceed through the corona radiata and approach the zona pellucida

Question 28

_____ stored in the acrosome escape into the region surrounding the sperm

Answer 28

enzymes

Question 29

what do the enzymes do?

Answer 29

loosen connections between cumulus oophorus or corona radiata cells

Question 30

what do the enzymes allow?

Answer 30

sperm reach the zona pellucida

Question 31

_______ restricts inter-species fertilization

Answer 31

zona pellucida

Question 32

eggs are surrounded by the

Answer 32

zona pellucida

Question 33

after sperm penetration, zona pellucida undergoes a structural change known as

Answer 33

the zona reaction

Question 34

the outer most layer of egg contain

Answer 34

sperm receptors on the vitelline envelope

Question 35

what is the fertilization cone?

Answer 35

extension of egg cytoplasm that engulfs the sperm

Question 36

sperm and egg nuclei combine to form the

Answer 36

diploid zygotic nucleus

Question 37

____ is a late response to fertilization

Answer 37

synkaryon

Question 38

what happens if fertilization does not occur?

Answer 38

the ovum disintegrates and is destroyed by the fallopian tube

Question 39

the early reaction of egg to fertilization

Answer 39

prevents polyspermy

Question 40

the late response of egg to fertilization

Answer 40

lead to formation of embryo

Question 41

prevention of polyspermy allows

Answer 41

only one sperm to fertilize egg

Question 42

prevention of polyspermy prevents

Answer 42

polyploidy (more than 2 sets of chromosomes)

Question 43

polyploidy will ultimately cause

Answer 43

the death of the embryo

Question 44

the cortical reaction consists of the

Answer 44

exocytosis of the contents of the cortical granules

Question 45

vitelline envelope is called the ____ envelope

Answer 45

fertilization

Question 46

once egg and sperm join, what happens to vitelline envelope?

Answer 46

its elevated above the egg surface

Question 47

why is viline envelope elevated?

Answer 47

increases distance between egg plasma membrane and vitelline membrane and increases distance the supernumerary sperm have to trave

Question 48

cortical reaction makes the vitelline envelope

Answer 48

hard

Question 49

why is it good that vitelline envelope is hard?

Answer 49

so its resistant to digestion by sperm proteases

Question 50

finally, sperm receptors on the vitelline envelope are

Answer 50

destroyed

Question 51

__________ the egg is arrested in metaphase of the second meiotic division

Answer 51

prior to fertilization

Question 52

division process is reactivated by

Answer 52

the penetration of the sperm

Question 53

sorry ain’t finishing this

Answer 53

good luck!