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Anatomy Final > Auditory > Flashcards

Auditory Flashcards

1
Q

define audition

A

sense of hearing

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2
Q

describe general functions of audition

A

Mechanisms within the ear and brain that translate sound in our environment into meaningful neural signals

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3
Q

define sound

A

audible variations in air pressure

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4
Q

how is sound created?

A

molecules are displaced forward leaving a corresponding area of pressure

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5
Q

How do sound waves vary in two ways?

A

they either run in amplitude or frequency

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6
Q

define amplitude

A

intensity; peak to trough;

perceived as differences in loudness

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7
Q

define frequency

A 
# of compressions per second
pitch
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8
Q

name the 3 main divisions of the ear

A

Outer
Middle
Inner

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9
Q

What does the outer ear contain?

A 
Pinna
Auditory canal (external auditory meatus)
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10
Q

define Pinna

A

Funnel shaped outer ear made of skin and cartilage

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11
Q

what does the Pinna actually do?

A

the funnel shape of the pinna helps collect sound waves and direct them toward the external auditory meatus

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12
Q

define auditory canal

A

channel leading from the pinna to the tympanic membrane

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13
Q

what is the auditory canal lined with?

A

hairs and ceruminous glands

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14
Q

what do the ceruminous glands produce?

A

cerumen

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15
Q

define cerumen

A

its a modified sebum (earwax) which helps prevent foreign objects from reaching the tympanic membrane

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16
Q

what is the main function of the auditory canal?

A

it opens into pharynx and equalizes air pressure between outside ear and middle ear cavity

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17
Q

what does the middle ear consist of?

A

tympanic membrane

ossicles

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18
Q

the middle ear is a ______ chamber

A

air-filled

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19
Q

the tympanic membrane can also be called…

A

the eardrum

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20
Q

the tympanic membrane is ______ and _____ shape

A

semitransparent

oval

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21
Q

the tympanic membrane moves in response to what?

A

variations in air pressure

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22
Q

name the three layers of the tympanic membrane

A

simple cuboidal epithelium on the inner surface
a thin stratified squamous epithelium on the outer surface
a layer of CT between them

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23
Q

what is does the tympanic membrane separate?

A

the external ear from the middle ear

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24
Q

define ossicles

A

a series of bones in a small air filled chamber

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25
Q

what is the main function of the ossicles?

A

to transfer the movement of the tympanic membrane into the movement of a second membrane covering a hole in the bone of the skull

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26
Q

name this hole

A

oval window

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27
Q

name the bones of the middle ear

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

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28
Q

the stapes sits on top of what?

A

the oval window

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29
Q

more force is required to displace ___ than air

A

fluid

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30
Q

so then what do the bones do?

A

they amplify the pressure

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31
Q

what is displaced in response to the movement of the tympanic membrane?

A

malleus

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32
Q

what does this lead to?

A

the top of the incus is pushed towards the outer ear and pushes the bottom towards the inner ear

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33
Q

what happens next?

A

the stapes is consequently pushed forward against the oval window which is compressed inward

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34
Q

the eustachian tube connects what?

A

the air-filled middle ear to the mouth

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35
Q

the inner ear is ____ filled.

A

fluid

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36
Q

what happens in the inner ear?

A

this is where physical movement of the oval window is converted into neural signal.

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37
Q

where does this “conversion” exactly take place?

A

cochlea

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38
Q

the cochlea also contains this structure which is not part of the auditory system but is involved in balance.

A

vestibular apparatus and the semicircular canals

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39
Q

what does the cochlea do?

A

is transduces the mechanical displacement of the oval window into a neural signal

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40
Q

name the main components of the cochlea

A 
scala vestibuli
scala tympani
scala media
organ of corti
basilar membrane
fluid
41
Q

the organ of corti contains…

A

auditory receptor cells

42
Q

where is the organ of corti located?

A

in the scala media

43
Q

what does the basilar membrane do?

A

it separates scala media and scala tympani

44
Q

fluid is continuous between what?

A

scala vestibuli and scala tympani

45
Q

the organ of corti contains this membrane

A

tectorial membrane

46
Q

the tectorial membrane has…

A

both thick and thin sides

47
Q

what can be found under the tectorial membrane?

A

stereocilia

48
Q

what are the 2 types of hair cells found under the tectorial membrane?

A

outer hair cells

inner hair cells

49
Q

mechanical force pushes on…

A

the oval window

50
Q

fluid within the cochlea is _______

A

incompressible

51
Q

so this means…

A

the fluid is pushed forward

52
Q

how does this conserve the wave properties of the sound

A

the movement of the fluid has frequency and amplitude

53
Q

what does this cause?

A

causes the round window to bulge out

54
Q

structures within the cochlea are….

A

not rigid

55
Q

_______________ is flexible and bends inn response to sound

A

basilar membrane

56
Q

the basilar membrane is ___ at apex than base

A

wider

57
Q

stiffness of the membrane decreases from…

A

base to apex

58
Q

this resembles a what?

A

a diving board

59
Q

what doe high frequency sounds have?

A

higher energy and can displace the stiffer part of the basilar membrane (near base)

60
Q

lower frequency sounds have..

A

lower energy and displace the apex end

61
Q

____ responds to high frequency and the ___ responds to low frequency

A

base

apex

62
Q

basilar membrane establishes a place code in which…

A

different locations are maximally deformed in response to different frequency sounds

63
Q

name the structures found in the organ of corti

A 
outer hair cell
inner hair cell
tectorial membrane
reticular membrane
basilar membrane
stereocilia
spiral ganglion
64
Q

of all those structures, which are involved as auditory receptors?

A

hair cells

stereocilia

65
Q

what is a critical event in the transduction of sound into neural signal

A

bending of these cilia

66
Q

what does the hair do?

A

it extends above the reticular membrane and come in contact with the tectorial membrane

67
Q

what happens when the basilar membrane moves in response to the motion of the stapes?

A

the whole complex moves as a unit either towards or away from the tectorial membrane and the lateral motion of the reticular membrane bends the sterocilia

68
Q

if the hair gives a downward phase, what happens?

A

hyperpolarization (closed channel)

69
Q

if the hair gives an upward phase, what happens?

A

depolarization (opened channel and K+ can enter)

70
Q

changes in cell potential result in what?

A

the opening of K+ channels on the tips of the stereocilia

71
Q

the response of the depolarization is…

A

Ca++ channel is activated

72
Q

what does this influx of Ca++ lead to?

A

causes the release of synaptic vesicles from the end of the hair cell

73
Q

describe the sequence of the displacement of basilar membrane.

A
  1. physical displacement of the basilar membrane bends the stereocilia
  2. bending of the cilia either opens or closes a K+ channel
  3. When K+ enters, the hair cell depolarizes
  4. Depolarization activates a Ca++ channel
  5. Ca++ influx causes NT release
74
Q

where do the action potentials occur at?

A

the level of the output ganglion

75
Q

multiple outer hair cells make…

A

synaptic contact with a single ganglion cell

76
Q

what does the ganglion do next?

A

it makes a synaptic contact with a single inner hair cell

77
Q

what is the most abundant hair cell?

A

the outer hair cell

78
Q

what do these outer hair cells do?

A

it alters the stiffness of the tectorial membrane

79
Q

there are two cochlea, each projecting to its…

A

cochlear nucleus

80
Q

within the cochlear nucleus this process branches…

A

dorsal cochlear nucleus
posterior ventral cochlear nucleus
anterior ventral nucleus

81
Q

what do the dorsal and posterior ventral cochlear nuclei do?

A

they send efferent projections to the contralateral inferior colliculus

82
Q

how does it do this?

A

via the nucleus of the lateral leminiscus

83
Q

what does the anterior ventral cochlear nucleus permit?

A

the detection of interaural time differences

84
Q

the medial superior olive (MSO) has cells that…

A

receive coincident innervation from the right and left anteroventral cochlear nucleus

85
Q

the length of the axonal connections determine…

A

which MSO cell receives coincident activation by action potential

86
Q

the anteroventral cochlear nucleus projects directly…

A

to the ipsilateral lateral superior olive (LSO)

87
Q

the anteroventral cochlear nucleus projects indirectly to the…

A

contralateral lateral superior olive

88
Q

how does this occur?

A

via the inhibitory neuron originating in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body

89
Q

the anteroventral cochlear nuclear firing rate is greater for sound when…

A

the sound has higher intensity

90
Q

when do LSO firing be the highest on that side?

A

when the sound arises directly lateral on the same side to the listener

91
Q

____________ from the ipsilateral anteroventral cochlear nucleus will be maximal

A

excitation

92
Q

__________ from the contralateral MNTB will be minimal

A

inhibition

93
Q

where does the dorsal and posteroventral cochlear nuclei send projections?

A

to the inferior colliculus

94
Q

the highly processed auditory information is then relayed to the…

A

medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus

95
Q

from the thalamus, this information ascends to the…

A

primary auditory cortex

96
Q

where is the primary auditory cortex located?

A

in the temporal lobe

97
Q

frequency is a consequence of what?

A

the mechanics of the basilar membrane

98
Q

name the steps of basic auditory pathway

A
  1. sound waves move tympanic membrane
  2. tympanic membrane moves ossicles
  3. ossicles move membrane at the oval window
  4. motion at the oval window moves fluid in the cochlea
  5. movement of the fluid in the cochlea causes a response in sensory neurons
  6. signal is transferred and processed by a series of nuclei in the brain stem
  7. information is sent to a relay in the thalamus
  8. MGN projects to the primary auditory cortex in the temporal lobe

Anatomy Final (12 decks)

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