Reproductive System Flashcards
name the 3 types of sex
chromosomal sex
gonadal sex
phenotypic sex
chromosomal sex is determined by
sex chromosomes
XY
male
XX
female
Mother always contributes the
X chromosome
_____ always has an X chromsome
Egg (gamete)
what determines sex of embryo?
chromosomal sex of the fertilizing sperm
Y results in the development of
a male
X results in the development of
a female
What is present in Y chromosome that promotes development of male
TDF
TDF stands for
testis determining factor
gonadal sex is based on
genetic makeup of the embryo
gonadal sex can have either
ovary or testes
phenotypic sex is determined primarily by
reproductive structures
phenotypic sex is determined secondarily by
genitalia
At _ weeks, both male and female embryos share the same structures
5 weeks
In embryo, the gonadal ridge is the
precursor to the gonads
____________ become female ducts
Mullerian ducts
the female ducts consist of
Oviducts and uterus
__________ become male ducts
Wolffian ducts
the male ducts include
Epididymis
ductus deferens
seminal vesicle
the formation of male gonads is at week _
7
the formation of female gonads is at week _
8
______________ migrate from yolk sac
primordial germ cells
name the seeds the developing gonads with stem cells that become gametes
spermatogonia
oogonia
gonadal ridges differentiate into either
testes or ovaries
__________ determines whether gonadal ridges differentiate into either testes or ovaries
genetic makeup
The indifferent gonad consists of a
medulla or cortex
the gonadal medulla becomes the
testis
the gonadal cortex becomes the
ovary
__ determines which duct system develops
testes
testes produce
testosterone
Testes produced ____ hormone
anti-Mullerian hormone
AMH stands for
anti-Mullerian hormone
AMH causes
paramesonephric ducts to degenerate
when paramesonephric ducts to degenerate, what happens?
no ovaries or oviducts develop
in the absence of testes, what happens?
female form develops passively
male and female structures arise from ____
the same structures
during the indifferent stage, all embryos have:
genital tubercle
urethral groove
urethral folds
labioscrotal swellings
during 8th week _______ begin to develop
external genitalia
For males, _______ enlarges and becomes the penis
genital tubercle
for males, what do the urethral folds do?
fuse along midline to form spongy urethra
for males, the tip of the urethral folds remain
unfused
for males, the unfused tip of the urethral folds is called
urethral orifice
for males, what does the labioscrotal swellings do?
fuse along midline to form scotum
for females, the genital tubercle becomes the
clitoris
for females, the urethral groove persists to
vestibule
for females, what happens with the urethral folds?
they do not fuse and form the labia minora
for females, what happens to the labioscrotal folds?
they do not fuse and form the labio majora
differentiation is dependent on what?
the presence or absence of testosterone
if testosterone is present, _____ develop
male external genitalia
if testosterone is not present, ______ develop
female genitalia
________ is the default state
female
what happens when a genetic male’s testes do not produce testosterone?
embryo develops with female accessory structures and genitalia
what happens when a genetic male’s testes produce testosterone but not AMH?
both male and female ducts form but the external genitalia is male
a genetic female can be exposed to testosterone how?
androgen producing adrenal tumors
when a genetic female is exposed to testosterone, what happens?
embryo has ovaries
development of male ducts and glands
penis with scrotum but no testes
define pseudohermaphrodites
- gonads do not match accessory reproductive structures
- One that possesses the internal reproductive organs of one sex while exhibiting some of the external physical characteristics of the opposite sex.
define hermaphrodites
possess both ovarian and testicular tissues
presence of both male and female reproductive organs
what happens during the last two months of fetal development?
gonads descend
testes leave ________ and enter scrotum
abdominal cavity
define cryptpchidism
testes fail to descend
ovary only descends to what level?
top of the pelvis
the levels of FSH and LH are ____ prior to puberty for females
very low
FSH and LH levels begin to elevate between
10 and 14 years after birth
______ synthesizes and releases FSH and Lh
Pituitary
onset of puberty for females is marked by an amplification of..
sleep related pattern of LH release
rising levels of gonadotropins stimulate the ovary to produce ________
estradiol
what is estradiol responsible for?
development of secondary sexual characteristics
name the 3 female secondary sexual characteristics estradiol is responsible for
growth and development of breast
fat redistribution
bone maturation
follicle development occurs in ___ but fails to reach ovulation stage
waves
with successive follicular cycles, what happens?
the uterine endometrium grows sufficiently so that withdrawal of estrogen results in menstruation
with no ovulation, there is no ________ and no ___________
corpus luteum
progesterone
_________ occurs at an average age of 12
Menarche
define menarche
first menstrual period
after menarche, ovulation does not occur for another
6-9 months
puberty in males is correlated with?
alterations in testosterone levels
during the first trimester through gestation, testosterone is
elevated
testosterone returns to 0 until
12 years of age
after 12 years of age, testosterone levels begin to
rise
testosterone levels reach peak at age
17
testosterone levels stay at “peak” until about age
50
after age 50, what happens to testosterone levels
decrease slightly
name the 5 anatomical changes that occur cause of testosterone secretion
increase in the size of internal and external genitalia characteristic hair growth androgen sensitive muscle growth larynx enlarges and vocal cords thicken enhanced rate of linear growth
linear growth in males occurs at what rate?
3 inches per year for 4 years
______ lie within scrotum
testes
the testes is divided into 250-300 wedge shaped compartments called
lobules
what does each lobule of the testes contain?
1-4 seminiferous tubules
the lobules are connected to the
tubulus rectus
what is the tubulus rectus connected to?
rete testis
what is the rete testis connected to?
efferent tubule
the efferent tubules are connected to?
epididymis
the scrotum is a sac of
skin
scrotum hang outside the
abdomen
why does the scrotum hang outside abdomen?
sperm need to be at lower temperature than core body temperature by 3 degrees C
where is the scrotum located?
base of penis
T/F Skin of scrotum is more heavily pigmented than other parts of the body
True
the scrotum is divided into
2 compartments
when cold, the scrotum…
is pulled closer to body
when cold, the scrotum ______________ to reduce heat loss
reduces surface area
when warm, scrotum become
loose to increase surface area for cooling
Sperm travel from the testes to the outside via
a series of ducts
name the accessort ducts
epididymis
ductus deferens
Urethra
the epididymis consists of the
head, body, and tail
when sperm are released from seminiferous tubule, they are _______
nonmotile
as sperm move through epididymis, what happens?
some become motile
it takes _________ for sperm to move through epididymis
20 days
during _______________, epididymis contracts vigorously
ejaculation
sperm is expelled from tail portion of epididymis, and into….
ductus deferens
the ductus deferens runs from
epididymis through inguinal canal into pelvic cavity
the ductus deferens joins with
seminal vesicle
define ejacculatory duct
union of duct of seminal vesicle and ductus deferens
the ejaculatory duct passes into
prostate gland
where does the prostate empty into?
urethra
during ejacuation, muscle in the walls of the __________________ contracts
ductus deferens
define vasectomy
cut and ligate ductus deferens where it joins epididymis
T/F vasectomy only gives you 50% of protection against pregnancy
false; 100 percent
the urethra is the
terminal portion of male duct system
______ conveys both urine and seme (at different times)
urethra
the urethra runs through penis and opens at the
external urethral orifice
name the 3 types of accessory glands
paired seminal vesicles
paired bulbourethral glands
single prostate
_______ secretions account for 60% of semen
seminal vesicles
the seminal vesicles discarge….
yellow, viscous, alkaline fluid
what does the fluid the seminal vesicles discharge contain?
fructose, ascorbic acid (vitamin C), prostaglandins
what do the prostaglandins do?
breaks down cervical mucus
the seminal vesicles joins with ductus deferens to form
ejaculatory duct
the seminal vesicle drains into
prostate
the prostate secretions account for
33% of semen
describe prostate gland discharge
milky, white acid fluid
prostate gland secretions contain
citrate
where does prostate gland fluid enter?
urethra during ejaculation
what does the bulbourethral gland produce?
thick, clear mucus
what does the bulbourethral gland do?
neutralizes acidic urine that may be present in urethra
the penis is a _____ organ
compulatory
what does penis do?
delivers sperm into female reproductive tract
the penis consists of
root and shaft
the shafts ends in an
enlarged tip, glans penis
what is the skin at the end?
prepuce (foreskin) is loose and slide forward around glans
what is the foreskin commonly done to?
surgically removed; circumcision
T/F the internal anatomy of penis the spongy urethra
true
the internal penis contains 3 long cylindrical bodies of
erectile tissue
what is the erectile tissue made of?
smooth muscle and connective with vascular space interspersed
what happens during erection?
vascular spaces fill with blood
penis enlarges and rigid
permits penetration
semen is a mixture of
sperm and secretions from accessory glands
semen is a ____medium
transport
T/F semen is not a source of nutrients
false; it is
semen enhance sperm ___
motility
semen help neutralize acidic environment in
vagina
the ovary is a ____ gonad
female
the ovary produces
gametes and hormones
what are the 2 hormones the ovaries can produce?
estrogen
progesterone
name the 3 types of ligaments the ovary has
ovarian ligament
suspensory ligament
broad ligament
define ovarian ligament
anchors ovary to uterus
define suspensory ligament
anchors ovary to pelvic wall
define broad ligament
support uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina
the fallopian tubes can also be called
oviducts
what is the site of fertilization
fallopian tubes
what do the uterine tubes do?
transport fertilized egg to uterus
name all the regions of fallopian tube
fimbriae
infundibulum
ampulla
isthmus
what does the beating cilia in fimbriae do?
carries the oocyte into the uterine tube
___________- carry the egg along tube
smooth muscle contraction and beating cilia
T/F uterine tube are continuous with ovary
false; they are not
what happens when pathogens (sexually transmitted) infect peritoneal cavity?
PID- pelvic inflammatory disease
what does uterus do?
sustain fertilized ovum
name characteristics of uterus
anteverted
muscular
name all parts of uterus
body fundus isthmus cervix cervical canal external os internal os
___________ is secreted by gland in cervix
cervical mucus
name the 3 layers of uterine wall
perimetrium
endometrium
myometrium
define vagina
female organ of copulation
T/F vagina walls are not distensible
false; they are
name the 3 layers of vagina
aventia
muscularis
mucosa
define aventia
elastic outer layer if vagina
define muscularis
smooth muscle layer of vagina
define mucosa
inner layer of vagina
what are rugae
raised ridges of mucosal layer and stimulate penis during intercourse
the vagina is lubricated by
mucus released by cervix
mucosal layer of vagina releases _____ that is metabolized by resident anaerobic bacteria
glycogen
the glycogen that is metabolized by resident anaerobic bacteria does what?
makes vagina acidic -> hostile to sperm
protects against infection
why are sexually active teenagers predisposed to sexually transmitted diseases?
adolescent vagina tend to be more alkaline
the vagina orifice has an incomplete partition __________
hymen
T/F hymen bleeds when ruptured
true
what is it meant by variable durability of hymen?
in some females it ruptures readily, while in others it requires surgery to breach
what are the vaginal-fornix
superior portions of vagina that extend into recess of the cervix
________ is designed to cover as a form of contraception
diaphragm
name the structures of external genitalia
mons pubis
labia
clitoris
vestibular structures
define mons pubis
fatty, rounded area overlying the public symphysis and is covered with pubic hair following puberty
define labia majora
elongated, hair covered fatty skin folds
the labia majora is the homologue of ______
scrotum
define labia minora
enclosed by labia majora
hair free skin folds
the labia minora is the homologue of _____
ventral penis
the labia minora encloses what?
a recess called the vestibule
the vestibule contains openings of
the urethra and vagina
what do the greater vestibular glands release?
mucus into vestibule
the release of mucus into vestibule by greater vestibular glands is in order to
keep it moist and lubricated
facilitates intercourse
the clitoris is composed of
erectile tissue
what happens to clitoris during tactile stimulation?
becomes swollen with blood and erect
the clitoris is hooded by…
a fold of skin called the prepuce of the clitoris
the clitoris is innervated by
sensory fibers sensitive to touch
T/F the urinary tract for females is not separated
false; it is
the mammary glands is present in both sexes but
only function in females
the mammary glands are biologically important only when?
during reproduction
the mammary glands produce
milk
each mammary gland is contained by a
rounded skin-covered breast
the mammary glands and breast is found anteriorly to _____ muscle
pectoral
define areola
ring of pigmented skin
where is nipple located?
center of the areola
_________ controls smooth muscle of the areola and nipple
Autonomic NS
the nipple becomes erect when….
stimulated or cold
________make surface of areola bumpy
sebaceous glands
what do sebaceous glands produce?
sebum that reduces chapping and cracking of skin of nipple
the mammary glands contain _____ that radiate around and open at the nipple
lobule
lobes are padded and protected by
fat and connective tissue
what are found within lobes?
lobules
lobules contain what?
glandular alveoli
the glandular alveoli produce?
milk when a woman is lactating
alveolar glands pass milk into
lactiferous ducts
the lactiferous ducts open to
outside at the nipple
define gametogenesis
process of differentiation that produces cells specialized for reproduction
name the main 2 processes of gametogensis
spermatogenesis
oogenesis
spermatogenesis produce
sperm
____________– differentiate into spermatozoa
spermatogonium
oogenesis produce
ova
oogonium differentiate into
ovum
spermatogenesis takes place in
testes
oogenesis takes place in
ovary
spermatogenesis is the process of producing sperm with….
half the number of chromosomes as somatic cells
the germ cells (spermatogonium) progress first from
diploid to haploid state
the spermatogonium turn from diploid to haploid using
1st mitotic division
germ cells of 1st mitotic division are called
primary spermatocyte
the products of the germ cells after 1st meiotic division are called
secondary spermatocyte
after 1st meiotic division, what happens?
the germ cells divide again during 2nd meiotic division
after secondary meiotic division, what do the secondary spermatocytes turn into?
spermatid
what later happens to the spermatid?
they become a sperm cell
the process of spermatogenesis then allows the recombination of male and female haploid gametes at __________
fertilization
why are haploids good for humans?
provides genetic contributions from both parents without increasing the number of chromosomes each generation
where does spermatogenesis occur?
in medullary sex cords known as seminiferous tubules
seminiferous tubules are part of the
male gonad or testes
what do nurse cells provide?
support for germ cells
environment for germ cells to develop and mature
substances initiating meiosis or the reduction from diploid to haploid cells
hormonal signals effecting pituitary gland control of spermatogenesis
what doe leydig cells do?
produce testosterone
where are leydig cells located?
adjacent to seminiferous tubules
another name for nurse cell is
sertoli cells
what is the function of testes?
produce the male gametes or spermatozoa
what is the production of gametes in males called?
spermatogenesis
the site of spermatozoa production is the…
seminiferous tubules
the spermatozoa originate from precursor cells that are called…
spermatogonia
where are the spermatogonia?
they line the basement membrane of seminiferous tubule
name the 3 parts spermatogenesis can be divided into:
- spermatocytogenesis-proliferating phase
- meiosis-production of the haploid phase
- spermiogenesis- spermatids mature into spermatozoa
T/F Males continue to produce spermatozoa until age 70
False; throughout life
define spermiogensis
morphological conversion of round spermatid into spermatozoa without a division
name the 5 overall results of spermatogenesis
- . cell proliferation
- maintenance of a reserve germ cell population
- haploid gametes are produced
- genetic variability is introduced
- spermatids mature into spermatozoa
each spermatogonia may produce up to ________ per cycle
256 spermatozoa
define oogenesis
differentiation of female primordial germ cell into an unfertilized egg
the egg cell is _______relative to the size of somatic cells of the organism
large
egg cell is larger than somatic cells due to
the accumulation of storage products
the storage products are for
energy necessary for embryonic development
the storage products include yolk, cytoplasmic organelles,
structural proteins, enzymes, and components of the translation machinery
name the extracellular coat surrounding mammalian eggs
zona pellucida
what is the function of the zona pellucida
serves to protect egg
serves as a selective, species-specific barrier to sperm penetration to assure that the egg is fertilized by sperm of the same species
________- contain a nucleus and most of the cytoplasmic organelles present in other animal cells
all eggs
the nucleus of the egg is a ____
haploid
what may happen prior to fertilization? (to egg)
the egg may be arrested in diakinesis of prophase I
where does oogenesis occur?
ovary
the ovaries complex organs are composed of
structural, accessory, and endocrine cells in addition to the germ line cells
___________ are distributed throughout the ovary in follicles
immature oocytes
oocytes differ in size and composition depending on the
differentiated state
about how many follicles are present in each human ovary?
200,000 to 400,000
what does each follicle contain?
a single oogonia
T/F all oogonia reach maturity
False; only few
only about __ oocytes mature and are released by ovulation
400
location of oocyte depends on its
maturity
Primordial follicles are most prevalent in the
stroma (near the outside)
oocytes become more ________ as they mature
centrally located
_____________________________ migrate to the ovary during fetal and embryonic development
primordial germ cells
what does differentiation of primordial germ cell into an unfertilized egg require?
proliferation and growth in size
name the 3 main phases of oogenesis
proliferative growth
growth phase
meiotic phase
what happens in the proliferative growth phase?
primordial germ cells multiply by mitotic divisions
the proliferative growth phases occurs during?
embryonic and fetal development
T/F proliferative growth phase is completed prior to birth
True
the growth phase is inpreparation for
post-fertilization development
during the growth phase, the cell may increase from 100 to
1,000,000 fold the size of the oogonium
oogonium becomes committed to proceed through oogenesis when it enters
the S-phase of meiosis
replication of the DNA produces a cell with a 2N chromosome and ______________
4N DNA content
most oogenesis is spent with the cell in the ________ of the first meiotic division
prophase
the growth phase typically spans a period of ______________ for most animals
several weeks to several months
during the meiotic phase, a ____________signals the oocyte to compete meiosis
maturation stimulus
mature oocyte passes through ______ meiotic divisions
2
one cell retains the vast majority of the cytoplasm and becomes the
egg
what happens to the extra sets of chromosomes?
they are eliminated in polar bodies
how many polar bodies are formed depending on whether the first polar body divides?
2 or 3 polar bodies
when 3 polar bodies are formed, what does each contain?
one copy of a haploid set of chromosomes and a small fraction of the cytoplasm from the mature oocyte
T/F polar bodies are functional
false; they are nonfunctional and eventually die
what doe the egg contain at the end of the meiotic division?
one copy of a haploid set of chromosomes and most of the cytoplasm
prior to first meiotic division, the oocyte is referred to as
primary oocyte
following first meiotic division, the oocyte is referred to as
secondary oocyte
oocytes mature in close association with
follicle cells
__________ form a single or multicellular layer surrounding the oocyte
the follicle cells
as follicle matures, it progresses from primary to secondary to…
Graafian follicle
as the oocyte reaches maturity, the follicle becomes __________ to form the Graafian follicle
filled with fluid
what happens when Graafian follicles mature?
they rupture to release oocyte
what is the process of Graafian follicles maturing and rupturing to release oocyte called?
ovulation
__________ division does not happen until after fertilization
second meiotic divison
Graafian follicle continues to differentiate to from the
corpus luteum after egg is released
Immature oocytes are stimulated to grow and mature by
FSH
FSH is an….
anterior pituitary hormone
_______ is produced by follicle (hormone)
estrogen
what stimulates corpus luteum development
Luteining hormone
LH is an
anterior pituitary hormone
_____ is produced by corpus luteum
progesterone
name the major glands and organs involved in menstrual cycle
hypothalamus
anterior pituitary gland
ovary
uterus
the uterus is shaped like
inverted pear
the uterus is a ____ organ with thick walls
muscular
the glandular lining of the uterus is called
endometrium
the narrow end of the uterus is called
cervix
the cervix projects into the
vagina
the opening of the uterus into the vagina is called the
external os of the uterus
the cervix is lined with
mucous membrane containing numerous glands that secrete a clear, alkaline mucus
the ______ connect ovaries to the fundus of the uterus
fallopian tubes aka uterine tubes
the body of the uterus lies below the
fundus
the body of uterus is small except for
pregnancy
the uterus lies at a _______ to vagina
right angle
name the 3 layers of uterus
serous coat of peritoneum
myometrium
endometrium
define myometrium
middle layer of muscular tissue
define endometrium
innermost layer of tissue in the uterus is the mucous membrane
the endometrium of the uterus contains
numerous uterine glands that open into the uterine cavity
______ exhibits dramatic changes during each menstrual cycle
endometrium
the endometrium is composed of __ levels
3
which layers of the endometrium are shed at menstruation
2 inner most
