Reproductive System Flashcards
name the 3 types of sex
chromosomal sex
gonadal sex
phenotypic sex
chromosomal sex is determined by
sex chromosomes
XY
male
XX
female
Mother always contributes the
X chromosome
_____ always has an X chromsome
Egg (gamete)
what determines sex of embryo?
chromosomal sex of the fertilizing sperm
Y results in the development of
a male
X results in the development of
a female
What is present in Y chromosome that promotes development of male
TDF
TDF stands for
testis determining factor
gonadal sex is based on
genetic makeup of the embryo
gonadal sex can have either
ovary or testes
phenotypic sex is determined primarily by
reproductive structures
phenotypic sex is determined secondarily by
genitalia
At _ weeks, both male and female embryos share the same structures
5 weeks
In embryo, the gonadal ridge is the
precursor to the gonads
____________ become female ducts
Mullerian ducts
the female ducts consist of
Oviducts and uterus
__________ become male ducts
Wolffian ducts
the male ducts include
Epididymis
ductus deferens
seminal vesicle
the formation of male gonads is at week _
7
the formation of female gonads is at week _
8
______________ migrate from yolk sac
primordial germ cells
name the seeds the developing gonads with stem cells that become gametes
spermatogonia
oogonia
gonadal ridges differentiate into either
testes or ovaries
__________ determines whether gonadal ridges differentiate into either testes or ovaries
genetic makeup
The indifferent gonad consists of a
medulla or cortex
the gonadal medulla becomes the
testis
the gonadal cortex becomes the
ovary
__ determines which duct system develops
testes
testes produce
testosterone
Testes produced ____ hormone
anti-Mullerian hormone
AMH stands for
anti-Mullerian hormone
AMH causes
paramesonephric ducts to degenerate
when paramesonephric ducts to degenerate, what happens?
no ovaries or oviducts develop
in the absence of testes, what happens?
female form develops passively
male and female structures arise from ____
the same structures
during the indifferent stage, all embryos have:
genital tubercle
urethral groove
urethral folds
labioscrotal swellings
during 8th week _______ begin to develop
external genitalia
For males, _______ enlarges and becomes the penis
genital tubercle
for males, what do the urethral folds do?
fuse along midline to form spongy urethra
for males, the tip of the urethral folds remain
unfused
for males, the unfused tip of the urethral folds is called
urethral orifice
for males, what does the labioscrotal swellings do?
fuse along midline to form scotum
for females, the genital tubercle becomes the
clitoris
for females, the urethral groove persists to
vestibule
for females, what happens with the urethral folds?
they do not fuse and form the labia minora
for females, what happens to the labioscrotal folds?
they do not fuse and form the labio majora
differentiation is dependent on what?
the presence or absence of testosterone
if testosterone is present, _____ develop
male external genitalia
if testosterone is not present, ______ develop
female genitalia
________ is the default state
female
what happens when a genetic male’s testes do not produce testosterone?
embryo develops with female accessory structures and genitalia
what happens when a genetic male’s testes produce testosterone but not AMH?
both male and female ducts form but the external genitalia is male
a genetic female can be exposed to testosterone how?
androgen producing adrenal tumors
when a genetic female is exposed to testosterone, what happens?
embryo has ovaries
development of male ducts and glands
penis with scrotum but no testes
define pseudohermaphrodites
- gonads do not match accessory reproductive structures
- One that possesses the internal reproductive organs of one sex while exhibiting some of the external physical characteristics of the opposite sex.
define hermaphrodites
possess both ovarian and testicular tissues
presence of both male and female reproductive organs
what happens during the last two months of fetal development?
gonads descend
testes leave ________ and enter scrotum
abdominal cavity
define cryptpchidism
testes fail to descend
ovary only descends to what level?
top of the pelvis
the levels of FSH and LH are ____ prior to puberty for females
very low
FSH and LH levels begin to elevate between
10 and 14 years after birth
______ synthesizes and releases FSH and Lh
Pituitary
onset of puberty for females is marked by an amplification of..
sleep related pattern of LH release
rising levels of gonadotropins stimulate the ovary to produce ________
estradiol
what is estradiol responsible for?
development of secondary sexual characteristics
name the 3 female secondary sexual characteristics estradiol is responsible for
growth and development of breast
fat redistribution
bone maturation
follicle development occurs in ___ but fails to reach ovulation stage
waves
with successive follicular cycles, what happens?
the uterine endometrium grows sufficiently so that withdrawal of estrogen results in menstruation
with no ovulation, there is no ________ and no ___________
corpus luteum
progesterone
_________ occurs at an average age of 12
Menarche
define menarche
first menstrual period
after menarche, ovulation does not occur for another
6-9 months
puberty in males is correlated with?
alterations in testosterone levels
during the first trimester through gestation, testosterone is
elevated
testosterone returns to 0 until
12 years of age
after 12 years of age, testosterone levels begin to
rise
testosterone levels reach peak at age
17
testosterone levels stay at “peak” until about age
50
after age 50, what happens to testosterone levels
decrease slightly
name the 5 anatomical changes that occur cause of testosterone secretion
increase in the size of internal and external genitalia characteristic hair growth androgen sensitive muscle growth larynx enlarges and vocal cords thicken enhanced rate of linear growth
linear growth in males occurs at what rate?
3 inches per year for 4 years
______ lie within scrotum
testes
the testes is divided into 250-300 wedge shaped compartments called
lobules
what does each lobule of the testes contain?
1-4 seminiferous tubules
the lobules are connected to the
tubulus rectus
what is the tubulus rectus connected to?
rete testis
what is the rete testis connected to?
efferent tubule
the efferent tubules are connected to?
epididymis
the scrotum is a sac of
skin
scrotum hang outside the
abdomen
why does the scrotum hang outside abdomen?
sperm need to be at lower temperature than core body temperature by 3 degrees C
where is the scrotum located?
base of penis
T/F Skin of scrotum is more heavily pigmented than other parts of the body
True
the scrotum is divided into
2 compartments
when cold, the scrotum…
is pulled closer to body
when cold, the scrotum ______________ to reduce heat loss
reduces surface area
when warm, scrotum become
loose to increase surface area for cooling
Sperm travel from the testes to the outside via
a series of ducts
name the accessort ducts
epididymis
ductus deferens
Urethra
the epididymis consists of the
head, body, and tail
when sperm are released from seminiferous tubule, they are _______
nonmotile
as sperm move through epididymis, what happens?
some become motile
it takes _________ for sperm to move through epididymis
20 days
during _______________, epididymis contracts vigorously
ejaculation
sperm is expelled from tail portion of epididymis, and into….
ductus deferens
the ductus deferens runs from
epididymis through inguinal canal into pelvic cavity
the ductus deferens joins with
seminal vesicle
define ejacculatory duct
union of duct of seminal vesicle and ductus deferens
the ejaculatory duct passes into
prostate gland
where does the prostate empty into?
urethra
during ejacuation, muscle in the walls of the __________________ contracts
ductus deferens
define vasectomy
cut and ligate ductus deferens where it joins epididymis
T/F vasectomy only gives you 50% of protection against pregnancy
false; 100 percent
the urethra is the
terminal portion of male duct system
______ conveys both urine and seme (at different times)
urethra
the urethra runs through penis and opens at the
external urethral orifice
name the 3 types of accessory glands
paired seminal vesicles
paired bulbourethral glands
single prostate
_______ secretions account for 60% of semen
seminal vesicles
the seminal vesicles discarge….
yellow, viscous, alkaline fluid
what does the fluid the seminal vesicles discharge contain?
fructose, ascorbic acid (vitamin C), prostaglandins
what do the prostaglandins do?
breaks down cervical mucus
the seminal vesicles joins with ductus deferens to form
ejaculatory duct
the seminal vesicle drains into
prostate
the prostate secretions account for
33% of semen
describe prostate gland discharge
milky, white acid fluid
prostate gland secretions contain
citrate
