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Anatomy Final > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

the heart can be found within the…

A

mediastinum of the medial cavity of the thorax

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2
Q

the heart is ______ to vertebral column

A

anterior

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3
Q

the heart is _____ to sternum

A

posterior

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4
Q

the heart is _____ to diaphragm

A

superior

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5
Q

the superior margin of the heart can be identified close to the

A

2nd rib

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6
Q

the inferior margin can be deduced close to the…

A

5th intercostal space

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7
Q

60% of the mass can be found to the

A

left of midline

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8
Q

the base of the heart faces

A

right shoulder

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9
Q

the apex of the heart points…

A

inferiorly toward left hip

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10
Q

the apex of the heart contacts the chest wall between

A

5th and 6th ribs

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11
Q

define pericardium

A

is a double layered, closed sac that surrounds the heart

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12
Q

there are 2 main pericardiums, name them

A

fibrous pericardium

serous pericardium

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13
Q

the fibrous pericardium is made up of

A

dense irregular connective tissue

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14
Q

what does the fibrous pericardium do?

A

protects heart
anchors heart to surrounding tissues
prevents over-filling

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15
Q

the serous pericardium is made up of these 2 layers:

A

parietal layer

visceral layer

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16
Q

the parietal layers makes up the

A

internal space of the fibrous pericardium

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17
Q

the visceral layer can also be called the

A

epicardium

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18
Q

the visceral layer does what?

A

covers heart surface

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19
Q

what is between the serous layers?

A

pericardial cavity

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20
Q

the pericardial cavity is filled with?

A

serous pericardial fluid

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21
Q

what is the function of serous pericardial fluid?

A

reduces friction between serous membranes

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22
Q

the fibrous pericardium is continuous with…

A

the connective tissue coverings of the great vessels

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23
Q

the fibrous pericardium is inferiorly attached to

A

diaphragm

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24
Q

name the 3 layers of heart

A

epicardium
middle myocardium
deep endocardium

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25
Q

define epicardium

A

thin serous membrane that constitutes the smooth, outer surface of the heart

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26
Q

the epicardium is made up of what kind of cells?

A

simple squamous

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27
Q

the myocardium is the ____ middle layer

A

thick

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28
Q

________ is responsible for the heart’s ability to contract

A

myocardium

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29
Q

the myocardium is made up primarily of

A

cardiac muscle

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30
Q

the cardiac muscles of the heart are arranged…

A

in circular bundles

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31
Q

what does the fibrous skeleton of the heart do?

A

holds cardiac muscle together

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32
Q

what is the endocardium?

A

the smooth inner surface of the heart chambers and myocardial surface

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33
Q

the endocardium lines…

A

heart and connective tissues of the valves

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34
Q

what kind of cells make up the endocardium?

A

squamous epithelium

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35
Q

the heart is divided longitudinally by the

A

interatrial septum

interventricular septum

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36
Q

name the 4 chambers of heart

A

right atrium
right ventricle
left atrium
left ventricle

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37
Q

the atria ________ blood

A

receive returning

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38
Q

on top of the atria, you can find __________- that increase atrial volume

A

auricles

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39
Q

define fossa ovalis

A

residual impression of fetal foramen ovale

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40
Q

define fetal foramen ovale

A

an opening between the right and left atria in the embryo and the fetus that allowed blood to bypass pulmonary circulation

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41
Q

name the 3 main veins of the right atrium

A

superior vena cava
inferior vena cava
coronary sinus

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42
Q

what does superior vena cava do?

A

return flow from regions superior to diaphragm

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43
Q

what does inferior vena cava do?

A

return flow from regions inferior to diaphragm

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44
Q

what does coronary sinus do?

A

drain blood from myocardium

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45
Q

name the veins of the left atrium

A

4 pulmonary veins

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46
Q

where does blood travel to when in the pulmonary veins?

A

from lungs, back to heart and to the left atrium

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47
Q

its in the ventricles that blood ______ the heart

A

leaves

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48
Q

T/F the ventricles make up the least mass of the heart

A

false; it makes the most

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49
Q

name the 2 muscles of the ventricles

A

trabeculae carneae

papillary muscles

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50
Q

define trabeculae carneae

A

crossbars found in the inferior walls of ventricles

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51
Q

papillary muscles work on

A

valve function

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52
Q

the ___________ is connected to the right ventricle

A

pulmonary trunk

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53
Q

the pulmonary trunk routes blood towards…

A

lungs

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54
Q

the left ventricle is connected to the

A

Aorta

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55
Q

the aorta leads blood to _____ circulation

A

systemic

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56
Q

name the 3 circuits of blood flow

A

pulmonary circulation

systemic circulation

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57
Q

the pulmonary circulation begins at

A

right ventricle

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58
Q

the pulmonary circulation ends at

A

left atrium

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59
Q

in pulmonary circulation, blood returning from body to right atrium is ________________ concentration

A

low O2

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60
Q

describe blood flow of pulmonary circulation

A 
right atrium
right ventricle
pulmonary artery
lungs
gas exchange
O2 rich blood travels into pulmonary veins
left atrium
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61
Q

where does the systemic circulation begin

A

left ventricle

62
Q

describe systemic circulation

A 
left ventricle towards aorta
body
has exchange occurs and low O2 blood
inferior vena cava
right atrium
63
Q

which circulation does more work?

A

systemic circulation

64
Q

which ventricle is bigger?

A

left ventricle

65
Q

what is the purpose of valves?

A

prevent backflow into atria

66
Q

the valves are _____ during ventricular contraction

A

closed

67
Q

name the Right AV valve

A

tricuspid valve

“Try to be Right”

68
Q

the tricuspid valve has how many cusps?

A

3

69
Q

name the left AV valve

A

bicuspid valve

70
Q

how many cusps doe the bicuspid valve have?

A

2

71
Q

what doe chordae tendineae do?

A

heart strings that attach to cusps to anchor them on top papillary muscles

72
Q

during ventricular contraction, intraventricular pressure ____

A

rises

73
Q

the rise in intraventricular pressure during ventricular contraction makes blood

A

go against valve flaps

74
Q

name the 2 semilunar valves

A

aortic semilunar valves

pulmonary semilunar valve

75
Q

the aortic semilunar valves is between?

A

left ventricle and aorta

76
Q

the pulmonary semilunar valve is between?

A

right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

77
Q

the semilunar valves open during?

A

ventricular contraction

78
Q

right and left coronary arteries arise from

A

base of aorta

79
Q

the left coronary artery supplies

A

left side of heart

80
Q

name the 2 branches off the left coronary arteries

A

circumflex artery

anterior interventricular artery

81
Q

the right coronary artery supplies

A

right side of heart

82
Q

name the 2 branches off right coronary artery

A

marginal artery

posterior interventricular artery

83
Q

flow to myocardium occurs only during _____

A

diastole

84
Q

the cardiac veins form the

A

coronary sinus

85
Q

the coronary sinus drains into

A

right atrium

86
Q

name the 3 veins that form coronary sinus

A

great cardiac vein
middle cardiac vein
small cardiac veinn

87
Q

the anterior cardiac veins empty into

A

right atrium

88
Q

angina pectoris results in

A

temporary deficient blood flow to the myocardium

89
Q

a myocardial infarction is

A

heart attack

90
Q

due to a myocardial infarction, the cardiac cells…

A

die

91
Q

cardiac cells are ______

A

amitotic

92
Q

cells that die due to a heart attack are replaced with

A

non-contractile scar tissue

93
Q

O2 deficiency causes…

A

necrosis

94
Q

__________ are branched, short, and interconnected fbers

A

cardiac muscle

95
Q

cardiac muscles contract by

A

sliding filament mechanism

96
Q

cardiac muscle fibers are connected by

A

intercalated discs

97
Q

intercalated discs are anchoring

A

desmosomes

98
Q

intercalated discs do what to cardiac muscle cells

A

connect them

99
Q

the entire myocardium acts as a

A

single unit

100
Q

__________ are used to hold cell together when heart contacts

A

desmosomes

101
Q

all cardiac muscle ccells contract as a

A

single unit

102
Q

cardiac muscle is self

A

excitable

103
Q

cardiac muscles can initiate what?

A

action potentials

104
Q

what are intrinsic conduction system?

A

non contractile cardiac cells that initiate and distribute impulses

105
Q

describe the events of pacemaker potential

A
  1. Prepotential
    Na+ influx (entering) offset by K+ efflux (leaving)
    K+ permeability gradually decreases (K channels close)
  2. Influx of Na+ depolarizes the cardiac cells
    depolarization phase
    this opens fast Ca+ channels at threshold
    Ca2+ influx from extracellular space causes rising phase of action potential
    repolarization phase
    repolarization causes K+ channels to open and Ca+ channels to close
    cardiac cells repolarize
106
Q

where can autorhythmic cells be found

A

only in right atrium

107
Q

the SA node is a

A

pacemaker

108
Q

depolarization leaves SA node and enters

A

AV node

109
Q

the AV node is located

A

in interatrial septum

110
Q

impulse from AV node passes towards

A

bundle of His

111
Q

bundle is His is located in

A

inferior interatrial septum

112
Q

the impulse later travel from bundle of His into

A

left and right bundle branches

113
Q

the impulse travels from bundle branches into

A

purkinje fibers

114
Q

describe cardiac action potential

A

Resting membrane phase (phase 4)
Depolarization phase (phase 0) where there is rapid influx Na+
Inactivation of the fast Na+ channels (phase 1) Cl- enters and K+ leaves
Plateau phase (phase 2) balance between K+ and Cl-
Ca2+ flows through L-type Ca2+ channel
Repolarization (Phase 3)
L-type Ca2+ channels close and K+ still leaves

115
Q

define arrhythmias

A

uncoordinated contractions of atria and ventricles

116
Q

define fibrillation

A

rapid, ireegular contractions

117
Q

define ectopic focus

A

excitable tissue other than SA node controls heart contractions

118
Q

a heart block is cause by

A

damage to AV node

119
Q

name the cardioacceleratory center

A

medulla and sympathetic NS

w

120
Q

name the cardioinhibitory center

A

vagus nerve and parasympathetic system

121
Q

define P wave

A

depolarization moving from SA node through atria

122
Q

define QRS complex

A

ventricular depolarization that precedes contraction

123
Q

define T wave

A

ventricular repolarization

124
Q

define PR interval

A

from beginning of atrial excitation and ventriculation excitation

125
Q

define QT interval

A

ventricular depolarization through repolarization

126
Q

define systole

A

contraction (depolarization)

127
Q

define diastole

A

relaxation (repolarization)

128
Q

the 1st heart sound can be heard when

A

AV valves close during onset of systole

129
Q

during ventricular diastole, ventricular volume….

A

increases

130
Q

during ventricular systole, diastolic pressure…

A

increases or is at its highest

131
Q

the 2nd heart sound can be heard when

A

semilunar valves close and beginning of ventricular diastole

132
Q

during ventricular systole, ventricular volume…

A

decreases

133
Q

when the AV valves are open, the semilunar valves are

A

closed

134
Q

during ventricular systole, AV valves are

A

closed

135
Q

when are both AV valves and semilunar valves both closed

A

at the beginning of ventricular systole

136
Q

describe what happens during ventricular systole

A

isovolumetric contraction phase is where blood pressure in aorta and pulmonary trunk exceed intraventricular pressure
pressure in ventricles increases without volume changing
intraventricular pressure exceeds pressure in large vessels and then the semilunar valves open and blood is propelled

137
Q

during the T wave, intraventricular pressure

A

drops

138
Q

which sound is louder and longer?

A

sound 1

139
Q

define cardiac output

A

amount of blood pumped by each ventricle each minute

140
Q

how to calculate cardiac output

A

stroke volume X Heart rate

141
Q

define stroke volume

A

volume of blood pumped out of each ventricle per beat

142
Q

how to calculate stroke volume

A

difference between EDV and ESV

143
Q

Define EDV

A

end diastolic volume

length of ventricular diastole

144
Q

define ESV

A

end systolic volume

145
Q

name the 3 factor that affect stroke volume

A

preload degree of stretch prior to contraction (most important for EDV)
contractility (decrease ESV)
afterload-arterial blood pressure

146
Q

define afterload-arterial blood pressure

A

pressure ventricular contraction must overcome

147
Q

the parasympathetic system is mediated by

A

acetylcholine

148
Q

Epinephrine ___ HR

A

increases

149
Q

Ca2+ decreases causes

A

depressed heart function

150
Q

name physical factors that affect heart

A

age (inverse relation_
gender (female is faster)
exercise
body temp (HR is lowered when cold)

Anatomy Final (12 decks)

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