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Anatomy Final > Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

name the 3 layers of blood vessels

A

tunica intima
tunica media
tunica externa

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2
Q

the tunica _____ is the inner most layer

A

tunica intima

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3
Q

the endothelium of the tunica intima is made up of what kind of cells?

A

simple squamous epithelium

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4
Q

the tunica ___ is the middle layer

A

tunica media

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5
Q

the tunica media is surrounded by..

A

circularly arranged smooth muscle

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6
Q

T/F: the sympathetic NS can control the chemical and nervous control of degree of contraction for the tunica media

A

true

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7
Q

T/F the tunica media cannot constrict or dilate

A

false; it can

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8
Q

the tunica ____ is made of collagen fibers

A

tunica externa

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9
Q

name the 3 functions of the tunica externa

A

protection
reinforcement
anchor to surrounding tissue

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10
Q

name the accessory tissues related with the tunica externa

A

nerve fibers
lymphatic vessels
elastic network
tiny blood vessels within layer-vasa vasorum

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11
Q

define vasoconstriction

A

a decrease in blood vessel diameter caused by smooth muscle contraction

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12
Q

define vasodilation

A

increase in blood vessel diameter resulting from smooth muscle relaxation

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13
Q

name the main classifications of blood vessels (arteries)

A

elastic arteries
muscular arteries
arterioles
capillaries

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14
Q

artery = ____

A

away…

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15
Q

T/F: blood pressure is relatively high in elastic arteries

A

true

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16
Q

name the main characteristics of elastic arteries

A 
thick walled
neart heart
largest diameter
more elastic
large lumen
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17
Q

elastic arteries ___ BP changes associated with heart contraction

A

dampen

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18
Q

muscular arteries have ___ walls

A

muscular

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19
Q

muscular arteries are ______ to elastic arteries

A

distal

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20
Q

muscular arteries deliver blood to…

A

specific organs

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21
Q

T/F muscular arteries has a thin media layer

A

false; its thick cause it has more smooth muscle

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22
Q

arterioles determine…

A

flow into capillary beds

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23
Q

arterioles are mainly ___ muscle

A

smooth

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24
Q

________ are the smallest blood vessels

A

capillaries

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25
Q

capillaries only contain the tunica _______

A

interna

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26
Q

what happens in the capillaries?

A

exchange of materials between contents of blood and interstitial fluids

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27
Q

name the 3 types of capillary

A

continuous
fenestrated
sinusoidal

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28
Q

continuous capillary are ___ permeable

A

least

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29
Q

fenestrated capillary are ____ permeable

A

most

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30
Q

continuous capillary is made up of

A

uninterrupted endothelial cells and incomplete tight junctions

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31
Q

in fenestrated capillaries, the endothelial cells have…

A

oval pores

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32
Q

what do the pores of fenestrated capillaries allow?

A

permit greater permeability

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33
Q

which kind of capillary is the most common?

A

Sinusoidal capillary

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34
Q

describe the sinusoidal capillary

A

modified, leaky capillaries

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35
Q

T/F large molecules cannot pass through sinusoidal capillaries

A

False, they can

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36
Q

the microcirculation of capillary beds involve

A

arterioles to venule

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37
Q

name the 2 parts of capillary bed

A

vascular shunt

true capillaries

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38
Q

define vascular shunt

A

connects arteriole with venule

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39
Q

name the sequences of blood movement through capillary bed

A
  1. terminal arteriole
  2. metarteriole (true capillaries branch off)
  3. thoroughfare channel (capillaries rejoin)
  4. post-capillary venule
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40
Q

what controls the blood flow into capillary

A

precapillary sphincter

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41
Q

name the 2 types of veins

A

venules

veins

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42
Q

____ are tubes composed of endothelium resting on a delicate basement membrane with little muscles and a thinn externa

A

venule

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43
Q

____ are formed from venules

A

veins

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44
Q

veins have ___ walls and ___ muscle than arteries

A

thinner

less

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45
Q

veins have mostily

A

elastin

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46
Q

what is the thickest wall layer for a vein

A

tunica externa

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47
Q

veins act as _______-

A

reservoirs

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48
Q

veins have ______ lumen

A

large

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49
Q

______ prevent backflow in veins

A

venous valves

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50
Q

define blood flow

A

volume flowing through a given structure per unit time

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51
Q

define blood pressure

A

blood force per unit area

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52
Q

define resistance

A

opposition to flow; generally encountered in the systemic circuit peripheral resistance

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53
Q

name the 2 sources of resistance

A

blood viscosity

blood vessel diameter

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54
Q

define blood viscosity

A

thickness related to formed elements

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55
Q

the larger the diameter, the ____ the resistance

A

less

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56
Q

blood flow can be calculated by

A

difference in blood pressure between the 2 points but opposed by resistance

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57
Q

the less resistance, the ___flow

A

more

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58
Q

heart pumping generates…

A

blood flow

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59
Q

pressure results when…

A

flow is opposed by resistance

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60
Q

blood flow has the _____ pressure in aorta

A

highest

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61
Q

blood flow has the _______ pressure in right atrium

A

lowest

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62
Q

name the 2 factors affecting arterial pressure

A

stretching of arteries near heart

volume of blood forced into the arteries near heart

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63
Q

define compliance

A

tendency for blood vessels volume to increase as blood pressure increases

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64
Q

name the 2 changes associated with systole

A

aorta is stretched by blood leaving left ventricle

blood moves toward periphery because peripheral pressure is lower than aortic pressure

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65
Q

name the 3 changes associated with diastole

A

semilunar valve closes
aorta recoils
pressure is maintained by reducing volume

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66
Q

define pulse pressure

A

difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

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67
Q

how to calculate mean arterial pressure

A

diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure

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68
Q

capillary blood pressure is usually greater when…

A

entering rather than leaving

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69
Q

____________ is relatively steady throughout cardiac cycle

A

venous blood pressure

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70
Q

venous blood pressure gradient from

A

venules to vena cava

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71
Q

venous pressure is too ____ to promote adequate return

A

low

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72
Q

describe the respiratory pump

A
  1. abdominal pressure increases squeeze local veins
  2. backflow is prevented by valves
  3. blood is forced toward the heart
  4. chest cavity pressure decreases
  5. thoracic veins expand
  6. blood enters right atrium
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73
Q

define muscular pump

A

contraction of skeletal muscle surrounding veins compress vein

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74
Q

name the 3 factors that influence blood pressure

A

cardiac output
peripheral resistance
blood volume

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75
Q

blood pressure can be calculated by:

A

cardiac output X peripheral resistance

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76
Q

cardiac output is directly related to __________

A

blood volume

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77
Q

blood pressure is directly related to________________

A

cardiac out
blood volume
peripheral resistance

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78
Q

cardiac output can be calculated by:

A

stroke volume X HR

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79
Q

name the 3 main factors that enhance Cardiac Output

A

reduce parasympathetic control
increase sympathetic activity
increase activity of respiratory and muscular pumps

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80
Q

by reducing the effect of the vagus nerve, HR ____

A

increases

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81
Q

by increasing sympathetic activity, this increases ____

A

contractility of heart and stroke volume

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82
Q

increasing sympathetic activity, releases ___ to blood from adrenal medulla

A

Epi

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83
Q

increase activity of respiratory and muscular pumps increases ______

A

venous return and stroke volume

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84
Q

neural control of blood pressure is a ___ mechanism

A

short-term

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85
Q

nervous control of peripheral resistance alters…

A

blood distribution and blood vessel diameter

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86
Q

vasomotor center regulates what?

A

blood vessel diameter

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87
Q

baroreceptors are able to detect

A

changes in arterial blood pressure

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88
Q

how can baroreceptors detect change in arterial BP

A

When BP rises, receptors are stretched

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89
Q

where are baroreceptors located?

A

carotid sinuses, aortic arch, and walls of all large vessels

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90
Q

the stretching of baroreceptors increases signaling to…

A

vasomotor center (vasoconstrictor)

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91
Q

baroreceptors __ vasomotor center

A

inhibits

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92
Q

arteriole dilation ___ peripheral resistance

A

reduces

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93
Q

venodilation shifts blood to…

A

venous reservoirs

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94
Q

baroreceptors also send efferent signals to cardiac centers in the medulla which stimulates…

A

parasympathetic NS

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95
Q

chemoreceptors respond to

A

changes in 02 and CO2 concentrations and pH

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96
Q

chemoreceptors can be located in

A

carotid and aortic arch and carotid sinus

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97
Q

NE is a vaso_______

A

constrictor

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98
Q

EPI increase cardiac output by….

A

increasing cardiac muscle contractility

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99
Q

the atrial peptide hormone reduces….

A

BP by antagonizing aldosterone

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100
Q

the atrial peptide hormone increases…

A

water excretion from kidney

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101
Q

Antidiuretic hormone increases blood pressure by

A

increasing water absorption by distal tubule

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102
Q

at high concentrations, antidiuretic hormones causes

A

vasoconstriction

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103
Q

what is angiotensin II mediated by?

A

release of renin by JGA of kidney tubule

104
Q

when is renin released?

A

when amount of blood entering kidney tubule is too low

105
Q

what does renin do?

A

catalyzes the conversion of angiotensin into angiotensin II

106
Q

angiotensinogen is released by

A

liver

107
Q

the direct effect of angiotensin II is

A

increased BP

108
Q

the indirect effect of angiotensin II is

A

the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex that increases water reabsorption and decreases urine volume
increased BP

109
Q

alcohol ________BP

A

reduces

110
Q

T/F alcohol increases loss of water in urine

A

True

111
Q

how do kidneys control blood volume?

A

by regulating water loss in urine

112
Q

blood volume affects cardiac output via

A

venous pressure
venous return
EDV
stroke volume

113
Q

when there is increase in BV, there is an _________ in BP

A

increase

114
Q

name 2 things that receive 44% of blood flow at rest

A

kidney and abdominal organs

115
Q

during exercise, what receives blood flow?

A

skin, muscles, and heart increase

116
Q

flow is fastest through vessels with

A

smallest cross-sectional area

117
Q

blood flow through individual organs is ________controlled

A

intrinsically

118
Q

excessive or inadequate blood pressure can…

A

damage or cause the death of an organ

119
Q

gases and nutrients diffuse from

A

capillary to interstitial fluid

120
Q

____________ pass through clefts and fenestrations

A

water-soluble solutes

121
Q

________ diffuse through the plasma membranes of capillary epithelial cells

A

lipid-soluble

122
Q

name forces responsible for the direction and amount of fluid crossing capillary walls

A

Hydrostatic and osmotic pressure

123
Q

define hydrostatic pressure

A

Force exerted by a fluid against a vessel wall

124
Q

in capillary bed, hydrostatic pressure is ____ as capillary blood pressure

A

same

125
Q

Capillary hydrostatic pressure (HPc) is greatest at

A

arterial end

126
Q

Capillary hydrostatic pressure (HPc) is lower at

A

venous end

127
Q

HPc is opposed by

A

interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (Hpif)

128
Q

define osmotic pressure

A

Net movement of water from an area of low to high solute concentration

129
Q

Solute concentration in relatively ____ in capillary blood

A

high

130
Q

hydrostatic and osmotic pressure ____ eachother

A

oppose

131
Q

T/F: the arterial end, has a greater net filtration pressure than the venous end

A

true

132
Q

the pulmonary circulation is for

A

gas exchange only

133
Q

the pulmonary trunk bifurcates into

A

right and left pulmonary arteries

134
Q

how many lobar arteries are on right side of lungs

A

3

135
Q

how many lobar arteries are on left side of lungs

A

2

136
Q

lobar arteries branch to form

A

arterioles

137
Q

the arterioles form the

A

pulmonary capillaries

138
Q

capillaries drain into ___

A

venules

139
Q

venules join to form

A

2 pulmonary veins per lung

140
Q

_____________ drain into left atrium

A

4 pulmonary veins

141
Q

name sequence of arteries starting at aortic arch and brachiocephalic

A

r. common carotid divides into r internal and external carotid
r. subclavian divides into r. vertebral and r, axillary

142
Q

name sequence of arteries starting at aortic arch and l. common carotid

A

left internal carotid

left external carotid

143
Q

name sequence of arteries starting at aortic arch and right subclavian

A

left vertebral

left axillary

144
Q

what are the other 2 parts of aorta

A

thoracic aorta

abdominal aorta

145
Q

Brachiocephalic artery branches off ______

A

aortic arch

146
Q

R. subclavian artery branches off _______

A

brachiocephalic artery

147
Q

R. vertebral artery branches off _____

A

R. subclavian artery

148
Q

R. vertebral joins with L. vertebral to form _____

A

Basilar artery

149
Q

Basilar artery is part of?

A

Circle of Willis

150
Q

Basilar artery divides to form

A

R. and L. posterior cerebral arteries

151
Q

R. and L. posterior cerebral arteries supply

A

occipital and inferior temporal lobes of brain

152
Q

After R. subclavian artery branches, Brachiocephalic artery is the

A

R. common carotid artery

153
Q

R. common carotid bifurcates to form

A

R. external and internal carotid arteries

154
Q

R. external carotid branches as it runs superiorly into

A

superior thyroid (supplies thyroid and larynx)
Lingual (supplies tongue)
facial (supplies skin and muscles of anterior face)
occipital (supplies posterior scalp)

155
Q

R. external carotid splits into

A 
maxillary (supplies upper and lower jaw)
superficial temporal (supplies most of scalp)
156
Q

R. Internal carotid

enters the skull and services

A

brain

157
Q

R. internal carotid divides to form

A

R. anterior cerebral artery

R. middle cerebral artery

158
Q

R. anterior cerebral artery supplies

A

medial surface of brain

159
Q

R. middle cerebral artery supplies

A

lateral parts of temporal and parietal lobes

160
Q

R and L. posterior communicating arteries connect posterior cerebral arteries with

A

R. and L. anterior cerebral arteries

161
Q

Anterior communicating artery connects

A

R. and L. anterior cerebral arterioles

162
Q

R. subclavian artery passes under clavicle

Name changes to

A

axillary artery

163
Q

name the 4 arteries that the axillary artery gives rise to

A

Thoracoacromial
Lateral thoracic
Subscapular
Anterior and posterior circumflex arteries

164
Q

Thoracoacromial suppliies

A

superior shoulder and pectoral region

165
Q

Lateral thoracic supplies

A

lateral chest wall and breast

166
Q

Subscapular supplies

A

scapula, latissimus dorsi and thorax wall

167
Q

Anterior and posterior circumflex arteries supplies

A

deltoid and shoulder joint

168
Q

As axillary artery enters arm, name changes to

A

brachial artery

169
Q

Brachial artery gives off a branch called

A

deep brachial artery

170
Q

deep brachial artery supplies

A

triceps brachii

171
Q

Brachial artery supplies

A

anterior flexor muscles of arm

172
Q

Brachial artery splits to form two arteries called

A

Radial artery

Ulnar artery

173
Q

radial artery supplies

A

lateral muscles of forearm

174
Q

ulnar artery supplies

A

medial muscles of forearm

175
Q

Internal thoracic artery branches off the

A

subclavian artery

176
Q

As the internal thoracic artery descends it gives off

A

anterior intercostals arteries

177
Q

anterior intercostals arteries supplies

A

anterior intercostals spaces

178
Q

________gives rise to the first two posterior intercostals arteries

A

Costocervical trunk

179
Q

The thoracic aorta gives rise to

A

9 pairs of posterior intercostal arteries

180
Q

Abdominal artery lies below the

A

diaphragm

181
Q

As abdominal aorta descends it gives rise to the

A

inferior phrenic arteries

182
Q

inferior phrenic arteries supplies

A

diaphragm

183
Q

Abdominal aorta descends and gives off the

A

celiac trunk

184
Q

Celiac trunk divides into three branches:

A

common hepatic artery
splenic artery
Left gastric artery

185
Q

Common hepatic gives off branches to

A

stomach, small intestine and pancreas

186
Q

After giving off gastroduodenal artery, common hepatic becomes

A

hepatic artery

187
Q

hepatic artery supplies

A

liver

188
Q

Splenic sends branches to

A

stomach and pancreas

189
Q

Splenic terminates in the

A

spleen

190
Q

L. gastric artery supplies

A

stomach and inferior esophagus

191
Q

T/F Abdominal aorta descends and gives off the suprarenal arteries

A

true

192
Q

suprarenal arteries supply

A

adrenal glands

193
Q

after the suprarenal artery, there is the

A

superior mesenteric artery

194
Q

Superior mesenteric gives off branches that supply mesenteric organs

A

intestinal
ileocolic
r and middle colic

195
Q

intestinal artery supplies

A

large intestine

196
Q

Ileocolic supplies

A

appendix, colon

197
Q

R. and middle colic supplies

A

transverse colon

198
Q

Abdominal aorta descends and gives off the paired

A

renal arteries

199
Q

renal arteries supplies

A

kidneys on each side og body

200
Q

after renal artery, Abdominal aorta descends and gives off the

A

gonadal arteries

201
Q

after gonadal artery, Abdominal aorta descends and gives off the

A

inferior mesenteric artery

202
Q

Inferior mesenteric gives off branches that supply

A

distal part of colon

203
Q

after inferior mesenteric artery, abdominal aorta gives off

A

lumbar arteries

204
Q

lumbar arteries supply

A

posterior abdominal wall

205
Q

Aorta terminates giving rise to three arteries

A

median sacral

right and left common iliacs

206
Q

Common iliac divides into two branches

A

internal iliac

external iliac

207
Q

internal iliac supplies

A

pelvis and visceral organs(bladder, rectum, uterus, and vagina)

208
Q

external iliac enters thigh and it becomes

A

femoral artery

209
Q

Femoral artery gives off

A

deep femoral artery

210
Q

Deep femoral artery serves

A

posterior thigh

211
Q

Deep femoral artery gives off branches that supply head and neck of femur

A

Lateral and medial circumflex arteries

212
Q

Femoral artery descends and passes through adductor hiatus and enters popliteal fossa where it becomes

A

popliteal artery

213
Q

popliteal artery supplies

A

knee region

214
Q

Popliteal artery divides

A

Posterior tibial artery

Anterior tibial artery

215
Q

Posterior tibial artery gives off

A

peroneal artery

216
Q

peroneal artery supplies

A

lateral muscles of the leg

217
Q

Anterior tibial artery supplies

A

extensor muscles

218
Q

Superior vena cava runs from union of

A

brachiocephalic veins (left and right)

219
Q

Veins that drain into R. brachiocephalic vein

A

right internal jugular vein
right vertebral vein
right subclavian vein

220
Q

R. external jugular vein empties into

A

R. subclavian vein

221
Q

Inferior vena cava runs from junction of common iliac veins to

A

right atrium

222
Q

Veins that drain into inferior vena cava

A 
right and left hepatic veins
right suprarenal vein
renal veins
right gonadal vein
lumbar veins
223
Q

Deep veins of the face drain into

A

inferior jugular veins

224
Q

Most blood from the brain drains into

A

internal jugular veins

225
Q

Most veins drain into

A

dural (meningeal) sinuses

226
Q

Azygos system drains

A

thoracic tissues

227
Q

Azygos vein drains into

A

superior vena cava

228
Q

Posterior intercostal veins drain into

A

azygos veins

229
Q

Distal veins of the arm drain into

A

ulnar and radial veins

230
Q

Ulnar and radial veins unite to form

A

brachial vein

231
Q

As brachial vein enters shoulder, it becomes

A

axillary vein

232
Q

At level of first rib, axillary vein becomes

A

subclavian vein

233
Q

Median vein of the forearm lies between

A

ulna and radius

234
Q

Cephalic vein joins with

A

axillary vein

235
Q

Basilic vein joins with

A

brachial vein

236
Q

Median cubital vein connects

A

Median cubital vein connects

237
Q

Median cubital vein is commonly used to

A

obtain blood samples

238
Q

Multiple hepatic veins carry blood from

A

liver to inferior vena cava

239
Q

______drain gall bladder and join the hepatic veins

A

cystic veins

240
Q

Hepatic portal vein receives drainage from

A

digestive viscera

241
Q

Inferior mesenteric drains

A

large intestine and rectum

242
Q

Splenic drains

A

spleen, parts of the stomach, and pancreas

243
Q

lumbar veins drain into

A

inferior vena cava

244
Q

R.: ovaries or testes on right side of body drains into

A

vena cava

245
Q

R.: ovaries or testes on right side of body drains into

A

left renal vein

246
Q

right suprarenal drains into

A

vena cava

247
Q

left suprarenal drains in

A

left renal vein

248
Q

Common iliacs join to form

A

inferior vena cava

249
Q

Anterior and posterior tibial veins joins to form

A

popliteal

250
Q

Above the knee the popliteal becomes the

A

femoral vein

251
Q

As the femoral vein enters the pelvis it becomes the

A

external iliac

252
Q

External iliac joins with internal iliac to form

A

common iliac vein

253
Q

the great saphenous veins drains

A

medial aspects of leg

254
Q

the great saphenous vein is the

A

longest vein in body

255
Q

the great saphenous vein empties into

A

femoral vein

256
Q

the small saphenous vein drains the

A

deep fascia of calf

257
Q

the small saphenous vein empties into

A

popliteal vein

Anatomy Final (12 decks)

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