Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy Final > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main function of respiration?

A

supply body with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Name the 4 main processes of respiration.

A

pulmonary ventilation
external respiration
transport of respiratory gases
internal respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

define pulmonary respiration (breathing)

A

moving air in and out of lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

define external respiration

A

has exchange between blood and chambers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

define transport of respiratory gases

A

gases must be transported between lungs and tissue cells of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how is transport of respiratory gases accomplished?

A

through the cardiovascular system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

define internal respiration

A

gas exchanges between blood and tissue cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Name the main organs of the respiratory system

A 
nose
nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
lungs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

which organs make up the upper respiratory tract?

A

nose
nasal cavity
pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

which organs make up the lower respiratory tract?

A

larynx
trachea
bronchi
lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

define respiratory zone

A

site of gas exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what makes up the respiratory zone

A

respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveoli
microscopic structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

define conducting zone

A

conduits that provide air to reach respiratory zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the main purpose of the conducting zone

A

to warm, humidify, and filter the air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Function of the nose and paranasal sinuses

A 
airway for respiration
moistens and warms air
filters air
resonating chamber for speech
houses olfactory receptors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

name the main structures that make up the external nose

A 
root and bridge
dorsum nasi
apex
philtrum
external nares
alae
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

_______ divides the nasal cavity

A

nasal septum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

it is in the ________ that air enters through the external nares

A

nasal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

the nasal cavity is continuous with the…

A

nasal portion of the pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

_____ is the cavity superior to the nostrils

A

vestibule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

the vestibule contains 2 glands:

A

sebaceous and sweat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

the vestibule contains ________ that filter course particles

A

hair follicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

the remaining nasal cavity is lined with __________

A

mucous membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

name the 2 types of mucous membrane that lines the nasal cavity

A

olfactory mucous

respiratory mucous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what kind of cells make up the respiratory mucous?

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

mucous cells secrete…

A

mucous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

serous cells secrete….

A

enzyme laden watery fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

mucous contain lysozyme which is

A

an antibacterial enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

___________ create current that moves mucous toward pharynx

A

ciliated cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

the paranasal sinuses are located in

A

frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

the paranasal sinuses are connected to the nasal cavity by

A

small openings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what does the paranasal sinus produce?

A

mucous that drains into nasal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

a function of the paranasal cavity is to

A

warm and moisten air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

the pharynx connects

A

mouth and nasal cavity to the larynx and esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

the pharynx is a common pathway for

A

food and air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

name the 3 regions of the pharynx

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

the nasopharynx only serves as

A

air passage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what happens during swallowing?

A

the uvula closes off nasopharynx to prevent from entering the nasal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

where is the opening of the auditory tube (eustachian tube)?

A

nasopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what kind of tissue can be found in the nasopharynx?

A

lymphatic tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

where exactly is the lymphatic tissue located?

A

pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

the ____________ is continuous with the oral cavity

A

oropharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

define fauces

A

the arched opening at the back of the mouth leading to pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what type of cells is found in the oropharynx

A

more stratified squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

why is there stratified squamous epithelium in the oropharynx?

A

to protect against friction damage caused by food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

the lymphatic tissue of the oropharynx can be found in the

A

palatine tonsil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

the main function of the oropharynx is

A

passage for air and food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

the main function of the laryngopharynx is

A

passage for air and food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what kind of cells line the laryngopharynx?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

this lining continues until it reaches

A

the esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

the laryngopharynx is _______ the the epiglottis

A

posterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

the laryngopharynx is continuous with what?

A

the esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

the extension towards larynx is where

A

respiratory and digestive tracts diverge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

how is the laryngopharynx run continuous with the esophagus?

A

when food enters, the air passage is blocked during swallowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

name the functions of the larynx

A

provide an open airway
direct air and food into proper channels
voice production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

the larynx is made up of

A

9 cartilages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

name the cartilages

A 
thyroid (2 fused; laryngeal prominence)
cricoid cartilage
arytenoid cuneiform (3 pairs)
corniculate cartilages (3 pairs)
epiglottis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

the epiglottis extends from

A

tongue to anterior edge of thyroid cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

during swallowing, the epiglottis is pulled _________

A

superiorly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

when the epiglottis is pulled superiorly, it covers

A

laryngeal inlet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

the larynx leads to the

A

trachea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

the glottis is a

A

laryngeal opening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

the glottis is involved in what?

A

speech production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

the glottis is made up of

A

vestibular folds

vocal folds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

the glottis is surrounded by

A

cuneiform and corniculate cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

the trachea descends from…

A

larynx into the mediastinum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

the trachea divides into what?

A

2 primary bronchi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

name the 3 layers of the tracheal wall.

A

mucosa
submucosa
adventia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

the mucosa is covered in what kind of cells?

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

why does it have cilia?

A

to propel particulate materials toward pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

the submucosa is a _________ layer

A

connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

the submucosa contains _______ glands that help produce mucous

A

seromucous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

the connective tissue is reinforced with what?

A

hyaline cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

what does the cartilage do?

A

prevents trachea from collapsing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

the primary bronchi enters?

A

lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

inside lung, the primary bronchi divides into

A

secondary bronchi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

how many are on the right?

A

3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

how many are on the left?

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

each secondary bronchi supplies ___ lung lobe

A

1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

there are ____ orders of branching passageways

A

23

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

define bronchiole

A

air passage less than 1 mm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

define terminal bronchiole

A

smallest bronchial

less than 0.5 mm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

define respiratory tree

A

collective term for the conduction network with the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

as you go further into bronchial tree, hyaline cartilage starts

A

to disappear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

cartilage rings are replaced by

A

irregular plates of cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

they are ______ in bronchioles

A

absent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

name the order that cells change into as the large tube gets smallers

A

pseudostratified columnar
columnar
cuboidal
no cilia or mucus producing cells at and below level of bronchioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

the amount of ___________ increases

A

smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

an increase in smooth muscle allows for

A

constriction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

name the main components of the respiratory zone

A

respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs
alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

alveolar ducts is made up of

A

smooth muscle, elastic and collagen fibers, alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

the alveolar ducts terminate into

A

clusters of alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

alveolar sacs are groups of

A

alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

alveoli are surrounded by

A

elastic fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

adjacent alveoli are connected via

A

alveolar pores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

what do the alveolar pores do

A

equalizes air pressure within lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

what does surfactant do

A

It reduces surface tension of the fluid lining the alveoli allowing alveoli to expand more readily during inspiration.
it breaks water tension so oxygen can move in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

______________ cover external surface of alveoli

A

pulmonary capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

gas crosses readily by

A

simple diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

oxygen goes from alveolus to?

A

capillary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

carbon dioxide goes

A

from capillary to alveolus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

name the 2 types of cells found in alveoli

A

type I

type II

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

Type I comprise the

A

alveolar wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

what kind of cells make up type I

A

simple squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

Type II cells do what?

A

secrete surfactant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q

surfactant reduces what?

A

surface tension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
107
Q

which cavity can the lungs be found in?

A

thoracic cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
108
Q

each lung is suspended in its own…

A

pleural cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
109
Q

name the 4 parts of the lungs

A

root
apex
base
hilus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
110
Q

the root is where

A

bronchial and vascular attachments to mediastinum are

111
Q

the apex is the

A

superior tips

112
Q

the apex is _____ to clavicle

A

deep

113
Q

what is the concave surface lying on top of diaphragm

A

base

114
Q

what is the hilus?

A

indentation through which blood vessels enter and leave

115
Q

what also enters through the hilus?

A

bronchi

116
Q

which lung is the largest lung?

A

right

117
Q

why is the right lung larger?

A

because most of the heart is on the left side of midline

118
Q

how many lobes does right lung have?

A

3

119
Q

the lobes of the right lung are separated by

A

horizontal and oblique fissures

120
Q

how many lobes does the left lung have?

A

2

121
Q

what are the lobes of the left lung separated by?

A

oblique fissure

122
Q

there are ___ segments per lobe

A

10

123
Q

the segments are divided by what?

A

connective tissue septa

124
Q

each segment is serviced by what?

A

its own artery and vein and receives from an unique bronchus

125
Q

what is a lobule?

A

subdivision of lung that is smaller than a segment

126
Q

what is serviced to a lobule

A

a large bronchiole and its branches

127
Q

name the 2 circulations of the lungs

A

pulmonary and bronchial

128
Q

what does pulmonary circuit do?

A

delivers oxygen poor blood from heart and returns oxygen rich blood to heart

129
Q

what does bronchial circuit do?

A

provide system blood to lung tissue

130
Q

define pleura

A

the serous membrane investing the lungs and lining the thoracic cavity, completely enclosing a potential space known as the pleural cavity

131
Q

name the 2 layers of the pleura

A

parietal pleura

visceral pleura

132
Q

the parietal pleura covers what?

A

exterior surface

lines thoracic wall and superior diaphragm

133
Q

the visceral pleura covers what?

A

external surface of lung

134
Q

what is the space between the layers fluid filled?

A

it permits membranes to slide during respiration and it prevents separation from wall of thorax

135
Q

name the 2 phases of pulmonary ventilation

A

inspiration

expiration

136
Q

expiration is

A

the relaxation of intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, this causes the diaphragm to relax

137
Q

inspiration is

A

when muscles contract, causing expansion of thorax, elevating ribs and moving the sternum, the diaphragm contracts increasing the superior-inferior dimension of the thoracic cavity.

138
Q

define atmospheric pressure

A

pressure exerted by gases around body

139
Q

what is described relative to atmospheric pressure?

A

respiratory pressure

140
Q

negative pressure indicates

A

pressure is lower relative to atmospheric pressure

141
Q

positive pressure indicates

A

pressure is greater relative to atmospheric pressure

142
Q

what is intrapulmonary pressure?

A

pressure within alveoli

143
Q

what changes intrapulmonary pressure?

A

phases of breathing

144
Q

ultimately ________ is equalized with atmospheric pressure

A

intrapulmonary pressure

145
Q

what is always negative relative to both intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressures

A

intrapleural pressure

146
Q

intrapleural pressure __________ with phases of breathin

A

fluctuates

147
Q

the amount of pleural fluid must be

A

at a minimum to lose surface tension

148
Q

name the 2 forces that pull lungs away from thorax wall

A

elasticity of lungs favor smallest dimension

surface tension of alveolar fluid

149
Q

what is the force that pulls lungs toward thorax wall?

A

elasticity of chest wall

150
Q

forces pulling lungs away from thorax wall and the force that pulls lungs toward thorax wall result in

A

negative intrapleural pressure

151
Q

define transpulmonary pressure

A

difference between intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressures

152
Q

transpulmonary pressure does what?

A

keeps lungs from collapsing

153
Q

the serous fluid will always be

A

more (always) negative than the outside environment

154
Q

volume changes leads to

A

pressure changes

155
Q

inspiration is a ______ process

A

active

156
Q

inspiration depends on what?

A

decreasing pressure in lungs

157
Q

how is inspiration achieved?

A

by increasing lung volume, the inspiratory muscles do this

158
Q

name the inspiratory muscles

A

diaphragm

external intercostal muscles

159
Q

quiet inhalation occurs when the diaphragm

A

constricts (moves inferiorly and flattens)

160
Q

when the diaphragm constricts, the volume

A

increases

161
Q

what doe the external intercostal muscles do?

A

lift the rib cage and pull sternum forward

162
Q

as a result, thoracic diameter increases…

A

laterally and anteroposteriorly

163
Q

Also, the intrapulmonary volume _______ and pressure __________ during inhalation

A

increases

decrease

164
Q

when intrapulmonary volume increases and pressure decreases, air

A

rushes into lungs along pressure gradient

165
Q

intrapleural pressure ___________ relative to atmospheric pressure

A

declines

166
Q

as inhalation ends, intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressures are

A

equal

167
Q

deep (forced) inhalation uses

A

accessory muscles to further increase thoracic volume

168
Q

name the accessory muscles used

A

scalenes and sternocleidomastoid muscles of neck
pectoralis muscles of chest
erector spinae of back

169
Q

expiration is a ______ process

A

passive

170
Q

during expiration, the inspiratory muscles do what?

A

relax

171
Q

during expiration the rib cage

A

descends

172
Q

during expiration the lungs

A

recoil

173
Q

during expiration, the intrapulmonary volume

A

decreases

174
Q

in expiration, alveoli

A

compress

175
Q

this allows the pressure to

A

rise within alveoli above atmospheric pressure

176
Q

with the pressure rising, air

A

moves along pressure gradient out of lungs

177
Q

during forced expiration, the abdominal wall muscles

A

contract

178
Q

the contraction of the abdominal wall muscles allow

A

increase in abdominal cavity pressure

179
Q

the increase in abdominal cavity pressure forces what?

A

abdominal organs superiorly against diaphragm

180
Q

during forced expiration, the rib cage

A

depresses

181
Q

name the other 2 muscles that can depress rib cage and decrease thoracic volume

A

internal intercostal muscles

latissimus dorsi

182
Q

name the 3 main factors that affect pulmonary ventilation

A

airway resistance
alveolar surface tension
lung compliance

183
Q

airway resistance is caused by

A

friction

184
Q

resistance is determined by

A

diameters of conducting tubes

185
Q

resistance does not contribute to what?

A

significantly to ventilation

186
Q

there is no flow where friction is

A

greatest

187
Q

in what kind of tubes is the flow greatest?

A

large

188
Q

name the pathological constriction cause of airway resistance

A

asthma

189
Q

describe surface tension

A

at liquid-gas boundaries, molecules of the liquid are more strongly attracted to each other than to the gaseous molecules

190
Q

why are liquid molecules drawn together?

A

to reduce contact with dissimilar gas molecules

191
Q

without surfactant, surface tension would cause

A

alveoli to collapse between breaths

192
Q

name the benefits of surfactant

A

reduces surface tension of alveolar fluid

less energy is needed to expand lungs

193
Q

define lung compliance

A

measure of lung distensibility (expandability)

194
Q

what does great compliance allow?

A

greater ease to expand

195
Q

name the factors that affect lung compliance

A

elasticity of lung tissue and thoracic cage

surface tension of alveoli

196
Q

describe the factors that favor compliance

A

elasticity is high and surface tension is low

197
Q

name the 4 factors that diminish compliance

A

reduced lung resilience
blocked respiratory passages
reduced production of surfactant
decreased thoracic cage flexibility

198
Q

name the 4 types of respiratory volumes

A

tidal
inspiratory reserve
expiratory reserve
residual volumes

199
Q

define tidal volume

A

volume of air moving into lungs during quiet breathing

200
Q

define inspiratory reserve volume

A

amount of air that can be forcibly inspired beyond tidal volume

201
Q

define expiratory reserve volume

A

amount of air that can be exhaled after a tidal volume

202
Q

define residual volume

A

amount of air remaining after maximum voluntary expiration

203
Q

residual volume is needed why?

A

to keep alveoli inflated

204
Q

name the 4 respiratory capacities

A

inspiratory capacity
functional residual capacity
vital capacity
total lung capacity

205
Q

define inspiratory capacity

A

amount of air that can be inspired after tidal expiration

sum of tidal and inspiratory reserve volumes

206
Q

define functional residual capacity

A

sum of residual and expiratory reserve volume

207
Q

define vital capacity

A

total amount of exchangeable air

sum of total, inspiratory reserve, and expiratory reserve

208
Q

vital capacity makes up ____ of total lung capacity

A

80%

209
Q

define total lung capacity

A

sum of all lung volumes

sum of total, inspiratory reserve, expiratory reserve, and residual volume

210
Q

define anatomical dead space

A

air in conducting zone that never contributes to gas exchange in alveoli
is about 150 ml

211
Q

define total ventilation

A

total amount of air that flows into or out of the respiratory tract in 1 minute

212
Q

define forced vital capacity

A

maximum amount of gas forcibly expired following a deep breath

213
Q

define dalton’s law of partial pressure

A

total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the individual pressures exerted by each gas

214
Q

the sum of partial pressure is equal to

A

total pressure of gas mixture

215
Q

direction of movement is dependent on

A

the partial pressure in the 2 phases

216
Q

describe alveolar gas composition

A

more CO2 and H2O

less O2 than atmosphere

217
Q

this kind of difference reflects

A

gas exchange at lungs (CO2 out and O2 in)

218
Q

during external respiration,

A

oxygen enters and carbon dioxide leaves the blood

219
Q

external respiration occurs across

A

the respiratory membrane

220
Q

oxygen diffuses readily from

A

blood into tissue

221
Q

carbon dioxide readily diffuses from

A

tissues into blood

222
Q

name 3 factors affecting the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide

A

partial pressure gradients and gas solubility
structure of respiratory membrane
functional aspects

223
Q

oxygen as a ______________ partial pressure gradient than carbon dioxide

A

steeper

224
Q

the thickness of respiratory membrane affects

A

rate of diffusion

225
Q

so in a pathological condition, exchange may be slowed by

A

thickening of the respiratory membrane

226
Q

in healthy lungs, surface area is

A

immense

227
Q

disease may do what to surface area in lungs?

A

reduce it

228
Q

for gas exchange to be efficient…

A

perfusion of pulmonary capillaries must match alveolar conditions

229
Q

if alveolar ventilation is inadequate, terminal arterioles…

A

constrict to redirect blood flow to more highly ventilated areas

230
Q

if alveoli are maximally ventilated, pulmonary arterioles…

A

dilate to increase blood flow into the more highly ventilated area

231
Q

brochiole diameter _______ CO2 levels

A

parallels

232
Q

poor alveolar ventilation results in

A

low PO2 and high PCO2

233
Q

low PO2 and high PCO2 causes

A

bronchioles dilate

terminal arterioles constrict

234
Q

increased alveolar ventilation results in

A

high PO2 and low PCO2

235
Q

high PO2 and low PCO2 causes

A

bronchioles constrict

terminal arterioles dilate

236
Q

in internal respiration, oxygen

A

diffuses readily from blood into tissue and carbon dioxide readily diffuses from tissue into blood

237
Q

what are the two ways oxygen is transported?

A

Hemoglobin

dissolved in plasma

238
Q

which is the primary mechanism of transporting oxygen though?

A

hemoglobin

239
Q

define oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)

A

oxygen bond to hemoglobin

240
Q

define deoxyhemoglobin (HHb)

A

hemoglobin that has released its oxygen

241
Q

what does it mean by “partially saturated” hemoglobin?

A

less than 4 hemoglobin hemes bound to oxygen

242
Q

what does it mean by “fully saturated” hemoglobin?

A

all 4 hemoglobin hemes bound to oxygen

243
Q

affinity _____ as oxygen is serially added to 4 hemoglobin polypeptide chains

A

increases

244
Q

after initial oxygen molecule is bound, __________ is enhanced

A

infinity for oxygen

245
Q

affinity decreases as oxygen…

A

is released by hemoglobin

246
Q

name the 5 factors that affect shape and affinity of hemoglobin to oxygen

A 
PO2
Temperature
Blood pH
PCO2
BPG
247
Q

hemoglobin is more present in ___

A

lungs

248
Q

arterial blood is __ saturated

A

98%

249
Q

blood loses 25% of its oxygen in _______

A

capillary beds

250
Q

with an increased in metabolic activity, oxygen is

A

more readily dissociated

251
Q

nitrous oxide is a vaso________

A

dilator

252
Q

_________ offsets the effect of NO

A

hemoglobin

253
Q

define hypoxia

A

inadequate oxygen delivery to body tissues

254
Q

anemic hypoxia results from a

A

reduced RBC number and an abnormal or reduced amount of hemoglobin

255
Q

define ischemic hypoxia

A

impaired or blocked blood flow

256
Q

congestive heart failure results from

A

body-wide ischemia

257
Q

an embolism or thrombosis results from

A

local interruption in blood flow

258
Q

what is it when you have histotoxic hypoxia

A

adequate delivery but tissues are unable to use oxygen because of metabolic toxins

259
Q

define hypoxemic hypoxia

A

reduced arterial PO2

260
Q

___ is more readily bound by heme than oxygen

A

CO

261
Q

name the 3 forms CO2 can be transported in blodd

A
  1. dissolved in plasma
  2. bound to hemoglobin in RBCs
  3. as bicarbonate ion in plasma
262
Q

CO2 does not compete with oxygen when it binds to hemoglobin because

A

CO1 binds to globin part

263
Q

most CO2 is converted to

A

bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)

264
Q

the more CO2 there is in blood, the more bicarbonate, which means that blood has a

A

low pH

265
Q

bicarbonate ion rapidly diffuses out of the RBCs into the plasma and carried to

A

lungs

266
Q

what happens to bicarbonate ions in lungs?

A

converted bact to CO2 and enters RBCs and CO2 diffuses from blood into alveoli

267
Q

The Medulla respiratory centers consists of

A

Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

Ventral respiratory group (VRG)

268
Q

the DRG is a _____________________ center

A

pacesetting respiratory center

269
Q

Neural activity in DRG activates…

A

intercostal muscles and diaphragm (inspiration)

270
Q

Expiration is a ____ phase

A

passive

271
Q

the VRG regulates

A

internal intercostals

compresses rib cage

272
Q

the VRG is responsible for a

A

forced expiration

273
Q

what does the Pons respiratory center do?

A

inhibition of medulla

Anatomy Final (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions