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Anatomy Final > Immune > Flashcards

Immune Flashcards

1
Q

describe nonspecific mechanisms of defense

A

does not distinguish between infective agents

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2
Q

describe specific mechanisms of defense

A

responds specifically to particular infective agents

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3
Q

describe an infective agent

A

anything that is not you that compromises you physiological function

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4
Q

the skin and mucous membranes are ____ defense

A

nonspecific

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5
Q

the skin and mucous membranes prevents…

A

entry and spread of microbes to internal spaces

physical barrier

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6
Q

how does the skin and mucous membranes serve as a chemical barrier?

A 
acidic
bacterial flora
antimicrobial proteins
mucous or respiratory tract traps matter
stomach acid has low pH that kills almost everything
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7
Q

what kind of respiratory infection is uncommon?

A

lower respiratory infection

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8
Q

microbes that penetrate the skin or mucous membranes encounter what?

A

amoeboid WBC

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9
Q

name the 5 types of phagocytic cells

A 
neutrophils
monocytes
macrophages
eosinophils
natural killer cells
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10
Q

which kind of phagocytic cell is most common?

A

neutrophils

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11
Q

where are neutrophils produced?

A

in red bone marrow

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12
Q

neutrophils have a ______ to site of infection

A

chemo-attraction

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13
Q

T/F neutrophils are destroyed during response

A

True

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14
Q

T/F neutrophils are the last to arrive to the site

A

false

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15
Q

what do monocyte primarily do?

A

enlarge and come macrophages

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16
Q

what can macrophages do?

A

amoeboid cells that phagocytize microbes and cell debris

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17
Q

T/F macrophages do not get destroyed

A

True

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18
Q

where can macrophages be found?

A

wander or permanently reside in connective tissue or organs

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19
Q

what is the primary immune contribution of eosinophils?

A

against parasitic worms

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20
Q

what doe natural killer cells destroy?

A

host’s own cells, abnormal or infected with virus

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21
Q

__________ is a response to tissue damage or entry by microorganism

A

inflammation

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22
Q

what happens during vasodilation?

A

increases blood supply and allow WBC to travel to infected area and destroy any bacteria that may be there

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23
Q

T/F dilated vessels are less permeable

A

False; they are more permeable

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24
Q

the permeable vessels during vasodilation allow…

A

phagocytes to leave blood and enter tissue

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25
Q

___________ initiate inflammatory response

A

chemical signals

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26
Q

_________ is released from injured basophils and masts cells in connective tissue

A

histamines

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27
Q

what can histamines do?

A

cause vasodilation

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28
Q

what do prostaglandins do?

A

increase blood flow to injured tissue

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29
Q

describe local inflammation

A

response confined to a specific area of the body

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30
Q

local inflammation includes…

A

redness, heat, and swelling and pain because the chemical mediators act on pain receptors

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31
Q

phagocytic cells are attracted to damaged tissue by what?

A

chemical signal (chemokines)

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32
Q

what is released by leukocytes that cause fever

A

pyrogens

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33
Q

a fever can inhibit what?

A

bacterial growth and facilitate phagocytosis

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34
Q

what are antimicrobial proteins?

A

they are complement proteins that are a part of the innate response

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35
Q

what does the complement system result in?

A

cell lysis

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36
Q

in the complement system, proteins help split the C3 into….

A

C3a and C3b

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37
Q

the complement proteins are produced by the _________

A

liver

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38
Q

the complement proteins circulate in the body in its inactive form, then once it sees a pathogen what happens?

A

it becomes activated and attaches to it through a chain of activations of other complement proteins

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39
Q

C3b can lead to what?

A

opsonization

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40
Q

what happens during opsonization?

A

the complement proteins coat the pathogen which enhances phagocytosis

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41
Q

the C3a can lead to…

A

inflammation

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42
Q

inflammation stimulates?

A

histamine release
increased blood vessel permeability
chemotactic attraction of phagocytes

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43
Q

___________ are substances produced in response to virus-infected cells

A

interferons

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44
Q

regarding interferons, the infected cell ______ be saved

A

cannot

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45
Q

describe what happens once the infected cell produces an interferon

A

the interferons diffuse to neighboring cells to promote production of anti-viral proteins so that when a virus tries to infect the neighboring cell, viral replication is prevented

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46
Q

___________ is relatively dormant until your exposed to some pathogen

A

specific mechanisms of defense

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47
Q

define specficity

A

recognizes and eliminates particular microorganisms and foreign material that is foreign

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48
Q

during specific response, each lymphocyte only responds to…

A

one antigen

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49
Q

T/F specific response has self/nonself recognition

A

true

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50
Q

specific response has the ability to form memory, describe that.

A

ability to recognize previously encountered antigen

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51
Q

memory is based on what?

A

production of a clonal population of B cells during initial response

52
Q

memory cells are _________ during primary response

A

not active

53
Q

what activates memory cells?

A

antigens that have previously been encountered

54
Q

____________- are the secondary immune response

A

new clones of effector and memory cells

55
Q

why do we have memory cells if they are not directly involved in immune response?

A

they are held in reserve in order to activate a more rapid response

56
Q

_____ cells are responsible for humoral response

A

B cells

57
Q

____ cells are responsible for cell-mediated response

A

T cells

58
Q

B cells are formed and mature in

A

bone marrow

59
Q

T cells are formed in the

A

bone marrow

60
Q

T cells mature in

A

thymus gland

61
Q

what is an antigen?

A

a foreign substance that elicits a lymphatic response that is presented on the surface of bacteria or virus

62
Q

______ is an antigen-binding immunoglobulin produced by B cells

A

antibody

63
Q

________recognize and distinguishes antigens

A

antigen receptors

64
Q

antigen receptors are present where?

A

plasma membranes of lymphcytes

65
Q

antibodies function as ____ cells

A

effector

66
Q

effector cells participate in…

A

immune response

67
Q

specificity is determined during….

A

embryological development

68
Q

when encountered in the body, antigens are bound by specific lymphocytes, which then…

A

divide and differentiate

69
Q

what is created when the specific lymphocytes with bound antigens are separating?

A

clonal population of effector cells specific to that antigen and the second clonal population of memory cells

70
Q

name the 2 types of immune responses

A

primary response

secondary response

71
Q

the primary response occurs during..

A

first exposure to antigen

72
Q

the secondary response occurs when?

A

encounter a previously encountered antigen

73
Q

T/F the secondary response has symptoms

A

false; no symptoms

74
Q

which response is faster and prolonged and has more antibodies?

A

secondary response

75
Q

lymphocytes do not develop antigen receptors against…

A

body’s own molecules

76
Q

what is self tolerance?

A

lack of destructive immune response to the body’s own cells

77
Q

major histocompatibility complex (MHC) are

A

unique self markers

glycoproteins embedded in plasma membranes of cells

78
Q

________ MHC are on every nucleated cell

A

Class I MHC

79
Q

Class II MHC are found only…

A

on specialized immune cells like macrophages, B cells, and activated T cells

80
Q

Class II MHC can determine if

A

a cell has the appropriate MHCI

81
Q

______ response is done if pathogen is found in body fluid

A

humoral response

82
Q

the humoral response produces antibodies specific to….

A

toxins, free bacteria, and viruses present in body fluids

83
Q

the antibodies of the humoral response are produced and secreted as…

A

soluble proteins that circulate in blood and lympth

84
Q

the cell mediated immune response requires…

A

T cells

85
Q

what is the response to intracellular infection by virus, bacteria, etc

A

cell mediated response

86
Q

activated helper T cells secrete….

A

cytokines that stimulate other lymphocytes

87
Q

helper T cells can differentiate into…

A

activated helper T cells and Memory helper T cells

88
Q

Antigen-presenting cells (APC) are cells that

A

take up antigens and present them to their surface

89
Q

B cells and macrophages ____ foreign material

A

engulf

90
Q

__________ bind foreign material and convey it to the outside of the APC

A

Class II MHC

91
Q

describe the main process of the cell mediated response

A

infected cells display antigens complexed with Class I MHC’s
cytotoxic T cells recognize and bind to antigen-MHC complex
Cytotoxic T cells releases perforin which lesions infected cell
infected cell undergoes lysis and dies
pathogen may be destroyed or released to be attacked by antibodies
cytotoxic T cell continues to live and may kill other cells with antigen-MHC complex

92
Q

define cytokines

A

are soluble chemicals that will attract other immune cells to site of infection

93
Q

describe the main process of humoral response

A

we have a pathogen in the fluid
naive B cells is covered with antigen receptors and encounters a antigen
the naive B cells are activated
clonal division to become plasma cells and memory cells
plasma cells produce antibodies

94
Q

B cells can’t make memory cells unless…

A

they have been activated by T cell

95
Q

T dependent antigens evoke cooperative responses with…

A

macrophages, helper T cells, and B cells

96
Q

T/F with T dependent antigens, memory cells are produced

A

true

97
Q

T-independent antigens are antigens that trigger

A

humoral response without macrophages or T cells

98
Q

T independent antigens stimulate what directly?

A

B cells

99
Q

T/F with T-independent antigens, memory cells are produced

A

False; they are not produced

100
Q

name the 3 main parts of an antibody

A

antigen-bound site
complement binding site
macrophage binding site

101
Q

antibodies are specialized proteins known as _______

A

immunoglobulins

102
Q

name the 5 main types of Igs

A 
IgM
IgG
IgA
IgD
IgE
103
Q

IgM is responsible for

A

circulating, appear during initial response

104
Q

IgG is for

A

cross blood vessels, protect against bacteria, viruses, and toxins in blood, trigger complement system

105
Q

IgA is for

A

in mucous membrane, prevent attachment of bacteria and viruses to epithelial surfaces also in tears, saliva, and perspiration

106
Q

IgD is for

A

found in external membranes of B cells, initiates B cell differentiation

107
Q

IgE is for

A

attaches to receptors on mast cells and basophils, stimulates releases of histamine and other chemicals that cause allergic reaction

108
Q

T/F antibodies directly destroy antigenic pathogen

A

false, they do not

109
Q

so what do antibodies actually do?

A

they tag the pathogen and other mechanisms destroy it

110
Q

what is neutralization

A

blocks viral attachment sites by coating it

111
Q

what is opsonization

A

bound antibodies tag it to enhance macrophage attachment to it and phagocytosis of microbe

112
Q

what is agglutination

A

cross linking of antibodies between adjacent antigens that creates a complex to makes it easier for phagocytes to kill

113
Q

what is precipitation

A

cross-link soluble antigen molecules instead of cells

114
Q

what is complement fixation

A

antibodies combine with complement system

115
Q

define active immunity

A

conferred by recovery from a infectious disease

116
Q

define passive immunity

A

transfer of antibodies from one individual to another

117
Q

define natural active immunity

A

antigen enters body naturally and body induces antibodies

118
Q

define naturally passive immunity

A

antibodies pass from mother to fetus via placenta or to infant via breast milk

119
Q

define artificially active immunity

A

antigens are introduced in vaccines and body produces antibodies

120
Q

define artificially passive immunity

A

performed antibodies in immune serum are introduced by serum

121
Q

define allergies

A

hypersensitivity of the body’s defenses to an environmental antigen

122
Q

________ is an acute allergic reaction

A

anaphylactic shock

123
Q

what happens during anaphylactic shock

A

mast cell degranulation causes a sudden dilation of peripheral blood vessels and then there is a decrease in blood pressure

124
Q

name 5 autoimmune diseases

A 
lupus erythematosus
rheumatoid arthritis
insulin-dependent diabetes
multiple sclerosis
Grave's disease
125
Q

immunodeficiency diseases are characterized by

A

deficient humoral or cell-mediated immune defenses

126
Q

people with AIDS are susceptible to

A

opportunistic diseases

127
Q

viral entry of HIV is dependent on…

A

CD4 receptor

Anatomy Final (12 decks)

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