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PH 107 - Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Drug Delivery Systems, and Medical Devices (Lec.) > Solid Dosage Forms > Flashcards

Solid Dosage Forms Flashcards

1
Q

Intimate mixtures of dry, finely divided drugs and/or chemicals used externally or internally

A

Powders

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2
Q

Medicated powder for internal use; is taken orally after mixing with water

A

Oral powder

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3
Q

Medicated powder for external use; is dusted on the affected area from sifter-type container

A

Topical powder

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4
Q

Characterized before the preparation of pharmaceutical products

A

Solid materials

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5
Q

Mixtures that liquefy when in close and prolonged contact with one another

A

Eutetic mixtures

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6
Q

Done to obtain quantitative data on the size, distribution, and shapes of drug and other components to be used in pharmaceutical formulation

A

Particle size analysis

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7
Q

Increases rate of drug dissolution and its bioavailability

A

Drug micronization

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8
Q

Science of small particles

A

Micromeritics

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9
Q

Is inversely proportional to the number of particles and total surface area

A

Particle size

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10
Q

Particles are passed by mechanical shaking through a series of sieves (Method for particle size analysis)

A

Sieving

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11
Q

Is made of wire woven cloth from brass, bronze, or other suitable wire

A

Sieves

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12
Q

Particles are sized through a calibrated grid background or measuring device (Method for particle size analysis)

A

Microscopy

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13
Q

Measuring the settling velocity of particles (Stokes’ law) (Method for particle size analysis)

A

Sedimentation rate

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14
Q

Determined by the reduction in light reaching the sensor as it passes through a sensor (Method for particle size analysis)

A

Light energy diffraction/Light scattering

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15
Q

Pulsed layer is fired through an aerosolized particle spray and photographed in 3 dimensions (Method for particle size analysis)

A

Laser holography

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16
Q

Particle is driven by an airstream will hit a surface in its path; separated into various size ranges (Method for particle size analysis)

A

Cascade impaction

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17
Q

A mechanical process of reducing particle size of solids

A

Comminution

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18
Q

2 types of comminution of drugs

A

Small scale, Large scale

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19
Q

3 types of small-scale comminution of drugs

A

Trituration, Levigation, Pulverization by intervention

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20
Q

Process of grinding a drug in a mortar and pestle to reduce its particle size

A

Trituration

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21
Q

Type of mortar and pestle with non-porous, smooth surface and used for suspensions and ointments

A

Glass

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22
Q

Type of mortar and pestle used for crystalline solids

A

Wedgewood

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23
Q

Type of mortar and pestle used for soft aggregates/crystalline

A

Porcelain

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24
Q

Type of mortar and pestle not to be used in reactive substance

A

Metal

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25
Q

Process of separating fine particles from coarse by grinding in water

A

Levigation

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26
Q

Process of reduction of particle size with the aid of a second agent that can be readily removed from the pulverized product

A

Pulverization by intervention

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27
Q

Example of mill & pulverizer used for large scale comminution of drugs

A

FitzMill comminutor

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28
Q

Protects the environment from chemical dust

A

Collection/containment system

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29
Q

5 ways of mixing/blending powders

A

Trituration, Spatulation, Geometric dilution, Sifting, Tumbling

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30
Q

Process of using a spatula on a sheet of paper/ointment tile

A

Spatulation

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31
Q

Used when a small amount of potent substance is mixed with a large amount of diluent

A

Geometric dilution

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32
Q

Process of using sifters; results in a light and fluffy product

A

Sifting

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33
Q

Process that involves that use of a machine/motorized equipment; is time consuming

A

Tumbling (rotating chamber)

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34
Q

Contain inert propellants and pharmaceutical diluents; used for asthma and other bronchial conditions

A

Aerosolized powders

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35
Q

2 types of powders

A

Bulk powders, Divided powders

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36
Q

Powders that contain non-potent substances; dispensed in bulked quantities

A

Bulk powders

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37
Q

Powders that are in the form of individual dosing units; dispensed in chartulae, metal foil, small heat-sealed or resealable plastic bags

A

Divided powders

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38
Q

Method used for divided powders with non-potent substances

A

Block and divide method

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39
Q

Method used for divided powders with potent substances

A

Geometric dilution

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40
Q

4 types of paper used for powders

A

Simple bond paper, Vegetable parchment, Glassine, Waxed paper

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41
Q

Opaque paper with no moisture-resistant property

A

Simple bond paper

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42
Q

Thin, opaque, moisture-resistant paper

A

Vegetable parchment

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43
Q

Glazed, transparent, moisture-resistant paper

A

Glassine

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44
Q

Transparent, waterproof paper

A

Waxed paper

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45
Q

Powders that are supplied as finely divided powders or as effervescent granules

A

Oral powders

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46
Q

Powders that are generally dissolved in warm water for vaginal use

A

Douche powders

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47
Q

Powders used for dentifrices or for adhesives to hold dentures

A

Denture powders

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48
Q

Form of bulk powder, generally containing flavors, soap or detergent, mild abrasive, and a polishing agent

A

Dentifrices

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49
Q

Are non-toxic preparations for local application and therefore has no systemic effect

A

Dusting powders

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50
Q

Prepared agglomerates of smaller particles of powder

A

Granules

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51
Q

2 methods of preparing granules

A

Wet granulation method, Dry granulation method

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52
Q

Involves moistening the powder/powder mixture and passing the paste through a screen of mesh size to form granules (Wet granulation method)

A

Basic wet method

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53
Q

Particles in conical piece of equipment are dispersed and suspended (Wet granulation method)

A

Fluid bed processing

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54
Q

Use of roll press or roller compactor and a granulating machine (Dry granulation method)

A

Dry method/Fusion method

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55
Q

Compression of a powder or powder mixture under 8000-1200 pounds of pressure (Dry granulation method)

A

Slugging

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56
Q

Tablets formed by slugging that are flat faced and about 2.5 cm (1 in) in diameter

A

Slugs

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57
Q

Granules or coarse powders containing medicinal agents composed of sodium bicarbonate, citric acid, and tartaric acid

A

Effervescent granulated salt

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58
Q

2 methods of preparing effervescent granules

A

Dry method/Fusion method, Wet method

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59
Q

One molecule of water is present in each molecule of citric acid (Method of preparing effervescent granules)

A

Dry method/Fusion method

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60
Q

Source of binding agent is water added to alcohol as the moistening agent, forming a pliable mass for granulation (Method of preparing effervescent granules)

A

Wet method

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61
Q

Dosage forms that are preferred when administered orally by adults

A

Capsules & tablets

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62
Q

Medicinal agents and/or inert substances enclosed in a small shell of gelatin and is swallowed wholly

A

Capsules

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63
Q

Are mixed with food or drink by children or patients who are unable to swallow solid dosage forms

A

Open capsules, Crushed tablets

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64
Q

3 solid dosage forms that must be left intact

A

Enteric coated tablets, Extended-release dosage forms, Sublingual or buccal tablets

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65
Q

Solid dosage form that pass through the stomach for drug release and absorption in the intestine

A

Enteric coated tablets

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66
Q

Solid dosage form that provide prolonged release of the medication

A

Extended-release dosage forms

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67
Q

Solid dosage form that dissolve under the tongue or in the mouth

A

Sublingual or buccal tablets

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68
Q

6 alternative products if patient cannot swallow an intact solid dosage form

A

Chewable tablet, Instant dissolving tablet, Oral liquid, Oral or nasal inhalation solution, Suppository, Injection

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69
Q

Obtained by the partial hydrolysis of collagen from the skin, white connective tissue, and bones of animals

A

Gelatin

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70
Q

Capsule that dissolves and exposes its contents; unsuitable for aqueous liquids

A

Gelatin capsule

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71
Q

2 types of gelatin (USP)

A

Gelatin A, Gelatin B

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72
Q

Type of gelatin obtained from acid hydrolysis

A

Gelatin A

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73
Q

Type of gelatin obtained from basic hydrolysis

A

Gelatin B

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74
Q

Used to protect against the absorption of atmospheric pressure

A

Desiccant

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75
Q

Use to product the proper capsule fill volume; provide cohesion to the powders

A

Diluents/Filler

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76
Q

Also referred to as “DFC” or dry filled capsule; manufactured into two sections, the capsule body and a shorter cap

A

Hard gelatin capsules

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77
Q

Are made of gelatin, sugar, and water; is either hard or soft

A

Empty capsule shells

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78
Q

Excipient added to capsule formulations to enhance drug dissolution

A

Wetting agents

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79
Q

Excipient added to separate interacting agents and absorb any liquefied material that may form

A

Absorbent

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80
Q

Excipient added to assist in the breakup and distribution of the capsule’s contents in the stomach

A

Disintegrants

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81
Q

Excipient added to enhance flow properties

A

Lubricant/Glidant

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82
Q

Excipient added to facilitate wetting by the gastrointestinal fluids

A

Surface active agent (Surfactant)

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83
Q

2 innovations to provide distinctive looking capsules

A

Pulvules, Spansule capsules

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84
Q

End of the body-producing peg is tapered while leaving the cap-making peg rounded (Innovation to provide distinctive looking capsules)

A

Pulvules

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85
Q

Capsules with the ends of both the bodies and caps highly tapered (Innovation to provide distinctive looking capsules)

A

Spansule capsules

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86
Q

3 innovations in capsule shell designs

A

Snap-fit, Coni-snap, Coni-snap supro

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87
Q

Two halves of capsule shells positively joined through locking grooves in the shell walls (Innovation in capsule shell designs)

A

Snap-fit

88
Q

The rim of the capsule body is tapered slightly (not straight) (Innovation in capsule shell designs)

A

Coni-snap

89
Q

The rim is tapered, upper capsule part extends, and opening is difficult (Innovation in capsule shell designs)

A

Coni-snap supro

90
Q

5 goals in preparing a capsule

A

Accurate dosage, Good bioavailability, Ease of filling and production, Stability, Elegance

91
Q

2 methods in reducing particle size

A

Milling, Micronization

92
Q

Particles ranging from 50-1000 um (Method in reducing particle size)

A

Milling

93
Q

Drugs of lower dose or when smaller particles are required; particles ranging from 1-20 um (Method in reducing particle size)

A

Micronization

94
Q

2 methods for filling hard gelatin capsule (HGC)

A

Punch method, Rolling method

95
Q

Empty capsule body is held and punched vertically into the powder cake repeatedly until filled (Method for filling HGC)

A

Punch method

96
Q

Using the spatula, fill the capsule by drawing the powder to the capsule body until completely filled (Method for filling HGC)

A

Rolling method

97
Q

Process of sealing the joint between capsule parts

A

Capsule sealing

98
Q

Process of fusing the capsule cap to the body through the double wall thickness at their juncture (Capsule sealing)

A

Heat welding process

99
Q

Water and ethanol is sprayed around the seam area then thermal bonding (Capsule sealing)

A

Liquid sealing

100
Q

2 methods of cleaning and polishing capsules

A

Small scale, Large scale

101
Q

By rubbing with a clean gauze or cloth (Method of cleaning and polishing capsules)

A

Small scale

102
Q

Cleaning vacuum affixed to the capsule-filling machines using Accela-Cota apparatus (Cleaning and polishing capsules)

A

Large scale

103
Q

Made of gelatin and used to encapsulate and hermetically seal liquids, suspensions, pasty materials, dry powders, and preformed tablets

A

Soft gelatin capsules

104
Q

Process that uses set of molds to form the soft-gelatin capsules

A

Plate process

105
Q

Most commonly used process of preparing soft-gelatin capsule; uses a rotary die machine

A

Rotary die process

106
Q

Process that uses Norton capsule machine to prepare soft-gelatin capsule; similar to rotary die but differs in encapsulating process

A

Reciprocating die process

107
Q

Process that uses Stern machine to prepare soft-gelatin capsule; unlike the others fill dry powders into soft elastic capsules

A

Accogel capsule machine

108
Q

Counts small numbers of solid dosage units; specialty designed trays are used

A

Community pharmacy

109
Q

Uses automated pieces of equipment dosage units into bulk containers

A

Industrial scale

110
Q

Are solid dosage forms prepared by compression with the aid of suitable pharmaceutical excipients

A

Tablets

111
Q

4 types of tablets

A

Compressed, Multiple compressed, Sugar-coated, Film-coated

112
Q

Are tablets manufactured with tablet machine with great pressure or compacting the powdered or granulated tableting material

A

Compressed tablets

113
Q

Are tablets with fill material subjected to more than a single compression

A

Multiple compressed tablets

114
Q

Tablets with coating of colored or uncolored sugar layer; is water soluble and quickly dissolved after swallowing

A

Sugar-coated tablets (S.C.T.)

115
Q

Tablets with coating made of a thin layer of a polymer capable of forming a skin-like usually colored film over the tablet

A

Film-coated tablets (F.C.T.)

116
Q

Capsule-shaped compressed tablet with 1/3 the size of capsule with the same amount of fill, more ease in swallowing and more tamper evident (Type of F.C.T.)

A

Gelatin coated tablet

117
Q

Have delayed release features; to pass the stomach to the intestines where the tablet will disintegrate for drug dissolution and absorption (Type of F.C.T.)

A

Enteric coated tablets (E.C.T.)

118
Q

Flat, oval tablets dissolved slowly in the buccal pouch (Type of F.C.T.)

A

Buccal tablets

119
Q

Erode promptly underneath the tongue for rapid drug effect (Type of F.C.T.)

A

Sublingual tablets

120
Q

Disc-shaped solid forms in a hard candy or sugar base (Type of F.C.T.)

A

Lozenges/Troches

121
Q

Rapid disintegration (chewed or allowed to dissolve in mouth) (Type of F.C.T.)

A

Chewable tablets

122
Q

Prepared by compressing granular effervescent salts and release gas when in contact with water which dissolved rapidly (Type of F.C.T.)

A

Effervescent tablets

123
Q

Small and cylindrical, very soft, soluble, and dissolves rapidly (Type of F.C.T.)

A

Molded tablet triturate (M.T.T.)

124
Q

Prepared by compression and contains potent substance (Type of F.C.T.)

A

Compressed tablet triturate (C.T.T.)

125
Q

Used by physicians for extemporaneous preparations of parenteral (Type of F.C.T.)

A

Hypodermal tablet

126
Q

Used by pharmacists when compounding prescriptions and not dispensed to patients (Type of F.C.T.)

A

Dispensing tablets (D.T.)/Compounding tablets

127
Q

To disintegrate and release their medication; devoid of special rate controlling features (Type of F.C.T.)

A

Immediate release tablets (I.R.)

128
Q

3 methods of manufacturing tablets

A

Wet granulation, Dry granulation, Direct compression

129
Q

Widely employed method for manufacturing compressed tablet (Method of manufacturing tablets)

A

Wet granulation

130
Q

Step 1 - Wet granulation method of manufacturing tablets

A

Weighing and blending

131
Q

Step 2 - Wet granulation method of manufacturing tablets

A

Preparing the damp mass

132
Q

Step 3 - Wet granulation method of manufacturing tablets

A

Screening the damp mass into pellets or granules

133
Q

Step 4 - Wet granulation method of manufacturing tablets

A

Drying the granulation

134
Q

Step 5 - Wet granulation method of manufacturing tablets

A

Sizing the granulation by dry screening

135
Q

Step 6 - Wet granulation method of manufacturing tablets

A

Adding lubrication and blending

136
Q

2 all-in-one granulation methods

A

Fluid bed granulator, Microwave vacuum process

137
Q

Involves continuous operation (All-in-one granulation method)

A

Fluid bed granulator

138
Q

Using a microwave, powder is mixed, wetted, agglomerated, and dried (All-in-one granulation method)

A

Microwave vacuum process

139
Q

Powder mixture is compacted in large pieces/slugging and broken down or sized into granules (Method of manufacturing tablets)

A

Dry granulation

140
Q

Process wherein after weighing and mixing the ingredients, the powder mixture is slugged or compressed into large flat tablets or pellets

A

Slugging

141
Q

Process wherein powder compactors are used to increase the density of powder by pressing it between roller at 8000-1200 pounds of pressure

A

Roller compaction

142
Q

Compressed directly in a tablet machine without a need for granulation (Method of manufacturing tablets)

A

Direct compression

143
Q

Fillers to make up the bulk of the tablet (Tablet excipient)

A

Diluent

144
Q

Either dry or liquid form to promote granulation process or cohesive compacts during direct compression process (Tablet excipients)

A

Binders & adhesives

145
Q

Facilitates tablet disintegration (Tablet excipients)

A

Disintegrants

146
Q

Reduce friction during tablet ejection between the walls of tablet and die cavity (Tablet excipients)

A

Lubricants, antiadherents & glidants

147
Q

Disguise off-color drugs to provide product ID and to produce a more elegant product (Tablet excipients)

A

Color & dyes

148
Q

Limited to chewable tablets or tablets intended to dissolve in the mouth (Tablet excipients)

A

Flavoring agents

149
Q

Only for chewable tablets or tablets intended to dissolve in the mouth (Tablet excipients)

A

Artificial sweeteners

150
Q

Hold quantities of fluid in an apparently dry state (Tablet excipients)

A

Adsorbents

151
Q

Are made by compressing a formulation containing a drug or drugs with excipients on stamping machine called presses

A

Tablet compression machine tablets

152
Q

For holding and feeding granulation (Component of tablet presses)

A

Hopper

153
Q

Define the shape and size of the tablet (Component of tablet presses)

A

Dies

154
Q

For compressing the granulation within the dies (Component of tablet presses)

A

Punches

155
Q

For guiding the movement of the pouches (Component of tablet presses)

A

Cam tracks

156
Q

For moving granulation from hopper into the dies (Component of tablet presses)

A

Feeding mechanism

157
Q

Partial or complete separation of the top or bottom crowns of a tablet from the main body of the tablet (Results from air entrapment and high speed product)

A

Capping

158
Q

Separation of a tablet into 2 or more distinct layers (Results from air entrapment and high speed product)

A

Splitting/Lamination

159
Q

Adhesion of tablet material to a die wall (Results from excessive moisture)

A

Sticking

160
Q

Removal of tablet’s surface by a punch (Results from excessive moisture)

A

Picking

161
Q

Unequal distribution on a tablet with light or dark areas standing out on an otherwise uniform surface (Results from use of a drug with a color different from that of tablet excipients)

A

Mottling

162
Q

3 ways of imprinting logos/ID on tablets

A

Debossed, Embossed, Engraved

163
Q

Imprinted with a mark below the surface

A

Debossed

164
Q

Imprinted with a mark raised above the surface

A

Embossed

165
Q

Imprinted with a code that is cut into the surface during production

A

Engraved

166
Q

Process of coating tablets to protect from air/humidity, mask the taste, provide characteristics of drug release, and provide aesthetics

A

Tablet coating

167
Q

Step 1 - Sugar coating

A

Waterproofing and sealing

168
Q

Step 2 - Sugar coating

A

Subcoating

169
Q

Step 3 - Sugar coating

A

Smoothing and final rounding

170
Q

Step 4 - Sugar coating

A

Finishing and coloring

171
Q

Step 5 - Sugar coating

A

Polishing

172
Q

Process of placing a thin, skintight coating of a plastic-like material over the compressed tablet

A

Film coating

173
Q

Capable of producing smooth, thin films (Type of materials found in nonaqueous film-coating solutions)

A

Film former

174
Q

Used to ensure penetration by body fluids and therapeutic availability (Type of materials found in nonaqueous film-coating solutions)

A

Alloying substance

175
Q

Used to produce flexibility and elasticity of the coating (Type of materials found in nonaqueous film-coating solutions)

A

Plasticizer

176
Q

Used to enhance spreadability of the film during application (Type of materials found in nonaqueous film-coating solutions)

A

Surfactant

177
Q

Used to make the appearance of the coated tablets handsome and distinctive (Type of materials found in nonaqueous film-coating solutions)

A

Opaque and colorant

178
Q

To enhance the acceptability of the tablet to the patient (Type of materials found in nonaqueous film-coating solutions)

A

Sweeteners, flavors, and aromas

179
Q

Used to provide luster to the tablet without a separate polishing operation (Type of materials found in nonaqueous film-coating solutions)

A

Glossant

180
Q

Used to spread the other component over the tablets (Type of materials found in nonaqueous film-coating solutions)

A

Volatile solvent

181
Q

Applied to tablets to pass through the stomach intact to disintegrate and release their drug content from absorption along the intestine

A

Enteric coating

182
Q

Spray coating of powders, granules, beads, pellets or tablets held in suspension by a column of air

A

Fluid bed of air suspension coating

183
Q

Provide the fastest possible spray rates and the most efficient drying results

A

Flo-Coater systems

184
Q

Named after its developer; the items to be coated are fed into a vertical cylinder

A

Wurster process

185
Q

3 types of fluid bed system

A

Top sprays, Tangential spray technique, Bottom spray

186
Q

Provides greater capacity, up to 1,500 kg than the other air suspension coating method (Type of fluid bed system)

A

Top sprays

187
Q

Used in rotary fluid bed coater; used for layering coating (Type of fluid bed system)

A

Tangential spray technique

188
Q

Used for sustained-release and enteric-release products (Type of fluid bed system)

A

Bottom spray

189
Q

Anhydrous operation safely employed in the coating of tablets containing a drug that is labile to moisture

A

Compression coating

190
Q

Can be made by compression or molding; have a special place in the delivery of medication; examples include Difflam and Strepsils

A

Lozenges

191
Q

Small, round, solid dosage forms containing a medicinal agent and intended to be administered orally

A

Pills

192
Q

Is a raspberry lollipop that differs from the fentanyl oralet; provides almost immediate relief and its effect lasts about 15 minutes

A

Fentanyl Actiq

193
Q

2 primary driving forces

A

Patient-related factors, Market-driven factors

194
Q

Improved quality of life (Driving force)

A

Patient-related factors

195
Q

Provide an attractive financial option for pharmaceutical companies (Driving force)

A

Market-driven factors

196
Q

SR - Meaning

A

Sustained release

197
Q

SA - Meaning

A

Sustained action

198
Q

PA - Meaning

A

Prolonged action

199
Q

CR - Meaning

A

Controlled release

200
Q

ER - Meaning

A

Extended release

201
Q

TR - Meaning

A

Timed release

202
Q

LA - Meaning

A

Long acting

203
Q

The rate of delivery is controlled by features of the device rather than by physiologic or environmental conditions

A

Rate controlled delivery

204
Q

Dosage forms having drug release features based on time, course, and/or location

A

Modified release

205
Q

Designed to release the medication in a controlled manner

A

Extended release

206
Q

Unintended, rapid drug release in a short period of time of the entire amount or a significant fraction of the drug contained in a modified release dosage form

A

Dose dumping

207
Q

It is designed to release the drug at a time other than promptly after the administration

A

Delayed release

208
Q

It usually contains two single doses of medication, one for the immediate release and the second for delayed release

A

Repeat action

209
Q

It describes drug release directed toward isolating or concentrating a drug in a body region

A

Targeted release

210
Q

Is a process by which solids, liquids, or even gases may be enclosed in microscopic particles by formation of thin coatings of wall material around the substance

A

Microencapsulation

211
Q

Is a common wall-forming material

A

Gelatin

212
Q

A free flowing powder that is commonly used to provide a hydrophilic matrix

A

Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC)

213
Q

This system is composed of a core tablet surrounded by a semi-permeable membrane coating having a 0.4 mm diameter hole produced by laser beam

A

Osmotic pump

214
Q

Tablets prepared so that an initial dose of drug is release immediately and the second dose follows later

A

Repeat-action tablets

215
Q

Capsules and tablets which are coated to remain intact in the stomach and to yield the ingredients in the intestines are known as __________

A

Enteric-coated

PH 107 - Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Drug Delivery Systems, and Medical Devices (Lec.) (5 decks)

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