FINAL 01 - Liquid Dosage Forms Flashcards
In physicochemical terms, __________ may be prepared from any combination of solid, liquid, or gas
Solutions
In pharmaceutical terms, these are liquid preparations which contains one or more substances dissolved in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents
Solutions
Refers to the maximum concentration at which a solution can be formed with that agent/solute and that solvent
Solubility
Solubility is expressed as __________
g/mL
Most useful solvent next to water; forms a hydroalcoholic mixture with water (Solvents for liquid preparations)
Alcohol, USP
Contains not less than 99.5% ethyl alcohol by volume; used when an essentially water-free alcohol is desired (Solvents for liquid preparations)
Dehydrated alcohol, USP
A hydroalcoholic solvent in pharmaceutical processes and preparations; prepared by mixing equal volumes of alcohol, USP and purified water, USP (Solvents for liquid preparations)
Diluted alcohol, NF
Solvent used as a rubefacient, soothing rub, germicide, skin cleaner, and vehicle (Solvents for liquid preparations)
Rubbing alcohol
Is added to prevent accidental or abusive oral ingestion
Denatorium benzoate
Is a clear syrupy liquid with a sweet taste; used as a preservative, stabilizer and auxiliary solvent, and for internal preparations (Solvents for liquid preparations)
Glycerin, USP
Used as a rubefacient, soothing rub, vehicle, and preparing needles and syringes (Solvents for liquid preparations)
Isopropyl rubbing alcohol
Miscible with water and alcohol; a useful solvent used as a substitute for glycerin (Solvents for liquid preparations)
Propylene glycol, USP
Is obtained by distillation, ion exchange treatment, reverse osmosis, or other suitable process (Solvents for liquid preparations)
Purified water, USP
2 basic types of water preparation (WP)
Water for injection, Purified water
3 methods of preparation of pharmaceutical water (DRI)
Distillation, Reverse osmosis, Ion-exchange
Is nature’s water purification process; consists of the vaporization and condensation of water (Methods of preparation of pharmaceutical water)
Distillation
Uses a semi-permeable membrane to remove ions, molecules, and larger particles from drinking water (Methods of preparation of pharmaceutical water)
Reverse osmosis
Involves the passage of water through a column of cation and anion exchanges consisting of resins producing demineralized or deionized water (Methods of preparation of pharmaceutical water)
Ion-exchange
2 kinds of solutions (AN)
Aqueous, Non-aqueous
Water-based; uses water as main solvent (Kinds of solutions)
Aqueous solution
Does not use water but a different solvent (Kinds of solutions)
Non-aqueous solution
Uses alcohol as main solvent (Types of non-aqueous solution)
Hydroalcoholic
Uses oil as main solvent (Types of non-aqueous solution)
Oleaginous
Uses ether as main solvent (Types of non-aqueous solution)
Ethereal
Also known as “medicated waters”; a clear, saturated aqueous solution of volatile oils or other aromatic substances (Types of aqueous solutions)
Aromatic waters
2 methods of preparation for aromatic waters (DS)
Distillation/Cohobation method, Solution method
Method used for strong rose water (Methods of preparation for aromatic waters)
Distillation/Cohobation method
Includes direct solution method and alternate solution method with dispersing agent (Methods of preparation for aromatic waters)
Solution method
Are concentrated aqueous solutions of sugars or sugar substitute with or without flavoring agents and medicinal substances (Types of aqueous solutions)
Syrups
Masks salty taste of iodine, bromine, and chlorine (Examples of syrups)
Glycyrrhiza syrup
Masks the salty taste of saline medicaments (Examples of syrups)
Raspberry syrup
A syrup with 85% w/v; is a self-preserving solution with a specific gravity of 1.313 (Examples of syrups)
Simple syrup
The sugar most frequently employed in syrups
Sucrose
Is a syrup prepared by dissolving 85 g of sucrose in purified water to make 100 mL of syrup
Syrup, NF (Simple syrup)
Enhances the appeal of the syrup; correlates with the flavorant employed
Colorant
Is a rapid method; overheating may cause caramelization (Methods of syrup preparation)
Solution with aid of heat
Is a slower method; suited for components that are heat-labile (Methods of syrup preparation)
Solution by agitation w/o aid of heat
Uses percolator; an official method in USP for the preparation of syrup (Methods of syrup preparation)
Percolation
It increases the stability of syrups and minimizes microbial contamination (Methods of syrup preparation)
Reconstitution
Intended for body orifices as cleansing agents or antiseptics (Types of aqueous solutions)
Douches
Used to remove foreign particles and discharges from the eyes (Kinds of douches)
Eye douche
Used to prepare the interior of the throat for an operation and to cleanse it in suppurative conditions (Kinds of douches)
Pharyngeal douche
Used to cleanse nasal passage (Kinds of douches)
Nasal douche
Used for irrigative cleansing of the vagina for hygienic effects (Kinds of douches)
Vaginal/Urethral douche
Is the practice of washing or flushing the vagina with water or other fluids
Vaginal douching
A fluid injected into the lower bowel by way of the rectum; used to relieve constipation or for bowel cleansing (Types of aqueous solutions)
Enemas/Clyster
2 types of enemas (ER)
Evacuation, Retention
Rectal insertion employed to evacuate the bowel (Types of enemas)
Evacuation enema
Held in the rectum and sigmoid colon for a specific period of time so the colon can absorb most of the solution (Types of enemas)
Retention enema
3 kinds of retention enema (NMD)
Nutritive, Medicated, Diagnostic
A retention enema with local effects
Hydrocortisone
A retention enema with systemic effects
Aminophylline
Is a liquid which is held in the mouth passively or swilled around the mouth (Types of aqueous solutions)
Mouthwash/Mouth rinse/Oral rinse/Mouth bath
Used for temporary relief of pain, soreness, and irritation in the mouth (Types of dental solutions)
Benzocaine
Used in dentistry by sterilization of deep root canals (Types of dental solutions)
Camphorated parachlorophenol
Used as a chemo mechanical cleansing and deriding agent (Types of dental solutions)
Carbamide peroxide topical solution
Used as a freshening mouth cleanser; have benzyl alcohol as a local anesthetic (Types of dental solutions)
Cetylpyridinium chloride solution and lozenges
Solution applied to teeth to reveal remaining plaque; the tablet has the same effect but it is not swallowed (Types of dental solutions)
Erythrosine sodium topical solution and soluble tablets
Applied topically to dental cavities and dental protective (Types of dental solutions)
Eugenol
Used as a topical dental anesthetic (Types of dental solutions)
Lidocaine oral spray
Used for oral fungal infections by retaining in the mouth as long as possible before swallowing (Types of dental solutions)
Nystatin oral suspension
Are electrolytes in a carboxymethylcellulose base used for relief of dry mouth and throat in xerostomia (Types of dental solutions)
Saliva substitutes
Used for the treatment of nasopharyngeal conditions by forcing air from the lungs through a gargle that is held in the throat and subsequently expectorated (Types of aqueous solutions)
Gargle
Are expressed juices prepared from fresh ripe fruits, used in syrups which are employed as vehicles (Types of aqueous solutions)
Juices
Juices expressed from fresh plants and evaporated were formerly known as __________
Inspissated juices
Are pharmaceutical products that are used inside, outside, or around the ears to exert therapeutic effect (Types of aqueous solutions)
Otic/Aural preparation
Is a condition whereby water has become trapped between the cerumen impaction and the tympanic membrane
Swimmer’s ear