MIDTERM 03 - Semi-Solid Dosage Forms Flashcards
Layer of the epidermis that is composed of approximately 40% protein and 40% water
Stratum corneum
Drug molecules can penetrate in the stratum corneum by __________
Passive diffusion
Is a semi-solid preparation intended for external application to the skin or mucous membranes
Ointment
2 kinds of ointment (MU)
Medicated, Unmedicated
Are ointments intended for physical effects as protecetants, emollient, and lubricants
Unmedicated ointment
Base used in preparing medicated ointment
Ointment base
Imparts emollient effect and as an occlusive dressing (Types of ointment base)
Hydrocarbon/Oleaginous base
Purified mixture of semi-solid hydrocarbon obtained from petrolatum (Types of hydrocarbon/oleaginous base)
Petrolatum, USP
Wholly or nearly decolorized purified mixture of semi-solid hydrocarbon from petrolatum (Types of hydrocarbon/oleaginous base)
White petrolatum, USP
Purified wax from the honeycomb of the bee Apis mellifera; also called as simple ointment (Types of hydrocarbon/oleaginous base)
Yellow ointment, USP
They are not easily removed from the skin with water washing (Types of ointment base)
Absorption base
Prepared by stearyl alcohol and white wax melted on steam bath + cholesterol, adding white petrolatum, and allowing the mixture to cool until congealed (Types of absorption base)
Hydrophilic petrolatum
Obtained from the wool of sheep (Ovis aries); a purified wax like substance that has been cleaned, deodorized, and decolorized (Types of absorption base)
Lanolin, USP
A lanolin that has been processed to reduce the contents of free lanolin alcohols and any detergent and pesticide residues
Modified lanolin, USP
Are O/W emulsions resembling creams; they are easily washed from the skin (Types of ointment bases)
Water-removable/Water-washable bases
Stearyl alcohol and white petrolatum are melted together at about 75°C and serve as the base (Types of water-removable bases)
Hydrophilic ointment, USP
Do not contain oleaginous components; are completely water washable and referred to as greaseless (Types of ointment bases)
Water-soluble base
Is a polymer of ethylene oxide and water (Types of water-soluble base)
Polyethylene glycol ointment, NF
2 general methods of ointment preparation (IF)
Incorporation, Fusion
Components are mixed until a uniform preparation is attained (Methods of ointment preparation)
Incorporation
The ointment is prepared by rubbing and working the components together on the hard surface until the product is smooth and uniform (Methods of incorporation)
Spatulation
A small portion of the powder is mixed with a portion of the base until uniform (Methods of incorporation)
Geometric dilution
Mixing the solid material in a vehicle in which it is insoluble to make a smooth dispersion (Methods of incorporation)
Levigation
Solids soluble in common solvent that will affect neither the stability of the drug nor the efficacy of the product may be dissolved first in that solvent (Methods of incorporation)
Dissolution in solvent
Used for incorporating a gummy material (Methods of incorporation)
Pulverization by intervention
All or some of the components of an ointment are combined by being melted together and cooled with constant stirring until congealed (Methods of ointment preparation)
Fusion
Are semisolid preparations containing one or more medicinal agents dissolved or dispersed in either a W/O or O/W emulsion
Creams
2 types of creams
Oil-in-water (O/W), Water-in-oil (W/O)
Tends to vanish on skin (Types of creams)
Oil-in-water (O/W)
Imparts an oily feeling on the skin (Types of creams)
Water-in-oil (W/O)
A semisolid system consisting of dispersion of small or large molecules in an aqueous liquid vehicle rendered jellylike by the addition of a gelling agent
Gels/Jellies
2 types of gels (ST)
Single-phase, Two-phase
Gels in which the macromolecules are uniformly distributed throughout a liquid (Types of gels)
Single-phase
Gels consisting of floccules of small distinct particles
Two-phase/Magma
An example of two-phase gel/magma consisting of a gelatinous precipitate of magnesium hydroxide
Milk of magnesia/Magnesia magma
Are semisolid preparations intended for application to the skin
Pastes
Are solid or semisolid adhesive masses spread on a backing of paper, fabric, moleskin, or plastic
Plasters
Is a plaster used on the toes for the removal of corns
Salicylic acid plaster
Are plastic masses containing gelatin, glycerin, water, and an added medicinal substance
Glycerogelatins
An example of glycerogelatin used in the treatment of varicose ulcers
Zinc gelatin
A fluid emulsion applied to the surface of the skin
Lotions
A lotion which consists of finely powdered insoluble solids held in more or less permanent suspension by the presence of suspending agents or surface active agents
Calamine lotion
The major route by which drugs enter the eye is through simple diffusion via the __________
Cornea
For drugs that are poorly absorbed by the cornea, the __________ provides an alternative route
Conjunctive sclera
Are drugs introduced into the nasal passage and are primarily for local effects on the mucous membranes and underlying tissues
Nasal ointments
They should be certain that upon dispensing, the patient understands the proper method of administration
Pharmacists
