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PH 107 - Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Drug Delivery Systems, and Medical Devices (Lec.) > FINAL 02 - Dispersed System > Flashcards

FINAL 02 - Dispersed System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Study of flow characteristics

A

Rheology

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2
Q

System that contains substance distributed and vehicle

A

Dispersed system

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3
Q

3 classification of dispersion (CFC)

A

Coarse dispersion, Fine dispersion, Colloids

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4
Q

Particles usually 10-50 um in size (Classifications of dispersion)

A

Coarse dispersion

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5
Q

Particle size is 0.5-10 um (Classifications of dispersion)

A

Fine dispersion

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6
Q

Particles are in colloidal range (1 nm-0.5 um) (Classifications of dispersion)

A

Colloids

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7
Q

A coarse dispersion of finely divided drug particles called suspensoid distributed uniformly throughout a vehicle

A

Suspension

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8
Q

Mylanta, Riopan, Maalox, Gaviscon (Examples of oral suspensions by category)

A

Antacids

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9
Q

Antiminth and Mintezol (Examples of oral suspensions by category)

A

Anthelmintics

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10
Q

Chloromycetin and Ilosone (Examples of oral suspensions by category)

A

Antibacterial (Antibiotics)

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11
Q

Mandelamine, Bactrim, Septra Gantanol, and Gantrisin (Examples of oral suspensions by category)

A

Antibacterial (Non-antibiotic anti-infectives)

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12
Q

Mysoline (Examples of oral suspensions by category)

A

Anticonvulsants

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13
Q

Pepto-Bismol liquid (Examples of oral suspensions by category)

A

Antidiarrheal

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14
Q

Mylicone (Examples of oral suspensions by category)

A

Antiflatulent

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15
Q

Nystatin and Grifulvin (Examples of oral suspensions by category)

A

Antifungals

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16
Q

Aldomet (Examples of oral suspensions by category)

A

Antihypertensive

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17
Q

Vistaril and Mellaril-S (Examples of oral suspensions by category)

A

Antipsychotics, Sedatives, Antiemetic

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18
Q

Diuril (Examples of oral suspensions by category)

A

Diuretic

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19
Q

Indocin (Examples of oral suspensions by category)

A

Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory

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20
Q

Counteracts the effects of gastric hyperacidity (Examples of oral suspensions by category)

A

Antacid oral suspension

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21
Q

Includes preparations of antibiotic substances (Examples of oral suspensions by category)

A

Antibacterial oral suspension

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22
Q

Agents that assist in the suspension of the dispersed phase

A

Suspending agents

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23
Q

Increase the viscosity of water by binding water molecules; examples include acacia, tragacanth, methylcellulose, and carboxymethylcellulose (Types of suspending agents)

A

Hydrophilic colloids

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24
Q

Silicates that are anionic in aqueous dispersion; exhibit thixotrophy; examples include bentonite, veegum, and kaolin (Types of suspending agents)

A

Clays

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25
Q

Semisolid preparation made up of small inorganic and large organic matter interpenetrated by liquid (Types of suspension)

A

Gels

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26
Q

Are a combination of mineral oils and heavy hydrocarbon waxes with a molecular weight of about 1300 (Types of suspension)

A

Jelene/Plastibase

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27
Q

Are gels in which the structural content matrix contains a high proportion of liquid, usually water (Types of suspension)

A

Jellies

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28
Q

Taking up a certain amount of liquid without increase in volume

A

Imbibition

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29
Q

Taking up of liquid by a gel with an increase in volume

A

Swelling

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30
Q

The dispersing medium is squeezed out in droplets and the gel shrinks

A

Syneresis

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31
Q

Reversible-gel-sol formation with no change in volume/temperature

A

Thixotrophy

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32
Q

Liquid is removed from a gel and only the framework remains

A

Xerogel

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33
Q

2 general classification of gels (IO)

A

Inorganic hydrogels, Organic gels

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34
Q

Has two phase system such as aluminum hydroxide gel and bentonite magma (Classifications of gels)

A

Inorganic hydrogels

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35
Q

Has a single phase system and include gelling agents such as carbomer and tragacanth (Classifications of gels)

A

Organic gels

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36
Q

Are gels that have ingredients that are dispersible as colloidals or soluble in water (Classifications of gels)

A

Hydrogels

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37
Q

Are gels that have hydrocarbons, animal and vegetable fats, soap base greases, and the hydrophilic organogels (Classifications of gels)

A

Organogels

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38
Q

Are liquid suspensions intended for external application (Types of suspensions)

A

Lotion

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39
Q

2 ways of preparing lotions (TC)

A

Trituration, Chemical reaction

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40
Q

Mortar used for unstainable substance

A

Porcelain mortar

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41
Q

Mortar used for stainable substance

A

Glass mortar

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42
Q

Are suspensions containing bigger particles as compared to gels and lotions (Types of suspensions)

A

Magmas/Milk

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43
Q

2 ways of preparing magmas (HC)

A

Hydration, Chemical reaction

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44
Q

An example of magma made by reacting bismuth subnitrate with nitric acid and ammonium carbonate with ammonium solution

A

Milk of bismuth

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45
Q

Are pressured dosage forms containing one or more active ingredients upon actuation emit a fine dispersion of liquid and/or solid materials in gaseous medium

A

Aerosols

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46
Q

4 factors which will render an aerosol effective (AVCP)

A

Amount of propellant, Valve assembly, Container, Particle size

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47
Q

Commonly used referring to the aerosol container or completed product

A

Pressurized package

48
Q

Aerosols used to provide an airborne mist

A

Space sprays

49
Q

Aerosols intended to carry active ingredient to a surface

A

Surface sprays or surface coatings

50
Q

2 main components of aerosols (PP)

A

Product concentrate, Propellant

51
Q

Is the active ingredient of the aerosol combined with the required adjuncts (Components of aerosols)

A

Product concentrate

52
Q

Is a liquified gas or a mixture of liquefied gases (Components of aerosols)

A

Propellant

53
Q

A fluorinated hydrocarbon that is a phased out as a propellant

A

Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)

54
Q

Usually operate at pressures between 30-40 psig at 70°F and may contain as much as 85% propellant (Types of aerosol systems)

A

Space aerosols

55
Q

Commonly contain 30-70% propellant with pressure between 25-55 psig at 70°F (Types of aerosol systems)

A

Surface aerosols

56
Q

Usually operate between 35-55 pig at 70°F and may contain only 6-10% propellant (Types of aerosol systems)

A

Foam aerosols

57
Q

Used to permit the expulsion of the contents of the can in the desired form

A

Valve assembly

58
Q

Button which the user presses to activate the valve assembly for the emission of the product (Parts of aerosol valve)

A

Actuator

59
Q

Supports the actuator and delivers the formulation in the proper form to the chamber of the actuator (Parts of aerosol valve)

A

Stem

60
Q

Placed snugly with the stem, serves to prevent leakage of the formulation when the valve is in closed position (Parts of aerosol valve)

A

Gasket

61
Q

Holds the gasket in place and also is the mechanism by which the actuator retracts when pressure is released (Parts of aerosol valve)

A

Spring

62
Q

Attached to the aerosol can or container; serves to hold the valve in place (Parts of aerosol valve)

A

Mounting cup

63
Q

Located directly below the mounting cap; serves as the link between the dip tube and the stem and actuator (Parts of aerosol valve)

A

Housing

64
Q

Extended from the housing down into the product; serves to bring the formulation from the container to the valve (Parts of aerosol valve)

A

Dip tube

65
Q

Inhaler where each metered dose is delivered through the mouthpiece upon actuation of the aerosol unit’s valve

A

Metered dose inhalers (MDIs)

66
Q

Permits a patient to spray droplets onto or under the tongue for acute relief of an attack of angina pectoris

A

Nitrolingual spray

67
Q

An example of rectal aerosol that contains pramoxine hydrochloride and used to relieve inflammatory anorectal disorder

A

Proctofoam

68
Q

A commercially available vaginal aerosol containing estrogenic substances and contraceptive agents

A

Aerosol forms

69
Q

Meaning of emulgio

A

To milk out

70
Q

A dispersion where the dispersed phase is distributed throughout a vehicle in which it is immiscible

A

Emulsions

71
Q

Has oleaginous internal phase and aqueous external phase (Types of emulsions)

A

Oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions

72
Q

Has aqueous internal phase and oleaginous external phase (Types of emulsions)

A

Water-in-oil (w/o) emulsions

73
Q

3rd component present in emulsions

A

Emulsifying agent

74
Q

Phase which contains water-soluble drug preservatives, coloring, and flavoring agents

A

Aqueous phase

75
Q

Phase which contains fixed/volatile oils

A

Oil phase

76
Q

Added to prevent autooxidation of the oil and rancidity or destruction of any vitamin present

A

Antioxidant

77
Q

3 phases of emulsion

A

Internal, External, Emulsifying agent

78
Q

Refers to the discontinuous or dispersed phase in an emulsion (Phases of emulsion)

A

Internal phase

79
Q

Refers to the continuous or dispersion medium in emulsions; occurs in larger armounts (Phases of emulsion)

A

External phase

80
Q

Most stable emulsion; are isotropic mixtures of a biphasic oil-water system stabilized by surfactants (Types of emulsion)

A

Microemulsion

81
Q

Theory that states that exposed surface of liquid tends to contract (Theories of emulsion)

A

Surface tension theory

82
Q

Theory that states that emulsifying agents orient themselves about and within a liquid according to their solubility in that liquid (Theories of emulsion)

A

Oriented-wedge theory

83
Q

Theory that states that emulsions have emulsifying agent (surrounds the droplets of the internal phase as a thin layer) and film (prevents the contact and coalescence of the dispersed phase) (Theories of emulsion)

A

Plastic/Internal film theory

84
Q

Theory that states that viscosity of an emulsion aids emulsification by the mechanical hindrance to coalescence of the globules (Theories of emulsion)

A

Viscosity theory

85
Q

Agent that lowers the interfacial tension and forms a film at the interphase

A

Emulsifying agent

86
Q

Includes carbohydrates (acacia, tragacanth, agar, chondrus, and pectin) and proteins (gelatin, egg yolk, casein) (Types of emulsifying agent)

A

Natural emulsifying agent

87
Q

Includes anionic, cationic, nonionic, finely divided solids, and high molecular weight alcohols (Types of emulsifying agent)

A

Synthetic emulsifying agent

88
Q

Includes H2SO4 esters, sulfonic acid derivatives, soaps, and triethanolamine oleate (Types of synthetic emulsifying agent)

A

Anionic

89
Q

Used as surface-active agents in 1% conc.; are incompatible with soaps (Types of synthetic emulsifying agent)

A

Cationic

90
Q

Includes sorbitan esters (span) and polyethylene glycol 400 monostearate (Types of synthetic emulsifying agent)

A

Nonionic

91
Q

Forms O/W emulsions when the insoluble material is added to the aqueous phase; includes colloidal clays (Types of synthetic emulsifying agent)

A

Finely divided solids

92
Q

Are thickening and stabilizing agents for O/W emulsions; includes stearyl alcohol (Types of synthetic emulsifying agent)

A

High molecular weight alcohols

93
Q

2 portions of emulsifying agents (HL)

A

Hydrophilic portion, Lipophilic portion

94
Q

Value that indicates the substance polarity

A

Hydrophilic-lipophilic value

95
Q

Surfactants with HLB value 3-6 produce __________ emulsions

A

W/O

96
Q

Surfactants with HLB value 8-18 produce __________ emulsions

A

O/W

97
Q

Method of making a mucilage (acacia + water) then adding oil slowly (Methods of preparation of emulsions)

A

English/Wet gum method

98
Q

Method of adding oil to acacia then water is added all at once (Methods of preparation of emulsions)

A

Continental/Dry gum method

99
Q

Variation of dry gum method for volatile oil; oleaginous substance of low viscosity (Methods of preparation of emulsions)

A

Forbes/Bottle method

100
Q

Method where soap is formed (oil + aq soln with alkali) (Methods of preparation of emulsions)

A

Nascent soap/In situ soap method

101
Q

Method where wet gum/dry gum method are increased in quality by passing it through a hand homogenizer (Methods of preparation of emulsions)

A

Auxiliary method

102
Q

Method where the emulsifier is the product of reaction between the vegetable of higher fatty acid and lime water (Methods of preparation of emulsions)

A

In situ soap method

103
Q

Soaps with w/o emulsions containing certain vegetable oil with lime water prepared by mixing oil and lime water

A

Calcium soaps

104
Q

2 types of soap (CS)

A

Calcium soaps, Soft soaps

105
Q

3 examples of emulsions (TLC)

A

Turpentine oil, Liquid petroleum, Cod liver oil

106
Q

Emulsion which is a laxative with empty stomach (Example of emulsion)

A

Cod liver oil emulsion

107
Q

Joining together of globules to form large lumps/floccules rising and settling more rapidly than the individual particles (Problems encountered in emulsion)

A

Flocculation

108
Q

Rising/upward and settling/downward of globules/floccules forming a concentrated layer at the surface/to the bottom (Problems encountered in emulsion)

A

Creaming

109
Q

Irreversible processes; coalescence of globules of internal phase and subsequent breaking/cracking of emulsion (Problems encountered in emulsion)

A

Coalescence and breaking

110
Q

3 microorganisms that bring about decomposition and contamination (MYB)

A

Molds, Yeast, Bacteria

111
Q

2 factors that affect the color and the odor of oils and destroy their vitamin content (LR)

A

Light, Rancidity

112
Q

Method of adding water: W/O forms another phase, O/W homogenous (Methods in identifying emulsions)

A

Dilution method

113
Q

Method that uses UV light; oil has property to absorb UV light, (+) for W/O (Methods in identifying emulsions)

A

Fluorescence test

114
Q

Method that uses Amaranth green dye (water soluble dye; O/W homogenous) and Sudan red dye (oil soluble dye; W/O homogenous) (Methods in identifying emulsions)

A

Dye solubility test

115
Q

Method where O/W conducts electricity (Methods in identifying emulsions)

A

Conductivity test

PH 107 - Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Drug Delivery Systems, and Medical Devices (Lec.) (13 decks)

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