PRELIM 01 - History of Pharmacy Practice Flashcards
Babylon, of ancient Mesopotamia, called the cradle of civilization, provides the earliest known record of practice of the art of apothecary (Year in history)
2400 BC
__________ provides the earliest known record of practice of the art of apothecary
Babylon
Where the first sign of sickness, prescription, and compounding instructions were written
Sumerian cuneiform
Shen Nung, an emperor sought out and investigated the medicinal value of several medicinal herbs (Year in history)
2000 BC
A Chinese emperor who sought out and investigated the medicinal value of several medicinal herbs
Shen Nung
A collection of 365 native herbs written by Shen Nung
Pen T-sao
Papyrus ebers, a medicinal record from Ancient Egypt that contains a collection of 800 prescriptions, 700 medications, and some recorded formulas were made (Year in history)
1500 BC
It is a medicinal record from Ancient Egypt that contains a collection of 800 prescriptions, 700 medications, and some recorded formulas
Papyrus Ebers
In Ancient Egypt, gatherers and preparers of drugs, and “chief of fabrications” or head pharmacists worked in the __________
“House of Life”
The earliest recorded occurrence of a compounded medication in Indian traditional medicine is found in Sushrata Samhita (Year in history)
600 BC
The earliest recorded occurrence of a compounded medication in Indian traditional medicine is found in __________
Sushrata Samhita
Terra Sigillata, an early “trademarked” drug was made (Year in history)
500 BC
An early “trademarked” drug which is a clay tablet made on the Mediterranean island of Lemos which holds medicinal tablets that carry a trademark
Terra Sigillata (Sealed Earth)
Theophrastus, the “Father of Botany”, was among the greatest Greek philosophers and natural scientists (Year in history)
300 BC
The “Father of Botany” who was among the greatest early Greek philosophers and natural scientists
Theophrastus
Mithridates VI, King of Pontus, pursued to discover the art of poisoning, avoiding poison, and treating it (Year in history)
100 BC
Nickname for Mithridates VI, King of Pontus
Royal Toxicologist
Was used as a poisonous substance antidote; named after Mithridates VI, King of Pontus
Mithridatum
Pedanios Dioscorides was a notable individual who made substantial contribution in pharmacy practice with his work, De Materia Medica (Year in history)
1st Century AD
A notable individual who made substantial contribution in pharmacy practice with his work, De Materia Medica
Pedanios Dioscorides
Is a record of Dioscorides’s findings and specifications for the acquisition, storage, and usage of medications
De Materia Medica
Aelius Galenus or Claudius Galenus, commonly known as Galen, was a Roman Greek physician, surgeon, and philosopher who was the first to use the pulse as a sign of illness (Year in history)
130-200 AD
A class of pharmaceuticals compounded by mechanical means; named after Galen
Galenicals
Galen was the originator of the formula for __________
Cold cream
Are twin brothers of Arabian descent who were devout Christians
Damian (The apothecary), Cosmas (The physician)
Damian and Cosmas were called the __________
“Silverless ones”
Remnants of the Western knowledge of pharmacy and medicine were preserved in the monasteries (Year in history)
5th-12th century
They separated the art of apothecary and physicians and established the first privately owned drug store in Baghdad
Arabs
One of the greatest Arab physicians who contributed greatly to the pharmacy practice by compiling texts
Abu Bakr al-Razi/Rhazes
Colonial America’s first hospital, the Pennsylvania hospital, was established in Philadelphia in __________
1751
Pennsylvania hospital was founded in 1751 by __________ and __________ to “care for the sick-poor and insane who were wandering the streets of Philadelphia”
Dr. Thomas Bond, Benjamin Franklin
An apprentice physician who was America’s first hospital pharmacist
Jonathan Roberts
Year when Jonathan Roberts was hired
1752
Jonathan Roberts’s successor who proposed that the practices of medicine and pharmacy be separate
John Morgan
A German-Swedish pharmaceutical chemist who made thousands of experiments, discovered oxygen, chlorine, and manganese
Carl Wilhelm Scheele
A German pharmacist who gave the world opium’s chief narcotic principle, morphine
Friedrich Wilhelm Adam Serturner
Serturner proved the importance of a new class of organic substances which was __________
Alkaloids
The American Pharmaceutical Association helped regulate the practice of dispensing medicine and encouraged pharmacists to develop close relationships with the doctors who prescribed the medicine (Year in history)
1852
An association that helped regulate the practice of dispensing medicine and encouraged pharmacists to develop close relationships with the doctors who prescribed the medicine
American Pharmaceutical Association
Was the patriarch of American pharmacy, the founder of the first college of pharmacy in the United States, the first American pharmacy journal, and the first national professional association
Daniel B. Smith
The first college of pharmacy in the United States
Philadelphia College of Pharmacy
Year when the first college of pharmacy in the United States was founded
1821
Daniel B. Smith’s young protege and colleague who was the “Father of American Pharmacy”
William Procter Jr.
A group of 11 physicians met at the US capitol in Washington DC and created the first United States Pharmacopoeia (Year in history)
1820
The first United States Pharmacopoeia was published as __________
The Pharmacopoeia of the United States of America
The __________ established the National Formulary (NF) in 1888 which was principally aimed to serve as a resource and a formulary for small-scale compounding of medicines
American Pharmaceutical Association
The American Pharmaceutical Association established the __________ in 1888 which was principally aimed to serve as a resource and a formulary for small-scale compounding of medicines
National Formulary (NF)
The American Pharmaceutical Association established the National Formulary (NF) in __________ which was principally aimed to serve as a resource and a formulary for small-scale compounding of medicines
1888
It contains monographs and standards for medicines, finished dosage forms, and many other therapeutic goods intended for use in healthcare
USP-NF
An American explorer, botanist, and pharmacist who opened vast new horizons for the advancement of pharmacy and medicine
Henry Hurd Rusby
Rusby collected more than __________ botanical specimens and described nearly a thousand new species of plants
60,000
Three genera, ________, __________, and __________ bear Henry Hurd Rusby’s name
Rusbya Britton, Rusbyanthus Gilg, Rusbyella Rolfe ex Rusby
The alkaloid __________ bear Henry Hurd Rusby’s name
Rusbyine
Henry Hurd Rusby is cited as the author of __________ taxon names
49
A German medical scientist who published his memoir, ‘The Potency Estimation of Diphtheria antiserum and its theoretical basis’, which laid the foundation for all future work on biological standardization
Paul Ehrlich
Paul Ehrlich was a German medical scientist who published his memoir, ___________, which laid the foundation for all future work on biological standardization
‘The potency estimation of Diphtheria antiserum and its theoretical basis’
Biological products got their start with the discovery of __________ by Behring and Roux in 1894
Diphtheria antitoxin
Biological products got their start with the discovery of diphtheria antitoxin by __________ in 1894
Behring and Roux
Biological products got their start with the discovery of diphtheria antitoxin by Behring and Roux in __________
1894
Is a drug that was introduced at the beginning of the 1910s as the first effective treatment for syphilis, relapsing fever, and African trypanosomiasis
Arsphenamine/Salvarsan/Compound 606
Was a French pharmacist who worked for 30 years and headed chemical laboratories in the world-renowned Institut Pasteur, in Paris
Ernest Francois Auguste Fourneau
Ernest Francois Auguste Fourneau developed __________ in 1904
Stovaine
Ernest Francois Auguste Fourneau developed Stovaine in __________
1904
Is used as a spinal anesthesia; it contains amylocaine, the first synthetic and non-addictive local anesthetic
Stovaine
Dr. Frederick Banting, a Canadian surgeon, and Charles Best, a medical student, successfully isolated the hormone insulin for the first time (Year in history)
1921
__________, a Canadian surgeon, and Charles Best, a medical student, successfully isolated the hormone insulin for the first time in 1921
Dr. Frederick Banting
Dr. Frederick Banting, a Canadian surgeon, and __________, a medical student, successfully isolated the hormone insulin for the first time in 1921
Charles Best
The isolation of insulin took place at the __________, where Banting and Best successfully isolated insulin from dogs
University of Toronto
Was a German company who was possibly the earliest company to manufacture and sell alkaloids
Merck
Merck originated as a pharmacy founded in __________ in 1668
Darmstadt
Merck originated as a pharmacy founded in Darmstadt in __________
1668
It was in __________ that Henrich Emanuel Merck began the transition towards an industrial and scientific concern by manufacturing and selling alkaloids
1827
It was in 1827 that __________ began the transition towards an industrial and scientific concern by manufacturing and selling alkaloids
Heinrich Emanuel Merck
Ever since the beginnings at the __________ in London in 1715, GlaxoSmithKline aimed to get ahead of the diseases that impact people’s health
Plough Court Pharmacy
Ever since the beginnings at the Plough Court Pharmacy in __________ in 1715, GlaxoSmithKline aimed to get ahead of the diseases that impact people’s health
London
Ever since the beginnings at the Plough Court Pharmacy in London in __________, GlaxoSmithKline aimed to get ahead of the diseases that impact people’s health
1715
A biopharma company that has grown from a handful of individual founders into a company of over 69,000 people
GlaxoSmithKline
GlaxoSmithKline is a biopharma company that has grown from a handful of individual founders into a company of over __________ people
69,000
In the middle of the __________, Beecham became involved in the industrial production of medicine, producing patented medicine in 1842, and the world’s first factory for producing only machines in 1859
19th century
In the middle of the 19th century, __________ became involved in the industrial production of medicine, producing patented medicine in 1842, and the world’s first factory for producing only machines in 1859
Beecham
In the middle of the 19th century, Beecham became involved in the industrial production of medicine, producing patented medicine in __________, and the world’s first factory for producing only machines in 1859
1842
In the middle of the 19th century, Beecham became involved in the industrial production of medicine, producing patented medicine in 1842, and the world’s first factory for producing only machines in __________
1859
In the USA, __________ was founded in 1849 by two German immigrants, Charles Pfizer & Charles Erhart, initially as a fine chemicals business
Pfizer
In the USA, Pfizer was founded in __________ by two German immigrants, Charles Pfizer & Charles Erhart, initially as a fine chemicals business
1849
In the USA, Pfizer was founded in 1849 by two German immigrants, __________ & __________, initially as a fine chemicals business
Charles Pfizer, Charles Erhart
Whilst Pfizer was providing the medicines needed for the Union war effort, a young cavalry commander named __________ was serving in their army
Colonel Eli Lilly
After his military career and trying his hand at farming, Colonel Eli Lilly set up a pharmaceutical business in __________
1876
Was a naval doctor during the Mexican-American war of 1846-1848 who threw the drugs he was supplied with overboard due to their low quality
Edward Robinson Squibb
Edward Robinson Squibb set up a laboratory in __________, laying the basis for today’s Bristol Myers Squibb
1858
Edward Robinson Squibb set up a laboratory in 1858, laying the basis for today’s __________
Bristol Myers Squibb
3 companies in the pharmaceutical industry that all have their roots in the dyestuff boom
Sandoz, CIBA-Geigy, Roche
__________ was founded in 1863 as a dye maker in Wuppertal, the hometown of Karl Marx’s collaborator Friedrich Eigels
Bayer
Bayer was founded in __________ as a dye maker in Wuppertal, the hometown of Karl Marx’s collaborator Friedrich Eigels
1863
Bayer was founded in 1863 as a dye maker in __________, the hometown of Karl Marx’s collaborator Friedrich Eigels
Wuppertal
Bayer was founded in 1863 as a dye maker in Wuppertal, the hometown of Karl Marx’s collaborator __________
Friedrich Eigels
Bayer later moved into medicines, commercializing __________ around the turn of the 20th century, which was one of the most successful pharmaceuticals ever at that point
Aspirin
In __________, Alexander Fleming discovered the first antibiotic, penicillin
1928
In 1928, __________ discovered the first antibiotic, penicillin
Alexander Fleming
In 1928, Alexander Fleming discovered the first antibiotic, __________
Penicillin
In the __________, the first commercially available antibacterial was Prontosil, a sulfonamide developed by the German biochemist Gerhard Domagk
1930s
In the 1930s, the first commercially available antibacterial was __________, a sulfonamide developed by the German biochemist Gerhard Domagk
Prontosil
In the 1930s, the first commercially available antibacterial was Prontosil, a sulfonamide developed by the German biochemist __________
Gerhard Domagk
In __________, penicillin was introduced on a large scale as a treatment for bacterial infections, which was possible through the work of Howard Florey and Ernst Boris Chain
1945
In 1945, penicillin was introduced on a large scale as a treatment for bacterial infections, which was possible through the work of __________ and __________
Howard Florey, Ernst Boris Chain
The golden era/years of antibiotics
1940-1962
Are among the community’s finest educated people
Pharmacists
