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PH 107 - Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Drug Delivery Systems, and Medical Devices (Lec.) > PRELIM 01 - History of Pharmacy Practice > Flashcards

PRELIM 01 - History of Pharmacy Practice Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Babylon, of ancient Mesopotamia, called the cradle of civilization, provides the earliest known record of practice of the art of apothecary (Year in history)

A

2400 BC

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2
Q

__________ provides the earliest known record of practice of the art of apothecary

A

Babylon

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3
Q

Where the first sign of sickness, prescription, and compounding instructions were written

A

Sumerian cuneiform

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4
Q

Shen Nung, an emperor sought out and investigated the medicinal value of several medicinal herbs (Year in history)

A

2000 BC

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5
Q

A Chinese emperor who sought out and investigated the medicinal value of several medicinal herbs

A

Shen Nung

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6
Q

A collection of 365 native herbs written by Shen Nung

A

Pen T-sao

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7
Q

Papyrus ebers, a medicinal record from Ancient Egypt that contains a collection of 800 prescriptions, 700 medications, and some recorded formulas were made (Year in history)

A

1500 BC

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8
Q

It is a medicinal record from Ancient Egypt that contains a collection of 800 prescriptions, 700 medications, and some recorded formulas

A

Papyrus Ebers

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9
Q

In Ancient Egypt, gatherers and preparers of drugs, and “chief of fabrications” or head pharmacists worked in the __________

A

“House of Life”

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10
Q

The earliest recorded occurrence of a compounded medication in Indian traditional medicine is found in Sushrata Samhita (Year in history)

A

600 BC

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11
Q

The earliest recorded occurrence of a compounded medication in Indian traditional medicine is found in __________

A

Sushrata Samhita

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12
Q

Terra Sigillata, an early “trademarked” drug was made (Year in history)

A

500 BC

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13
Q

An early “trademarked” drug which is a clay tablet made on the Mediterranean island of Lemos which holds medicinal tablets that carry a trademark

A

Terra Sigillata (Sealed Earth)

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14
Q

Theophrastus, the “Father of Botany”, was among the greatest Greek philosophers and natural scientists (Year in history)

A

300 BC

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15
Q

The “Father of Botany” who was among the greatest early Greek philosophers and natural scientists

A

Theophrastus

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16
Q

Mithridates VI, King of Pontus, pursued to discover the art of poisoning, avoiding poison, and treating it (Year in history)

A

100 BC

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17
Q

Nickname for Mithridates VI, King of Pontus

A

Royal Toxicologist

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18
Q

Was used as a poisonous substance antidote; named after Mithridates VI, King of Pontus

A

Mithridatum

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19
Q

Pedanios Dioscorides was a notable individual who made substantial contribution in pharmacy practice with his work, De Materia Medica (Year in history)

A

1st Century AD

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20
Q

A notable individual who made substantial contribution in pharmacy practice with his work, De Materia Medica

A

Pedanios Dioscorides

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21
Q

Is a record of Dioscorides’s findings and specifications for the acquisition, storage, and usage of medications

A

De Materia Medica

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22
Q

Aelius Galenus or Claudius Galenus, commonly known as Galen, was a Roman Greek physician, surgeon, and philosopher who was the first to use the pulse as a sign of illness (Year in history)

A

130-200 AD

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23
Q

A class of pharmaceuticals compounded by mechanical means; named after Galen

A

Galenicals

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24
Q

Galen was the originator of the formula for __________

A

Cold cream

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25
Q

Are twin brothers of Arabian descent who were devout Christians

A

Damian (The apothecary), Cosmas (The physician)

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26
Q

Damian and Cosmas were called the __________

A

“Silverless ones”

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27
Q

Remnants of the Western knowledge of pharmacy and medicine were preserved in the monasteries (Year in history)

A

5th-12th century

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28
Q

They separated the art of apothecary and physicians and established the first privately owned drug store in Baghdad

A

Arabs

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29
Q

One of the greatest Arab physicians who contributed greatly to the pharmacy practice by compiling texts

A

Abu Bakr al-Razi/Rhazes

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30
Q

Colonial America’s first hospital, the Pennsylvania hospital, was established in Philadelphia in __________

A

1751

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31
Q

Pennsylvania hospital was founded in 1751 by __________ and __________ to “care for the sick-poor and insane who were wandering the streets of Philadelphia”

A

Dr. Thomas Bond, Benjamin Franklin

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32
Q

An apprentice physician who was America’s first hospital pharmacist

A

Jonathan Roberts

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33
Q

Year when Jonathan Roberts was hired

A

1752

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34
Q

Jonathan Roberts’s successor who proposed that the practices of medicine and pharmacy be separate

A

John Morgan

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35
Q

A German-Swedish pharmaceutical chemist who made thousands of experiments, discovered oxygen, chlorine, and manganese

A

Carl Wilhelm Scheele

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36
Q

A German pharmacist who gave the world opium’s chief narcotic principle, morphine

A

Friedrich Wilhelm Adam Serturner

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37
Q

Serturner proved the importance of a new class of organic substances which was __________

A

Alkaloids

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38
Q

The American Pharmaceutical Association helped regulate the practice of dispensing medicine and encouraged pharmacists to develop close relationships with the doctors who prescribed the medicine (Year in history)

A

1852

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39
Q

An association that helped regulate the practice of dispensing medicine and encouraged pharmacists to develop close relationships with the doctors who prescribed the medicine

A

American Pharmaceutical Association

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40
Q

Was the patriarch of American pharmacy, the founder of the first college of pharmacy in the United States, the first American pharmacy journal, and the first national professional association

A

Daniel B. Smith

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41
Q

The first college of pharmacy in the United States

A

Philadelphia College of Pharmacy

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42
Q

Year when the first college of pharmacy in the United States was founded

A

1821

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43
Q

Daniel B. Smith’s young protege and colleague who was the “Father of American Pharmacy”

A

William Procter Jr.

44
Q

A group of 11 physicians met at the US capitol in Washington DC and created the first United States Pharmacopoeia (Year in history)

A

1820

45
Q

The first United States Pharmacopoeia was published as __________

A

The Pharmacopoeia of the United States of America

46
Q

The __________ established the National Formulary (NF) in 1888 which was principally aimed to serve as a resource and a formulary for small-scale compounding of medicines

A

American Pharmaceutical Association

47
Q

The American Pharmaceutical Association established the __________ in 1888 which was principally aimed to serve as a resource and a formulary for small-scale compounding of medicines

A

National Formulary (NF)

48
Q

The American Pharmaceutical Association established the National Formulary (NF) in __________ which was principally aimed to serve as a resource and a formulary for small-scale compounding of medicines

A

1888

49
Q

It contains monographs and standards for medicines, finished dosage forms, and many other therapeutic goods intended for use in healthcare

A

USP-NF

50
Q

An American explorer, botanist, and pharmacist who opened vast new horizons for the advancement of pharmacy and medicine

A

Henry Hurd Rusby

51
Q

Rusby collected more than __________ botanical specimens and described nearly a thousand new species of plants

A

60,000

52
Q

Three genera, ________, __________, and __________ bear Henry Hurd Rusby’s name

A

Rusbya Britton, Rusbyanthus Gilg, Rusbyella Rolfe ex Rusby

53
Q

The alkaloid __________ bear Henry Hurd Rusby’s name

A

Rusbyine

54
Q

Henry Hurd Rusby is cited as the author of __________ taxon names

A

49

55
Q

A German medical scientist who published his memoir, ‘The Potency Estimation of Diphtheria antiserum and its theoretical basis’, which laid the foundation for all future work on biological standardization

A

Paul Ehrlich

56
Q

Paul Ehrlich was a German medical scientist who published his memoir, ___________, which laid the foundation for all future work on biological standardization

A

‘The potency estimation of Diphtheria antiserum and its theoretical basis’

57
Q

Biological products got their start with the discovery of __________ by Behring and Roux in 1894

A

Diphtheria antitoxin

58
Q

Biological products got their start with the discovery of diphtheria antitoxin by __________ in 1894

A

Behring and Roux

59
Q

Biological products got their start with the discovery of diphtheria antitoxin by Behring and Roux in __________

A

1894

60
Q

Is a drug that was introduced at the beginning of the 1910s as the first effective treatment for syphilis, relapsing fever, and African trypanosomiasis

A

Arsphenamine/Salvarsan/Compound 606

61
Q

Was a French pharmacist who worked for 30 years and headed chemical laboratories in the world-renowned Institut Pasteur, in Paris

A

Ernest Francois Auguste Fourneau

62
Q

Ernest Francois Auguste Fourneau developed __________ in 1904

A

Stovaine

63
Q

Ernest Francois Auguste Fourneau developed Stovaine in __________

A

1904

64
Q

Is used as a spinal anesthesia; it contains amylocaine, the first synthetic and non-addictive local anesthetic

A

Stovaine

65
Q

Dr. Frederick Banting, a Canadian surgeon, and Charles Best, a medical student, successfully isolated the hormone insulin for the first time (Year in history)

A

1921

66
Q

__________, a Canadian surgeon, and Charles Best, a medical student, successfully isolated the hormone insulin for the first time in 1921

A

Dr. Frederick Banting

67
Q

Dr. Frederick Banting, a Canadian surgeon, and __________, a medical student, successfully isolated the hormone insulin for the first time in 1921

A

Charles Best

68
Q

The isolation of insulin took place at the __________, where Banting and Best successfully isolated insulin from dogs

A

University of Toronto

69
Q

Was a German company who was possibly the earliest company to manufacture and sell alkaloids

A

Merck

70
Q

Merck originated as a pharmacy founded in __________ in 1668

A

Darmstadt

71
Q

Merck originated as a pharmacy founded in Darmstadt in __________

A

1668

72
Q

It was in __________ that Henrich Emanuel Merck began the transition towards an industrial and scientific concern by manufacturing and selling alkaloids

A

1827

73
Q

It was in 1827 that __________ began the transition towards an industrial and scientific concern by manufacturing and selling alkaloids

A

Heinrich Emanuel Merck

74
Q

Ever since the beginnings at the __________ in London in 1715, GlaxoSmithKline aimed to get ahead of the diseases that impact people’s health

A

Plough Court Pharmacy

75
Q

Ever since the beginnings at the Plough Court Pharmacy in __________ in 1715, GlaxoSmithKline aimed to get ahead of the diseases that impact people’s health

A

London

76
Q

Ever since the beginnings at the Plough Court Pharmacy in London in __________, GlaxoSmithKline aimed to get ahead of the diseases that impact people’s health

A

1715

77
Q

A biopharma company that has grown from a handful of individual founders into a company of over 69,000 people

A

GlaxoSmithKline

78
Q

GlaxoSmithKline is a biopharma company that has grown from a handful of individual founders into a company of over __________ people

A

69,000

79
Q

In the middle of the __________, Beecham became involved in the industrial production of medicine, producing patented medicine in 1842, and the world’s first factory for producing only machines in 1859

A

19th century

80
Q

In the middle of the 19th century, __________ became involved in the industrial production of medicine, producing patented medicine in 1842, and the world’s first factory for producing only machines in 1859

A

Beecham

81
Q

In the middle of the 19th century, Beecham became involved in the industrial production of medicine, producing patented medicine in __________, and the world’s first factory for producing only machines in 1859

A

1842

82
Q

In the middle of the 19th century, Beecham became involved in the industrial production of medicine, producing patented medicine in 1842, and the world’s first factory for producing only machines in __________

A

1859

83
Q

In the USA, __________ was founded in 1849 by two German immigrants, Charles Pfizer & Charles Erhart, initially as a fine chemicals business

A

Pfizer

84
Q

In the USA, Pfizer was founded in __________ by two German immigrants, Charles Pfizer & Charles Erhart, initially as a fine chemicals business

A

1849

85
Q

In the USA, Pfizer was founded in 1849 by two German immigrants, __________ & __________, initially as a fine chemicals business

A

Charles Pfizer, Charles Erhart

86
Q

Whilst Pfizer was providing the medicines needed for the Union war effort, a young cavalry commander named __________ was serving in their army

A

Colonel Eli Lilly

87
Q

After his military career and trying his hand at farming, Colonel Eli Lilly set up a pharmaceutical business in __________

A

1876

88
Q

Was a naval doctor during the Mexican-American war of 1846-1848 who threw the drugs he was supplied with overboard due to their low quality

A

Edward Robinson Squibb

89
Q

Edward Robinson Squibb set up a laboratory in __________, laying the basis for today’s Bristol Myers Squibb

A

1858

90
Q

Edward Robinson Squibb set up a laboratory in 1858, laying the basis for today’s __________

A

Bristol Myers Squibb

91
Q

3 companies in the pharmaceutical industry that all have their roots in the dyestuff boom

A

Sandoz, CIBA-Geigy, Roche

92
Q

__________ was founded in 1863 as a dye maker in Wuppertal, the hometown of Karl Marx’s collaborator Friedrich Eigels

A

Bayer

93
Q

Bayer was founded in __________ as a dye maker in Wuppertal, the hometown of Karl Marx’s collaborator Friedrich Eigels

A

1863

94
Q

Bayer was founded in 1863 as a dye maker in __________, the hometown of Karl Marx’s collaborator Friedrich Eigels

A

Wuppertal

95
Q

Bayer was founded in 1863 as a dye maker in Wuppertal, the hometown of Karl Marx’s collaborator __________

A

Friedrich Eigels

96
Q

Bayer later moved into medicines, commercializing __________ around the turn of the 20th century, which was one of the most successful pharmaceuticals ever at that point

A

Aspirin

97
Q

In __________, Alexander Fleming discovered the first antibiotic, penicillin

A

1928

98
Q

In 1928, __________ discovered the first antibiotic, penicillin

A

Alexander Fleming

99
Q

In 1928, Alexander Fleming discovered the first antibiotic, __________

A

Penicillin

100
Q

In the __________, the first commercially available antibacterial was Prontosil, a sulfonamide developed by the German biochemist Gerhard Domagk

A

1930s

101
Q

In the 1930s, the first commercially available antibacterial was __________, a sulfonamide developed by the German biochemist Gerhard Domagk

A

Prontosil

102
Q

In the 1930s, the first commercially available antibacterial was Prontosil, a sulfonamide developed by the German biochemist __________

A

Gerhard Domagk

103
Q

In __________, penicillin was introduced on a large scale as a treatment for bacterial infections, which was possible through the work of Howard Florey and Ernst Boris Chain

A

1945

104
Q

In 1945, penicillin was introduced on a large scale as a treatment for bacterial infections, which was possible through the work of __________ and __________

A

Howard Florey, Ernst Boris Chain

105
Q

The golden era/years of antibiotics

A

1940-1962

106
Q

Are among the community’s finest educated people

A

Pharmacists

PH 107 - Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Drug Delivery Systems, and Medical Devices (Lec.) (13 decks)

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