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PH 107 - Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Drug Delivery Systems, and Medical Devices (Lec.) > MIDTERM 02 - Solid Dosage Forms > Flashcards

MIDTERM 02 - Solid Dosage Forms Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Intimate mixtures of dry, finely divided drugs and/or chemicals used externally or internally

A

Powders

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2
Q

Mixtures that liquefy when in close and prolonged contact with one another

A

Eutectic mixtures

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3
Q

Done to obtain quantitative data on the size, distribution, and shapes of drug and other components to be used in pharmaceutical formulation

A

Particle size analysis

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4
Q

Particles are passed by mechanical shaking through a series of sieves (Method for particle size analysis)

A

Sieving

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5
Q

Is made of wire woven cloth from brass, bronze, or other suitable wire

A

Sieves

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6
Q

Particles are sized through a calibrated grid background or measuring device (Method for particle size analysis)

A

Microscopy

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7
Q

Measuring the settling velocity of particles (Stokes’ law) (Method for particle size analysis)

A

Sedimentation rate

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8
Q

Determined by the reduction in light reaching the sensor as it passes through a sensor (Method for particle size analysis)

A

Light energy diffraction/Light scattering

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9
Q

Pulsed layer is fired through an aerosolized particle spray and photographed in 3 dimensions (Method for particle size analysis)

A

Laser holography

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10
Q

Particle is driven by an airstream will hit a surface in its path; separated into various size ranges (Method for particle size analysis)

A

Cascade impaction

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11
Q

A mechanical process of reducing particle size of solids

A

Comminution

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12
Q

2 types of comminution of drugs (SL)

A

Small scale, Large scale

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13
Q

3 types of small-scale comminution of drugs (TLP)

A

Trituration, Levigation, Pulverization by intervention

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14
Q

Process of grinding a drug in a mortar and pestle to reduce its particle size (Types of small scale comminution)

A

Trituration

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15
Q

Has a non-porous, smooth surface and is used for suspensions and ointments (Types of mortar and pestle)

A

Glass

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16
Q

Used for crystalline solids (Types of mortar and pestle)

A

Wedgewood

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17
Q

Used for soft aggregates/crystalline (Types of mortar and pestle)

A

Porcelain

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18
Q

Not to be used in reactive substance (Types of mortar and pestle)

A

Metal

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19
Q

Process of separating fine particles from coarse by grinding in water (Types of small scale comminution)

A

Levigation

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20
Q

Process of reduction of particle size with the aid of a second agent that can be readily removed from the pulverized product (Types of small scale comminution)

A

Pulverization by intervention

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21
Q

Example of mill & pulverizer used for large scale comminution of drugs

A

FitzMill comminutor

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22
Q

5 ways of mixing/blending powders (TSGST)

A

Trituration, Spatulation, Geometric dilution, Sifting, Tumbling

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23
Q

Process of using a spatula on a sheet of paper/ointment tile (Ways of mixing/blending powders)

A

Spatulation

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24
Q

Used when a small amount of potent substance is mixed with a large amount of diluent (Ways of mixing/blending powders)

A

Geometric dilution

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25
Q

Process of using sifters; results in a light and fluffy product (Ways of mixing/blending powders)

A

Sifting

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26
Q

Process that involves that use of a machine/motorized equipment; is time consuming (Ways of mixing/blending powders)

A

Tumbling (rotating chamber)

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27
Q

Powders used orally and may exert local and systemic effects

A

Medicated powders

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28
Q

Powders that contain inert propellants and pharmaceutical diluents; used for asthma and other bronchial conditions

A

Aerosolized powders

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29
Q

2 types of powders (BD)

A

Bulk powders, Divided powders

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30
Q

Powders that contain non-potent substances; dispensed in bulked quantities (Types of powders)

A

Bulk powders

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31
Q

Powders that are in the form of individual dosing units; dispensed in chartulae, metal foil, small heat-sealed or resealable plastic bags (Types of powders)

A

Divided powders

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32
Q

Method used for divided powders with non-potent substances

A

Block and divide method

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33
Q

Method used for divided powders with potent substances

A

Geometric dilution

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34
Q

4 types of paper used for powders (SVGW)

A

Simple bond paper, Vegetable parchment, Glassine, Waxed paper

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35
Q

Opaque paper with no moisture-resistant property (Types of paper used for powders)

A

Simple bond paper

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36
Q

Thin, opaque, moisture-resistant paper (Types of paper used for powders)

A

Vegetable parchment

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37
Q

Glazed, transparent, moisture-resistant paper (Types of paper used for powders)

A

Glassine

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38
Q

Transparent, waterproof paper (Types of paper used for powders)

A

Waxed paper

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39
Q

Prepared agglomerates of smaller particles of powder

A

Granules

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40
Q

2 methods of preparing granules (WD)

A

Wet granulation method, Dry granulation method

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41
Q

Involves moistening the powder/powder mixture and passing the paste through a screen of mesh size to form granules (Types of wet granulation method)

A

Basic wet method

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42
Q

Particles in conical piece of equipment are dispersed and suspended (Types of wet granulation method)

A

Fluid bed processing

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43
Q

Use of roll press or roller compactor and a granulating machine (Types of dry granulation method)

A

Dry method/Fusion method

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44
Q

Compression of a powder or powder mixture under 8000-1200 pounds of pressure (Types of dry granulation method)

A

Slugging

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45
Q

Tablets formed by slugging that are flat faced and about 2.5 cm (1 in) in diameter

A

Slugs

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46
Q

Granules or coarse powders containing medicinal agents composed of sodium bicarbonate, citric acid, and tartaric acid

A

Effervescent granulated salt

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47
Q

2 methods of preparing effervescent granules (DW)

A

Dry method/Fusion method, Wet method

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48
Q

One molecule of water is present in each molecule of citric acid (Methods of preparing effervescent granules)

A

Dry method/Fusion method

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49
Q

Source of binding agent is water added to alcohol as the moistening agent, forming a pliable mass for granulation (Methods of preparing effervescent granules)

A

Wet method

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50
Q

A solid dosage form in which medicinal agents and/or inert substances are enclosed in a small gelatin shell

A

Capsules

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51
Q

Obtained by the partial hydrolysis of collagen from the skin, white connective tissue, and bones of animals

A

Gelatin

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52
Q

2 types of gelatin (USP)

A

Gelatin A, Gelatin B

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53
Q

Type of gelatin obtained from acid hydrolysis

A

Gelatin A

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54
Q

Type of gelatin obtained from basic hydrolysis

A

Gelatin B

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55
Q

Are capsules referred to as “DFC” or dry filled capsule; manufactured into two sections, the capsule body and a shorter cap

A

Hard gelatin capsules

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56
Q

Excipients added in HGC to fill the capsule

A

Diluents

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57
Q

Example of diluent in HGC

A

Lactose

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58
Q

Excipients added in HGC to facilitate the flow of powder

A

Lubricant

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59
Q

Example of lubricant in HGC

A

Mg stearate

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60
Q

Excipients added to HGC to enhance drug dissolution

A

Wetting agent

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61
Q

Example of wetting agent in HGC

A

Li2CO3

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62
Q

2 methods for filling HGC

A

Punch method, Rolling method

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63
Q

Empty capsule body is held and punched vertically into the powder cake repeatedly until filled (Methods for filling HGC)

A

Punch method

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64
Q

Using the spatula, fill the capsule by drawing the powder to the capsule body until completely filled (Methods for filling HGC)

A

Rolling method

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65
Q

2 innovations to provide distinctive looking capsules (PS)

A

Pulvules, Spansule capsules

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66
Q

End of the body-producing peg is tapered while leaving the cap-making peg rounded (Innovation to provide distinctive looking capsules)

A

Pulvules

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67
Q

Capsules with the ends of both the bodies and caps highly tapered (Innovation to provide distinctive looking capsules)

A

Spansule capsules

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68
Q

3 innovations in capsule shell designs (SCC)

A

Snap-fit, Coni-snap, Coni-snap supro

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69
Q

Two halves of capsule shells positively joined through locking grooves in the shell walls (Innovation in capsule shell designs)

A

Snap-fit

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70
Q

The rim of the capsule body is tapered slightly (not straight) (Innovation in capsule shell designs)

A

Coni-snap

71
Q

The rim is tapered, upper capsule part extends, and opening is difficult (Innovation in capsule shell designs)

A

Coni-snap supro

72
Q

Process of sealing the joint between capsule parts

A

Capsule sealing

73
Q

Process of fusing the capsule cap to the body through the double wall thickness at their juncture (Methods of capsule sealing)

A

Heat welding process

74
Q

Water and ethanol is sprayed around the seam area then thermal bonding (Methods of capsule sealing)

A

Liquid sealing

75
Q

Are capsules made of gelatin and used to encapsulate and hermetically seal liquids, suspensions, pasty materials, dry powders, and preformed tablets

A

Soft gelatin capsules

76
Q

Process that uses set of molds to form the soft-gelatin capsules

A

Plate process

77
Q

Most commonly used process of preparing soft-gelatin capsule; uses a rotary die machine

A

Rotary die process

78
Q

Process that uses Norton capsule machine to prepare soft-gelatin capsule; similar to rotary die but differs in encapsulating process

A

Reciprocating die process

79
Q

Process that uses Stern machine to prepare soft-gelatin capsule; unlike the others fill dry powders into soft elastic capsules

A

Accogel capsule machine

80
Q

Are solid dosage forms prepared by compression with the aid of suitable pharmaceutical excipients

A

Tablets

81
Q

3 methods of manufacturing tablets (WDD)

A

Wet granulation, Dry granulation, Direct compression

82
Q

Widely employed method for manufacturing compressed tablet (Methods of manufacturing tablets)

A

Wet granulation

83
Q

2 types of all-in-one granulation methods (FM)

A

Fluid bed granulator, Microwave vacuum process

84
Q

Involves continuous operation (Types of all-in-one granulation method)

A

Fluid bed granulator

85
Q

Using a microwave, powder is mixed, wetted, agglomerated, and dried (Types of all-in-one granulation method)

A

Microwave vacuum process

86
Q

Powder mixture is compacted in large pieces/slugging and broken down or sized into granules (Method of manufacturing tablets)

A

Dry granulation

87
Q

Process wherein after weighing and mixing the ingredients, the powder mixture is slugged or compressed into large flat tablets or pellets

A

Slugging

88
Q

Process wherein powder compactors are used to increase the density of powder by pressing it between roller at 8000-1200 pounds of pressure

A

Roller compaction

89
Q

Compressed directly in a tablet machine without a need for granulation (Method of manufacturing tablets)

A

Direct compression

90
Q

Fillers to make up the bulk of the tablet (Types of tablet excipients)

A

Diluent

91
Q

Either dry or liquid form to promote granulation process or cohesive compacts during direct compression process (Types of tablet excipients)

A

Binders & adhesives

92
Q

Facilitates tablet disintegration (Types of tablet excipients)

A

Disintegrants

93
Q

Reduce friction during tablet ejection between the walls of tablet and die cavity (Types of tablet excipients)

A

Lubricants, antiadherents & glidants

94
Q

Disguise off-color drugs to provide product ID and to produce a more elegant product (Types of tablet excipients)

A

Color & dyes

95
Q

Limited to chewable tablets or tablets intended to dissolve in the mouth (Types of tablet excipients)

A

Flavoring agents

96
Q

Only for chewable tablets or tablets intended to dissolve in the mouth (Types of tablet excipients)

A

Artificial sweeteners

97
Q

Hold quantities of fluid in an apparently dry state (Types of tablet excipients)

A

Adsorbents

98
Q

Are formed by compression and have no special coating (Types of tablets)

A

Compressed

99
Q

More than a single compression; results to a multi-layered tablet (Types of tablets)

A

Multiple compressed

100
Q

Compressed tablet with colored or uncolored sugar layer (Types of tablets)

A

Sugarcoated

101
Q

Coated with a thin layer of polymer, forming a skin like film over the tablet (Types of tablets)

A

Film coated

102
Q

A capsule-shaped compressed tablet with gelatin that is 1/3 smaller than a capsules (Types of tablets)

A

Gelatin coated

103
Q

Its outer layer or shell provides an initial drug dose that rapidly disintegrates in the stomach (Types of tablets)

A

Repeat-action

104
Q

Disintegrates in the intestines; is destroyed by gastric acid (Types of tablets)

A

Delayed-action/Enteric coated

105
Q

Used for extemporaneous preparation in the pharmacy; contains large amount of potent drug substance (Types of tablets)

A

Dispensing/Compounding

106
Q

Flat, oval tablet to be dissolved in the buccal pouch or under the tongue (Types of tablets)

A

Buccal/Sublingual

107
Q

Dissolve slowly in the mouth and provide local effects (Types of tablets)

A

Troches, Lozenges, Dental cones

108
Q

Dissolves in the mouth; has a creamy base made of flavored mannitol (Types of tablets)

A

Chewable

109
Q

Releases gas when it comes into contact with water (Types of tablets)

A

Effervescent

110
Q

Is very soft and small; designed for rapid dissolution (Types of tablets)

A

Molded

111
Q

Are used by physicians to prepare injections; must be rendered sterile (Types of tablets)

A

Hypodermic

112
Q

2 tablets withdrawn from the market (HD)

A

Hypodermic, Dispensing

113
Q

Are made by compressing a formulation containing a drug or drugs with excipients on stamping machine called presses

A

Tablet compression machine tablets

114
Q

For holding and feeding granulation (Components of tablet presses)

A

Hopper

115
Q

Define the shape and size of the tablet (Components of tablet presses)

A

Dies

116
Q

For compressing the granulation within the dies (Components of tablet presses)

A

Punches

117
Q

For guiding the movement of the pouches (Components of tablet presses)

A

Cam tracks

118
Q

For moving granulation from hopper into the dies (Components of tablet presses)

A

Feeding mechanism

119
Q

Partial or complete separation of the top or bottom crowns of a tablet from the main body of the tablet (Problems encountered in tablet production)

A

Capping

120
Q

Separation of a tablet into 2 or more distinct layers (Problems encountered in tablet production)

A

Splitting/Lamination

121
Q

Adhesion of tablet material to a die wall (Problems encountered in tablet production)

A

Sticking

122
Q

Removal of tablet’s surface by a punch (Problems encountered in tablet production)

A

Picking

123
Q

Unequal distribution on a tablet with light or dark areas standing out on an otherwise uniform surface (Problems encountered in tablet production)

A

Mottling

124
Q

3 ways of imprinting logos/ID on tablets (DEE)

A

Debossed, Embossed, Engraved

125
Q

Imprinted with a mark below the surface (Ways of imprinting logos/ID on tablets)

A

Debossed

126
Q

Imprinted with a mark raised above the surface (Ways of imprinting logos/ID on tablets)

A

Embossed

127
Q

Imprinted with a code that is cut into the surface during production (Ways of imprinting logos/ID on tablets)

A

Engraved

128
Q

Spray coating of powders, granules, beads, pellets or tablets held in suspension by a column of air

A

Fluid bed/Air suspension coating

129
Q

Process where the items to be coated are fed into a vertical cylinder and supported by a column of air that enters from the bottom of the cylinder

A

Wurster process

130
Q

3 types of fluid bed system (TTB)

A

Top sprays, Tangential spray technique, Bottom spray

131
Q

Provides greater capacity, up to 1,500 kg than the other air suspension coating method (Types of fluid bed system)

A

Top sprays

132
Q

Used in rotary fluid bed coater; used for layering coating (Types of fluid bed system)

A

Tangential spray technique

133
Q

Used for sustained-release and enteric-release products (Types of fluid bed system)

A

Bottom spray

134
Q

Device that measures the degree of force required to break a tablet

A

Tablet hardness tester

135
Q

Device that determines a tablet’s friability (The tablet’s tendency to crumble)

A

Friabilators

136
Q

Process that ensures that the tablet drug substance is available for dissolution and absorption from the GIT

A

Disintegration

137
Q

Solid dosage form that can be made by compression or molding; is made by using a tablet machine and large, flat punches

A

Lozenges

138
Q

Is a raspberry lollipop that is a sugar based lozenge on a stick that contains fentanyl citrate; its effect lasts about 15 minutes

A

Fentanyl Actiq

139
Q

Are small, round, solid dosage forms containing a medicinal agent and intended to be administered orally

A

Pills

140
Q

Are semi-solid dosage forms used for insertion into the body orfices

A

Suppositories

141
Q

Cylindrical and tapered at one end; bullet shaped (Types of suppositories)

A

Rectal suppository

142
Q

Globular, oviform, or conical in shape (Types of suppositories)

A

Vaginal suppository (Pessaries)

143
Q

Pencil-shaped (Types of suppositories)

A

Urethral suppository (Bougies)

144
Q

Suppository that relieves constipation or pain, irritation, itching, and inflammation

A

Rectal suppository

145
Q

Suppository that has a laxative action by irritating the mucous membrane through its dehydrating action

A

Glycerin suppository

146
Q

Suppository that acts as contraceptives and antiseptic in feminine hygiene; has specific agents to combat invading pathogens

A

Vaginal suppository

147
Q

Suppository that is an antibacterial and serves as a local antiseptic preparatory to urethral examination; also a contraceptive agent

A

Urethral suppository

148
Q

Used for relief of asthma (Examples of rectal suppository)

A

Aminophylline, Theophylline

149
Q

Used for nausea and vomiting and as tranquilizers (Examples of rectal suppository) (PC)

A

Prochlorphenazine, Chlorpromazine

150
Q

Used as a sedative and hypnotic (Examples of rectal suppository)

A

Chloral hydrate

151
Q

Used as a narcotic analgesic (Examples of rectal suppository)

A

Oxymorphone HCl

152
Q

Used as an analgesic and antipyretic (Examples of rectal suppository)

A

Aspirin

153
Q

Examples include cocoa butter, Wecobee base, and Witepool base (Types of suppository bases)

A

Fatty/Oleaginous bases

154
Q

Fatty/oleaginous base derived from coconut oil

A

Wecobee base

155
Q

Fatty/oleaginous base derived from saturated fatty acids (C12-C18)

A

Witepool base

156
Q

A triglyceride primarily of oleopamitostearin and oleodistearin; is an ideal suppository base that melts between 30-36°C

A

Cocoa butter

157
Q

Examples include glycerinated gelatin and polyethylene glycols (Types of suppository bases)

A

Water soluble/Water miscible bases

158
Q

Have the tendency to absorb moisture due to the hygroscopic nature of glycerin

A

Glycerinated gelatin

159
Q

Are polymers of ethylene oxide and water, prepared to various chain length, MWs, and physical states

A

Polyethylene glycols

160
Q

A mixture of oleaginous and water-miscible materials (Types of suppository bases)

A

Miscellaneous bases

161
Q

Method of suppository preparation commonly employed in small scale and industrial scale

A

Molting from melt/Fusion method

162
Q

Tablet made of dried sodium biphosphate, NaHCO3, and starch

A

Carbon dioxide releasing tablet

163
Q

Tablet that contains active ingredients and lactose and/or phosphoric acids for adjusting the acidity of the vagina to pH 5

A

Vaginal compressed tablet

164
Q

Inserts/tablets that are most widely used than vaginal suppositories; are easier to manufacture and more stable and less messy

A

Vaginal inserts/tablets

165
Q

Base/filler in vaginal inserts/tablets

A

Lactose

166
Q

Dispersing agent in vaginal inserts/tablets

A

Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)

167
Q

Disintegrating agent in vaginal inserts/tablets

A

Starch

168
Q

Lubricant in vaginal inserts/tablets

A

Mg stearate

169
Q

Are solid substances that absorb moisture from the atmosphere until they dissolve in the absorbed water and form solutions

A

Deliquescent substances

170
Q

Are solid substances that can undergo spontaneous loss of water from hydrated salts

A

Efflorescent substances

171
Q

Are solid substances that can absorb water from its surroundings

A

Hygroscopic substances

172
Q

If only __________ is used in effervescent granulated salts, it will be readily loose firm & crumble

A

Tartaric acid

173
Q

If only __________ is used in effervescent granulated salts, it will result in a sticky paste

A

Citric acid

PH 107 - Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Drug Delivery Systems, and Medical Devices (Lec.) (15 decks)

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