Social thinking Flashcards
1
Q
Interpersonal Attraction
A
phenomenon of individuals liking each other
2
Q
Self-Disclosure
A
sharing one’s fears, thoughts, and goals with another person
3
Q
Reciprocal Liking
A
people like others better when they believe the other person likes them
4
Q
Proximity
A
being physically close to someone increases likelihood of friendships forming
5
Q
Mere exposure or familiarity effect
A
people prefer stimuli that they have been exposed to more frequently
6
Q
Aggression
A
Behavior that intends to cause harm or increase social dominance
7
Q
Cognitive Neoassociation Model
A
states that one is more likely to respond to other aggressively whenever they are feeling negative emotions
8
Q
Attachment
A
Emotional bond between a caregiver and a child, and its development begins during infancy
9
Q
Secure Attachment
A
- child has a consistent caregiver and is able to go out and explore, knowing that they have a secure base to return to
- Child trusts that the caregiver will be there for comfort
- Child will be upset when caregiver departs, and will be comforted by the return of the caregiver
10
Q
Avoidant Attachment
A
- caregiver has little or no response to a distressed child
- Children will show no preference between a stranger and a caregiver
- Show little or no distress when the caregiver leaves, & little or no relief when the caregiver returns
11
Q
Ambivalent Attachment/Anxious Ambivalent Attachment
A
- Caregiver has an inconsistent response to a child’s distress
- Child is unable to form a secure base since they cannot consistently rely on the caregiver’s response
- Child is very distressed when separated from caregiver, but shows a mixed response when the caregiver returns
12
Q
Disorganized Attachment
A
- Show no clear pattern of behavior in response to the caregiver’s absence or presence
- Show a mixture of different behaviors
- Often associated with erratic behavior and social withdrawal by the caregiver
- Red flag for abuse
13
Q
Emotional Support
A
listening, affirming, and empathizing with someone’s feelings
14
Q
Esteem Support
A
similar to emotional support, but focuses more on affirming the qualities and skills of a person
15
Q
Material or Tangible Support
A
type of financial or material contribution to another person
16
Q
Informational Support
A
providing information that will help someone
17
Q
Network Support
A
type of social support that gives a person a sense of belonging
18
Q
Foraging
A
Behavior of seeking out and eating food
19
Q
Mating System
A
organization of a group’s sexual behavior
20
Q
Monogamy
A
exclusive mating relationship
21
Q
Polygamy
A
male having exclusive relationships with multiple females (polygyny)
22
Q
Promiscuity
A
members of one sex mating with any member of the opposite sex, without exclusivity
23
Q
Mate Choice or Intersexual Selection
A
selection of a mate based on attraction
24
Q
Mate Bias
A
how choosy members of the species are while choosing a mate
25
Mate Bias direct benefits
providing material advantage, protection or emotional support
26
Mate Bias indirect benefits
promoting better survival in the offspring
27
Mate Choice: Phenotypic Benefits
Observable traits that make a potential mate more attractive
28
Mate Choice: Sensory Bias
development of a trait to match preexisting preference that exists in population
29
Mate Choice: Fisherian or Runaway Selection
positive feedback mechanism in which a particular trait that has no effect, or even a negative effect, on survival becomes more and more exaggerated over time
30
Mate Choice: Indicator Traits
traits that signify overall good health and well-being of an organism, thus increasing the trait’s attractiveness to mates
31
Mate Choice: Genetic Compatibility
creation of mate pairs that have complementary genetics when combined
32
Altruism
Form of helping behavior in which the person’s intent is to benefit someone else at some cost to themselves
33
Empathy
ability to vicariously experience the emotions of another
34
Empathy-Altruism hypothesis
individual helps another person when they feel empathy for the other person, regardless of the personal cost
35
Game Theory
Attempt at explaining decision-making behavior. Was originally used in economics and mathematics to predict the interaction based on game characteristics like strategy, winning and losing, rewards and punishments, and profits and costs
36
Evolutionary Stable Strategy (ESS)
When adopted by a given population in a specific environment, natural selection will prevent alternative strategies from arising
37
Altruism
donor provides a benefit to the recipient at a cost to themselves
38
Cooperation
both the donor and recipient benefit by cooperating
39
Spite
both the donor and recipient are negatively impacted
40
Selfishness
donor benefits while the recipient is negatively impacted
41
Inclusive Fitness
- Measure of an organism’s success in the population
| - Based on the number of offspring, success in supporting offspring, and the ability of offspring to then support others
42
Impression Bias
A model of social perception that focuses on our selection of cues to form interpretations of others
43
primacy effect
idea that first impressions are often more important than subsequent impressions
44
Recency Effect
opposite of the primacy effect. Most recent information about an individual is the most important in forming one’s impressions
45
Reliance on Central Traits
Individuals tend to organize the perception of others based on the traits and personal characteristics of the target that are most relevant to the perceiver
46
Implicit Personality Theory
states that there are sets of assumptions people make about how different types of people, their traits, and their behaviors are related
47
Stereotyping
making assumptions about people based on the category in which they are placed
48
Halo Effect
Cognitive bias in which judgments about a specific aspect of an individual can be affected by one’s overall impression of the individual
49
Just-World Hypothesis
Good things happen to good people, and bad things happen to bad people
50
Self-Enhancement
type of motivational process that focuses on the need to maintain self-worth
51
Attribution Theory
Focuses on the tendency for individuals to infer on the causes of other people’s behaviors
52
Dispositional (internal) Causes for Attribution
attributions that relate to the person whose behavior is being considered. Includes their beliefs, attitudes and personality characteristics
53
Situational (External) Causes for Attribution
attributions that relate to features of the surrounding
54
Consistency Cues
consistent behavior of a person over time
55
Consensus Cues
extent to which a person’s behavior differs from others
56
Distinctiveness Cues
extent to which a person engages in similar behavior across a series of scenarios
57
Correspondent Inference Theory
focuses on the intentionality of others’ behavior
58
Fundamental Attribution Error
Posits that we are generally biased towards making dispositional attributions rather than situational attributions, especially in negative contexts
59
Attribute Substitution
When individuals must make judgements that are complex, but instead a simpler solution is substituted or a heuristic is applied
60
Cultural Attribution
Type of culture an individual is a part of plays a role in the type of attributions that the individual makes
61
Stereotype Content Model
Attempts to classify stereotypes with respect to a hypothetical in-group using two dimensions: warmth and competence
62
Warm Groups
Groups that are not in direct competition with the in-group for resources
63
Competent groups
those that have high status within society
64
Paternalistic Stereotype
Low status, not competitive
65
Admiration Stereotype
High status, not competitive
66
Contemptuous Stereotype
Low status, competitive
67
Envious Stereotype
High status, competitive
68
Self-fulfilling Prophecy
expectations of a stereotype can create conditions that lead to the confirmation of those expectations
69
Stereotype Threat
People being concerned or anxious about confirming a negative stereotype
70
Prejudice
irrational positive or negative attitude toward a person, group, or thing, prior to an actual experience with the entity
71
Propaganda
common way in which large organizations attempt to create prejudices in others
72
Power
ability of people or groups to achieve their goals and their ability to control resources
73
Prestige
level of respect shown to a person by others
74
Class
socioeconomic status
75
Ethnocentrism
Practice of making judgements about other cultures based on the values and beliefs of one’s own culture
76
In-group
social group in which a person feels a sense of belonging or identifies as a member
77
Out-Group
social group with which the individual does not identify
78
Cultural Relativism
Perception of another culture as different from one’s own, but with a recognition that the cultural values, mores, and rules of a culture fit into that culture itself
79
Discrimination
-Occurs when prejudicial attitudes cause individuals of a particular group to be treated differently from others
80
Individual Discrimination
one person discriminating against a particular person or group
81
Institutional Discrimination
discrimination against a particular person or group by an entire institution
