Social thinking Flashcards
Interpersonal Attraction
phenomenon of individuals liking each other
Self-Disclosure
sharing one’s fears, thoughts, and goals with another person
Reciprocal Liking
people like others better when they believe the other person likes them
Proximity
being physically close to someone increases likelihood of friendships forming
Mere exposure or familiarity effect
people prefer stimuli that they have been exposed to more frequently
Aggression
Behavior that intends to cause harm or increase social dominance
Cognitive Neoassociation Model
states that one is more likely to respond to other aggressively whenever they are feeling negative emotions
Attachment
Emotional bond between a caregiver and a child, and its development begins during infancy
Secure Attachment
- child has a consistent caregiver and is able to go out and explore, knowing that they have a secure base to return to
- Child trusts that the caregiver will be there for comfort
- Child will be upset when caregiver departs, and will be comforted by the return of the caregiver
Avoidant Attachment
- caregiver has little or no response to a distressed child
- Children will show no preference between a stranger and a caregiver
- Show little or no distress when the caregiver leaves, & little or no relief when the caregiver returns
Ambivalent Attachment/Anxious Ambivalent Attachment
- Caregiver has an inconsistent response to a child’s distress
- Child is unable to form a secure base since they cannot consistently rely on the caregiver’s response
- Child is very distressed when separated from caregiver, but shows a mixed response when the caregiver returns
Disorganized Attachment
- Show no clear pattern of behavior in response to the caregiver’s absence or presence
- Show a mixture of different behaviors
- Often associated with erratic behavior and social withdrawal by the caregiver
- Red flag for abuse
Emotional Support
listening, affirming, and empathizing with someone’s feelings
Esteem Support
similar to emotional support, but focuses more on affirming the qualities and skills of a person
Material or Tangible Support
type of financial or material contribution to another person
Informational Support
providing information that will help someone
Network Support
type of social support that gives a person a sense of belonging
Foraging
Behavior of seeking out and eating food
Mating System
organization of a group’s sexual behavior
Monogamy
exclusive mating relationship
Polygamy
male having exclusive relationships with multiple females (polygyny)
Promiscuity
members of one sex mating with any member of the opposite sex, without exclusivity
Mate Choice or Intersexual Selection
selection of a mate based on attraction
Mate Bias
how choosy members of the species are while choosing a mate
Mate Bias direct benefits
providing material advantage, protection or emotional support
Mate Bias indirect benefits
promoting better survival in the offspring
Mate Choice: Phenotypic Benefits
Observable traits that make a potential mate more attractive
Mate Choice: Sensory Bias
development of a trait to match preexisting preference that exists in population
Mate Choice: Fisherian or Runaway Selection
positive feedback mechanism in which a particular trait that has no effect, or even a negative effect, on survival becomes more and more exaggerated over time
Mate Choice: Indicator Traits
traits that signify overall good health and well-being of an organism, thus increasing the trait’s attractiveness to mates
Mate Choice: Genetic Compatibility
creation of mate pairs that have complementary genetics when combined
Altruism
Form of helping behavior in which the person’s intent is to benefit someone else at some cost to themselves
Empathy
ability to vicariously experience the emotions of another
Empathy-Altruism hypothesis
individual helps another person when they feel empathy for the other person, regardless of the personal cost
Game Theory
Attempt at explaining decision-making behavior. Was originally used in economics and mathematics to predict the interaction based on game characteristics like strategy, winning and losing, rewards and punishments, and profits and costs
Evolutionary Stable Strategy (ESS)
When adopted by a given population in a specific environment, natural selection will prevent alternative strategies from arising
Altruism
donor provides a benefit to the recipient at a cost to themselves
Cooperation
both the donor and recipient benefit by cooperating
Spite
both the donor and recipient are negatively impacted
Selfishness
donor benefits while the recipient is negatively impacted
Inclusive Fitness
- Measure of an organism’s success in the population
- Based on the number of offspring, success in supporting offspring, and the ability of offspring to then support others
Impression Bias
A model of social perception that focuses on our selection of cues to form interpretations of others
primacy effect
idea that first impressions are often more important than subsequent impressions
Recency Effect
opposite of the primacy effect. Most recent information about an individual is the most important in forming one’s impressions
Reliance on Central Traits
Individuals tend to organize the perception of others based on the traits and personal characteristics of the target that are most relevant to the perceiver
Implicit Personality Theory
states that there are sets of assumptions people make about how different types of people, their traits, and their behaviors are related
Stereotyping
making assumptions about people based on the category in which they are placed
Halo Effect
Cognitive bias in which judgments about a specific aspect of an individual can be affected by one’s overall impression of the individual
Just-World Hypothesis
Good things happen to good people, and bad things happen to bad people
Self-Enhancement
type of motivational process that focuses on the need to maintain self-worth
Attribution Theory
Focuses on the tendency for individuals to infer on the causes of other people’s behaviors
Dispositional (internal) Causes for Attribution
attributions that relate to the person whose behavior is being considered. Includes their beliefs, attitudes and personality characteristics
Situational (External) Causes for Attribution
attributions that relate to features of the surrounding
Consistency Cues
consistent behavior of a person over time
Consensus Cues
extent to which a person’s behavior differs from others
Distinctiveness Cues
extent to which a person engages in similar behavior across a series of scenarios
Correspondent Inference Theory
focuses on the intentionality of others’ behavior
Fundamental Attribution Error
Posits that we are generally biased towards making dispositional attributions rather than situational attributions, especially in negative contexts
Attribute Substitution
When individuals must make judgements that are complex, but instead a simpler solution is substituted or a heuristic is applied
Cultural Attribution
Type of culture an individual is a part of plays a role in the type of attributions that the individual makes
Stereotype Content Model
Attempts to classify stereotypes with respect to a hypothetical in-group using two dimensions: warmth and competence
Warm Groups
Groups that are not in direct competition with the in-group for resources
Competent groups
those that have high status within society
Paternalistic Stereotype
Low status, not competitive
Admiration Stereotype
High status, not competitive
Contemptuous Stereotype
Low status, competitive
Envious Stereotype
High status, competitive
Self-fulfilling Prophecy
expectations of a stereotype can create conditions that lead to the confirmation of those expectations
Stereotype Threat
People being concerned or anxious about confirming a negative stereotype
Prejudice
irrational positive or negative attitude toward a person, group, or thing, prior to an actual experience with the entity
Propaganda
common way in which large organizations attempt to create prejudices in others
Power
ability of people or groups to achieve their goals and their ability to control resources
Prestige
level of respect shown to a person by others
Class
socioeconomic status
Ethnocentrism
Practice of making judgements about other cultures based on the values and beliefs of one’s own culture
In-group
social group in which a person feels a sense of belonging or identifies as a member
Out-Group
social group with which the individual does not identify
Cultural Relativism
Perception of another culture as different from one’s own, but with a recognition that the cultural values, mores, and rules of a culture fit into that culture itself
Discrimination
-Occurs when prejudicial attitudes cause individuals of a particular group to be treated differently from others
Individual Discrimination
one person discriminating against a particular person or group
Institutional Discrimination
discrimination against a particular person or group by an entire institution
