Identity and personality Flashcards
1
Q
Self-concept
A
own internal list of answers to the question “who am I?”
2
Q
Self-Schema
A
self-given labels that carries a set of qualities with it
3
Q
Identity
A
individual components of our self-concept related to the group to which we belong
4
Q
Self-Esteem
A
The closer our actual self is to our ideal self and
our ought self (who others want us to be)
5
Q
Gender Identity
A
person’s appraisal of themselves in terms of masculinity and femininity
6
Q
Androgyny
A
state of being simultaneously masculine and feminine
7
Q
Gender Schema
A
theory that suggests that the key components of gender identity are transmitted through cultural and societal means
8
Q
Ethnic Identity
A
one’s ethnic group, where members typically share a common ancestry, cultural heritage and language
9
Q
Nationality
A
identity based on political borders
10
Q
Hierarchy of salience
A
we let situations dictate which identity holds the most importance for us at any given moment
11
Q
Self-discrepancy theory
A
- each person has three versions of themselves –> actual self, ideal self and ought self
- closer these are together = higher self-etseem
12
Q
Actual self
A
our self-concept or the way that we see ourselves as we currently are
13
Q
Ideal self
A
the person that we would like to be
14
Q
Ought self
A
our representation of the way others think we should be
15
Q
Low Self-Esteem
A
when one is more critical of themselves
16
Q
Self-Efficacy
A
One’s own belief in their ability to succeed
17
Q
Overconfidence
A
when self-efficacy levels become too high and leads one to take on tasks that they are not ready for
18
Q
Learned Helplessness
A
phenomenon of losing all motivation to get out of a negative situation
19
Q
Locus of Control
A
way that one characterizes the influences in their lives
20
Q
Internal Locus of Control
A
view themselves as controlling their own influence
21
Q
External Locus of Control
A
Life events are caused by luck or outside influence
22
Q
Freud: Fixation
A
occurs when a child is overindulged or overly frustrated during a stage of development
23
Q
Freud’s psychosexual stages of personality development
A
5 stages based on tensions caused by the libido. Failure at any stage leads to fixation which causes personality disorder.
24
Q
Freud: Oral stage
A
+0-1 year
+Gratification is obtained by putting objects into the mouth, biting, and sucking
+Oral fixation would lead to excessive dependency
25
Freud: Anal Stage
+1-3 years
+Libido is centered on the anus and gratification is gained through the elimination and retention of waste materials
+Fixation results in orderliness (OCD) or sloppiness
26
Freud: Phallic or Oedipal Stage
+3-5 years
| +Centers around oedipal conflict for males and Electra conflict for females
27
Freud: Oedipal conflict
male child envies the father's intimate relationship with his mother
28
Freud: Penis envy
young girls experience anxiety and a sense of inferiority when they realize they do not have a penis
29
Freud: Latency Stage
occurs once the child’s libido is sublimated. This lasts until puberty is reached
30
Freud: Genital Stage
+Puberty - adulthood
+If prior development had proceeded correctly, the person should enter a healthy heterosexual relationship
+If development had proceeded incorrectly, then disorders such as homosexuality, asexuality, or fetishism resulted
31
Erikson's psychology stages of personality development
+Stages stem from conflicts between needs and social demands
| +Do not need to master one stage to move onto the next
32
Erikson: Trust vs Mistrust
+0-1 year
+If resolved successfully, child will trust their environment as well as themselves
+If mistrust wins, child will be suspicious of the world, possible throughout life
33
Erikson: Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
+1-3 years
+Successful resolution would result in having a feeling of being able to exert control over the world and to exercise choice as well as self-restraint
+Unfavorable outcome would be to have a sense of doubt and a persistent external locus of control.
34
Erikson: Initiative vs Guilt
+3-6 years
+Favorable outcome is a sense of purpose, ability to initiate activities, and the ability to enjoy accomplishment
+Unfavorable outcome would be if the child was so overcome with fear of punishment, that they unduly restrict themselves or that they may overcompensate by showing off
35
Erikson: Industry vs Inferiority
+6-12 years
+Favorable outcome would be a competent feeling child who is able to exercise their abilities and intelligence in the world. The child would be able to affect the world in the way that they desire
+Unfavorable resolution is one in which there is: a sense of inadequacy, a sense of inability to act in a competent matter, and low self-esteem
36
Erikson: Identity vs Role Confusion
+12-20 years
+Favorable outcome would be fidelity: the ability to see oneself as a unique and integrated person with sustained loyalties
+Unfavorable outcome would result in a confused identity and a shifting personality
37
Erikson: Intimacy vs Isolation
+20-40 years
+Favorable outcomes are love, the ability to have intimate relationships with others, and the ability to commit oneself to another person and to their own goals
+Unfavorable outcome would be avoidance of commitment, alienation, and distancing of oneself from others and their own ideals
38
Erikson: Generativity vs Stagnation
+40-65 years
+Favorable outcome would result in an individual who is capable of being a productive, caring, and contributing member of society
+Unfavorable outcome would result from a crisis not being overcome. Would result in a sense of stagnation, and the person would become self-indulgent, bored and self-centered
39
Erikson: Integrity vs Despair
+ >65 years
+If resolved, one will see wisdom: the detached concern with life itself
+If unresolved, there will be bitterness, a feeling of living a worthless life, and fear for their own impending death.
40
Kohlberg: Moral Reasoning
- Personality development focuses on moral thinking, rather than resolving conflicts or urges
- 6 stages with 3 phases
41
Kohlberg: Preconventional morality
- Phase 1
| - typical preadolescent thinking that places an emphasis on the consequences of moral choices
42
Kohlberg: Obediance
- Part of phase 1
- Stage 1
- Concerned with avoiding punishment
43
Kohlberg: Self interest/Instrumental relativist stage
- Part of phase 1
- Stage 2
- About gaining rewards
44
Kohlberg: Conventional Morality
- Phase 2
- develop in early adolescence
- individuals beginning to see themselves in terms of their relationships to others. -based on understanding and accepting social rules
45
Kohlberg: Conformity
- Part of phase 2
- Stage 3
- Emphasis on seeking approval from others
46
Kohlberg: Law and order
- Part of phase 2
- Stage 4
- Puts social order above all else
47
Kohlberg: Postconventional Morality
- Phase 3
- level of reasoning that not everyone is capable of attaining
- Based on social mores (customs) that may sometimes conflict with laws
48
Kohlberg: Social Contract
- Part of phase 3
- Stage 5
- Views moral rules as conventions that are designed to ensure the greater good
- Moral rules focused on individual rights
49
Kohlberg: Universal Human Ethics
- Part of phase 3
- Stage 6
- Decisions should be made in consideration of abstract principles
50
Vygotsky: Zone of Proximal Development
skills and abilities that have not yet fully developed, but are in the process of developing
-requires help from a more knowledgeable other (usually an adult)
51
Role-taking
children experimenting with other identities; like playing house
52
Theory of mind
ability to sense how another's mind works
53
Looking-glass self
development of a personality in relation with societal contexts
54
Reference group
who an individual is comparing themselves against
55
Personality
set of thoughts, feelings, traits and behaviors that are characteristic of an individual
56
Psychoanalytic/ psychodynamic theories of personality
assumes that unconscious internal states motivate the overt actions of an individual and thus determines their personality
57
Freud: ID
basic, primal, inborn urges to survive and reproduce
58
Pleasure priniciple
get immediate gratification that can relieve pent-up tension
59
Freud: Primary process
Id's response to frustration
60
Freud: Wish Fulfillment
mental imagery to fulfill the need for satisfaction
61
Freud: Ego
used to reduce tension on a more permanent basis
62
Freud: Reality Principle
- how ego operates
| - takes in account objective reality as it guides or inhibits the activity of id
63
Freud: Secondary Process
Ego's guidance of id's activity
64
Freud: Superego
refined desires that are focused on the ideal self
65
Freud: Superego --> Conscience
collection of improper action for which a child was punished
66
Freud: Superego --> Ego-ideal
proper actions for which a child is rewarded
67
Freud: Eros
life instincts that promote an individual's quest for survival (thirst, hunger, sexual needs)
68
Freud: Thanatos
death instincts that represent an unconscious with for death and destruction
69
Freud: defense mechanisms
how the ego relieves the anxiety between clashing desires of the id and the superego
70
Freud: Repression
ego's way of forcing undesired thoughts and urges to the unconscious
71
Freud: Suppression
more deliberate, conscious form of forgetting
72
Freud: Regression
Reversion to an earlier developmental state
73
Freud: Reaction formation
individuals suppress urges by unconsciously converting them into their exact opposites
74
Freud: Projection
individuals attribute their undesired feelings to others
75
Rorschach inkblot test
assumes that client projects their unconscious feelings onto the shape
76
Thematic Apperception test
assumes a story made up by a person will show insight into their own unconscious thoughts and feelings
77
Freud: Rationalization
justification of behaviors in a manner that is acceptable to self and to society
78
Freud: Displacement
transference of an undesired urge from one person or object to another
79
Freud: Sublimation
transformation of unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behaviors
80
Carl Jung: Personal unconscious
all information that is present within an individual's mind, but not readily available to conscious recall
81
Carl Jung: Collective unconscious
Links all humans together
82
Carl Jung: Archetypes
- Images of common experiences across cultures
| - Three: persona, anima (F)/ animus(M), and shadow
83
Jung: Persona
- Part of the personality one presents to the world
| - Adaptive to social interactions
84
Jung: Anima/ Animus
- sex inappropriate qualities
| - like feminine behaviors in a male or vice versa
85
Jung: Shadow
Appearance of unpleasant and socially reprehensible thoughts, feelings and actions in one's own consciousness
86
Jung: Self
intersection between the collective unconscious and the personal unconscious
87
Jung: Extraversion (E) vs Introversion (I)
- extraversion is an orientation towards the external world
| - introversion is an orientation towards one’s inner, personal world
88
Jung: Sensing (S) vs Intuiting (N)
- sensing is obtaining objective information about the world
- intuiting which is the working of information abstractly
89
Jung: Thinking (T) vs Feeling (F)
- thinking is using logic
| - reason while feeling is using a value system or personal beliefs
90
Myers-Briggs Type Inventory (MBTI)
Personality Test. All Jung's dichotomies plus Judging (preferring orderliness) vs perceiving (preferring spontaneity)
91
Alfred Adler: Inferiority Complex
individual's sense of incompleteness, imperfection, and inferiority
92
Alfred Adler: Creative Self
each individual shapes their uniqueness and establishes their personality
93
Alfred Adler: Style of Life
manifestation of creative self and describes a person's unique way of achieving superiority
94
Alfred Adler: Fictional Finalism
individual is motivated more by their expectations of their future than by past experiences
95
Karen Horney: Basic Anxiety
due to inadequate parenting which may cause vulnerability and helplessness
96
Karen Horney: Basic Hositility
Neglect and rejection causes anger
97
Humanistic Perspective
describes ways in which healthy people strive toward self-realization
98
Gestalt therapy
practitioners take a holistic view of the self
99
Force field theory
```
Field = one's current state of mind
Forces = influences (can be ones that assist in attaining goals OR can be ones that block the path to attaining goals)
```
100
Abraham Maslow
- Studied people he felt lived rich and productive lives
- Believed these people are self-actualizers
- Self-actualized people tend to have peak experiences (deeply moving experiences in a person's life)
101
Psychotherapy
- Created by a man named Rogers
| - based on belief people have the freedom to control their own behavior
102
Psychoanalysts
Believe people are slaves to their unconscious
103
Behaviorists
Individuals are subjects of faulty learning
104
Unconditional positive regard
therapists accepts client completely and expresses empathy in order to promote a positive movement
105
Type theorists
attempts to create a taxonomy of personality types
106
Somatotypes
- body types could propose personality types
| - short/stocky people = jolly; tall people = high-strung
107
Type A personality
competitive and compulsive
108
Type B personality
laid-back and relaxed
109
PEN Model
- factor analysis used to group behaviors that typically occur together and assign labels to those groups
- 3 traits: psychoticism, extraversion, and neuroticism
110
Psychoticism
measure of nonconformity or social deviance
111
Extraversion
measure of tolerance for social interaction and stimulation
112
Neuroticism
measure of emotional arousal in stressful situations
113
Big Five
PEN model expanded to five traits: Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism
114
Gordon Allport: Cardinal traits
traits around which a person organizes his/her life
115
Gordon Allport: Central traits
major characteristics of a person that are easy to infer
116
Gordon Allport: Secondary traits
- other personal characteristics that are limited in occurrence
- occur only with close groups or specific social situations
117
Gordon Allport: Functional autonomy
behavior continues despite satisfaction of the drive that originally created it
118
N-arch trait theory
need of achievement; have pride with accomplishments
119
Behaviorists perspective
personality develops as a result of operant conditioning (reward and punishment based)
120
Token economies
therapeutic. Good behavior rewarded with tokens that can be exchanged for privileges
121
Social cognitive perspective
focuses on how the environment and our interactions with it influence our behavior
122
Reciprocal determinism
idea that our thoughts, feelings, behaviors and environment all interact with each other to determine our actions in a given situation
123
Biological perspective
personality can be explained as a result of genetic expression in the brain
