Social processes, attitudes, and behavior Flashcards
Michelangelo phenomenon
Concept of self is made up of both intrapersonal self the interpersonal self
intrapersonal self
ideas an individual has regarding his or her own abilities, traits, and beliefs
interpersonal self
manner in which others influence creation of the ideal self.
social action
actions and behaviors that individuals are conscious of and performing because others are around
Social Facilitation
People tend to perform better on simple tasks when in the presence of others
Yerkes-Dodson law of Social Facilitation
being in the presence of others will significantly raise arousal
Deindividuation
- when individuals are in group settings: individual behavior can be dramatically different in social environment
- individual loses sense of individuality
antinormative behavior
- behavior against the norm
- Attempts to provide an explanation for violent behavior seen in crowds and riots
Bystander Effect
Individuals do not intervene to help victims when others are present
Social Loafing
Tendency of individuals to put in less effort when in a group setting
Peer Pressure
Social influence placed on an individual by a group of people or another individual
Peers
individuals who are equals within a social group
Identity Shift Effect
- mechanism behind peer pressure
- individual will often conform to the norms of the group when their individual state of harmony is disrupted by a threat of social rejection
- Individual will begin to experience internal conflicts since the behavior is outside their normal character
Cognitive Dissonance
simultaneous presence of two opposing thought or opinions
social interaction
looks at the behavior and actions of two or more individuals who take one another into account
Group Polarization
tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the individual ideas and inclinations of the members
Groupthink
- desire for harmony or conformity results in a group of people coming to an incorrect or poor decision
- attempt towards eliminating or minimizing group conflict
Illusion of Invulnerability
creation of optimism and encouragement of risk-taking
Collective Rationalization
Ignoring warnings against the ideas of the group
Illusion of Morality
belief that the group’s decisions are morally correct
Excessive Stereotyping
construction of stereotypes against outside opinions
Pressure for Conformity
pressure put on anyone in the group who expresses opinions against the group. Opposition is viewed as disloyal.
Self-Censorship
withholding of opposing views
Illusion of Unanimity
false sense of agreement within the group
Mindguards
appointment of members to the role of protecting against opposing views
Fad
behavior that is transiently viewed as popular and desirable
Mass Hysteria
shared intense concern about the threats to society
Culture
- beliefs, behaviors, actions and characteristics of a group or society of people
- Learned by living within a society and observing/adopting their behaviors and traits
Assimilation
individual’s or group’s behavior and culture begins to resemble that of another group
Ethnic Enclaves
location with a high concentration of one specific ethnicity
Multiculturalism
communities or societies that contain multiple cultures
Subcultures
- Groups of people within a culture that distinguish themselves from their primary culture
- Can be formed based on race, gender, ethnicity, sexuality, etc.
Counterculture
subculture that gravitates towards an identity that is at odds with the majority culture
Socialization
Using of social experiences to learn acceptable behavior in society
Cultural Transmission/Cultural Learning
way a society socializes its members
Cultural Diffusion
spread of norms, customs, and beliefs
Primary Socialization
occurs during childhood when acceptable actions and attitude in society are initially learned
Secondary Socialization
- process of learning appropriate behavior within smaller sections of the larger society
- Occurs outside the home and is for learning rules in specific environments
Anticipatory Socialization
process by which one prepares for future changes in their occupations, living situations or relationships
Resocialization
one discards old behaviors in favor of new ones to make a life change
Norms
Societal rules that define the boundaries of acceptable behavior
Mores
widely observed norms
Sanctions
penalties for misconduct or rewards for appropriate behavior
Negative Sanctions
fines, incarceration, corporal punishment (infliction of pain), capital punishment (execution)
Taboo
socially unacceptable, disgusting or reprehensible
Folkways
norms that refer to behavior that is considered polite in particular social interactions
Deviance
any violation of norms, rules, or expectations within a society
Social Stigma
extreme disapproval or dislike of a person or group based on perceived differences from the rest of society
Labeling Theory
suggests that the labels given to people affect both a person’s self-image, and how others respond to that person
Differential Association Theory
deviance can be learned through interactions with others
Differential Association
degree to which one is surrounded by ideals that adhere to social norms vs. ideals that go against them
Strain Theory
explains deviance as a natural reaction to the disconnect between social goals and social structure
Conformity/majority influence
Matching one’s attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to societal norms
Normative Conformity
desire to fit into a group in fear of rejection
Internalization
changing one’s behavior to fit with a group while also privately agreeing with the ideas of that group
Identification
outward acceptance of others’ ideas without personally believing them
Compliance
Change in behavior based on a direct request
Foot in the door technique
small request is made, and then a larger request is made after the first one is accepted
Door in the face technique:
Large request is made at first and then a second smaller request is made if the larger one is refused
Lowball technique
requestor will get an initial commitment from an individual, and then raise the cost of the commitment
That’s not all technique
individual is made an offer, but before making a decision, they are told the deal is even better than expected
Obedience
Changings one’s behavior in response to a direct order from an authority figure
Social Cognition
focuses on the ways in which people think about others and how these ideas impact behaviors
Attitude
expression of positive or negative feelings towards a person, place, thing or scenario
Functional Attitudes Theory
states that attitudes serve four functions: knowledge, ego expression, adaption, and ego defense
Knowledge functions
provides consistency and stability
Ego-Expressive
allows one to communicate and solidify self-identity
Adaptive
idea that one will be accepted if socially acceptable attitudes are expressed
Ego-Defensive
protect our self-esteem or justify action that are known to be wrong
Learning Theory
attitudes are developed through different forms of learning
Elaboration Likelihood model
separates individuals on a continuum based on their processing of persuasive information
Central Route Processing
people who elaborate extensively and think deeply about information. Make decisions based on their thought
Peripheral Route Processing
people who do not elaborate and focus on superficial details like the appearance of a person, a slogan, or credibility
Social Cognitive Theory
people learn how to behave and shape attitudes by observing the behaviors of others
