Social Structure and Demographics

Question 1

Social Structure

Answer 1

system of people within a society organized by a characteristic pattern of relationships

Question 2

Functionalism or Functional Analysis

Answer 2

Study of the structure and function of each part of society

Question 3

Function

Answer 3

beneficial consequence of people’s actions

Question 4

Dysfunctions

Answer 4

harmful consequences that undermine a social system’s equilibrium

Question 5

Manifest Function

Answer 5

action that is intended to help some part of the system

Question 6

Latent Functions

Answer 6

unintended positive consequences on other parts of society that come from a manifest function

Question 7

Conflict Theory

Answer 7

focuses on how power differentials are created and how these differentials contribute to the maintenance of social order

Question 8

Symbolic Interactionism

Answer 8

study of the ways individuals interact through a shared understanding of words, gestures, and other symbols

Question 9

Social Constructionism

Answer 9

Focuses on how individuals put together their social reality

Question 10

Rational Choice Theory

Answer 10

focuses on decision-making in an individual and attempts to reduce this process to a careful consideration of benefits and harms to the individual

Question 11

Exchange Theory

Answer 11

extension of above theory. This theory focuses only on interactions within groups

Question 12

Feminist Theory

Answer 12

Attempts to explain social inequalities that exist on the basis of gender

Question 13

Gender Roles

Answer 13

behaviors expected of a given gender

Question 14

Glass Ceiling

Answer 14

women have more difficulty attaining top-level administrative positions within a company

Question 15

Social Institutions

Answer 15

Well established social structures that dictate certain patterns of behavior or relationships and are accepted as a fundamental part of culture

Question 16

Patterns of kinship

Answer 16

tend to change over time and area

Question 17

Teacher expectancy

Answer 17

idea that teachers tend to get what they expect from students

Question 18

Religiosity

Answer 18

how religious one considers themselves to be

Question 19

Secularization

Answer 19

shift away from religion as society moves towards rationality and scientific thinking

Question 20

Fundamentalism

Answer 20

maintenance of strict adherence to religious code

Question 21

Beneficence

Answer 21

physician has a responsibility to act in the patient’s best interests

Question 22

Nonmaleficence

Answer 22

do no harm; physician has a responsibility to avoid treatment or interventions in which the potential for harm outweighs the potential for benefit

Question 23

Respect for Patient Autonomy

Answer 23

physician has responsibility to respect patients’ decisions and choices about their own healthcare

Question 24

Justice

Answer 24

physician has a responsibility to treat similar patients with similar care, and to distribute healthcare resources fairly

Question 25

Culture

Answer 25

encompassing the entire lifestyle for a given group. Culture is what makes human societies unique from one another

Question 26

Ethnography

Answer 26

study of cultures

Question 27

Artifacts

Answer 27

material items that are made, possessed and valued

Question 28

Material culture

Answer 28

- physical items that are associated with a given group | - tangible embodiment of the underlying ideas of symbolic culture

Question 29

Symbolic culture

Answer 29

- Informs cultural values and belief - Informs cultural norms and communication styles - usually slower to change than material culture

Question 30

Culture Lag

Answer 30

created due to this difference in pace

Question 31

Values

Answer 31

what a person deems important in life

Question 32

Belief

Answer 32

something that an individual accepts to be truth

Question 33

Cultural Barriers

Answer 33

When cultural differences impede interaction with others

Question 34

Norms

Answer 34

societal rules that define boundaries of acceptable behavior

Question 35

Ritual

Answer 35

formalized ceremony that involves specific material objects, symbolism, and additional mandates on acceptable behaviors

Question 36

Demographics

Answer 36

- statistics of populations and are the mathematical applications of sociology - common demographic categories: age, gender, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, immigration status

Question 37

Race

Answer 37

social construct based on phenotypic differences between groups of people

Question 38

Racialization

Answer 38

definition or establishment of a group as a particular race

Question 39

Racial formation theory

Answer 39

suggests that racial identity is fluid and dependent on concurrent political, economic, and social factors

Question 40

Ethnicity

Answer 40

social construct that sorts people by cultural factors

Question 41

Symbolic Ethnicity

Answer 41

specific connection to one’s ethnicity in which ethnic symbols and identity remain important, even when ethnic identity does not play a significant role in everyday life

Question 42

Kinsey Scale

Answer 42

Describes sexuality on a scale of 0 (heterosexuality) to 6 (homosexuality)

Question 43

Intersectionality

Answer 43

the interplay between multiple demographic factors, especially when it leads to discrimination or oppression

Question 44

Population Pyramids

Answer 44

provide a histogram of the population size of various age cohorts

Question 45

Crude rate

Answer 45

total rate for a population

Question 46

Migration

Answer 46

Immigration is the influx of population into a new geographic space

Question 47

Emigration

Answer 47

movement away from a geographic space

Question 48

Demographic Shifts and Social Change

Answer 48

Changes in the makeup of a population over time

Question 49

Demographic Transition

Answer 49

specific example of demographic shift which refers to changes in birth and death rates in a country as it develops from a preindustrial to industrial economic system

Question 50

Demographic Transition: Stage 1

Answer 50

preindustrial society; birth and death rates are both high

Question 51

Demographic Transition: Stage 2

Answer 51

improvements in healthcare, nutrition, sanitation, and wages causes death rates to drop

Question 52

Demographic Transition: Stage 3

Answer 52

Improvements in contraception, women’s rights, and shift from agriculture to an industrial economy causes birth rates (births per 1000 individuals per year) to drop

Question 53

Demographic Transition: Stage 4

Answer 53

Industrialized Society; birth and death rates are both low

Question 54

Malthusian Theory

Answer 54

focuses on how exponential growth of a population can outpace growth of the food supply and thus lead to social degradation and disorder

Question 55

relative deprivation

Answer 55

decrease in resources, representation, or agency relative to the past or to the rest of society

Question 56

Proactive Social Movements

Answer 56

promote social change

Question 57

Reactive Social Movements

Answer 57

resist social change

Question 58

Globalization

Answer 58

Process of integrating the global economy with free trade and the tapping of foreign markets.

Question 59

Urbanization

Answer 59

Dense areas of population that create a pull for migration

Question 60

Ghettos

Answer 60

areas where specific racial, ethnic or religious minorities are concentrated

Question 61

Slums

Answer 61

more extreme case that is an extremely densely populated area with low-quality housing and poor sanitation