Psychological Disorders Flashcards
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Biomedical Approach
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therapy includes interventions that rally around symptom reduction of psychological disorders
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Biopsychosocial Approach
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method assumes that there are biological, psychological, and social components to an individual’s disorder
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direct therapy
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medication or periodic psychologist meetings
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indirect therapy
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aims to increase social support by educating and empowering family and friends of the affected individual
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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
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- created to help clinicians in considered all of the above factors
- Used as a diagnostic tool that has statistical data in the US
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Schizophrenia
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Prototypical psychotic disorder
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Schizophrenia symptoms
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delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thought, disorganized behavior, catatonia (above movements from a mental disorder), and other negative symptoms
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Diagnosis of Schizophrenia
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- must show continuous signs of the disturbance for at least six months
- At least one month must include active symptoms (delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech)
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Schizophrenia Positive symptoms
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- behaviors, thoughts, or feelings added to normal behavior
- delusions/hallucinations, disorganized though, and disorganizes/catatonic behavior
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Schizophrenia Negative symptoms
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- involve the absence of normal or desired behavior
- disturbance of affect and avolition (decrease in motivation)
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Delusions
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false beliefs that are not in-line with reality and are not shared by others in the individual’s culture
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Delusion of Reference
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the belief that common elements in the environment are directed towards the individual
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Delusions of Persecution
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belief that the person is being deliberately interfered with, discriminated against, plotted against, or threatened
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Delusions of Grandeur
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belief that the person is remarkable in some significant way
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Thought Broadcasting
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belief that one’s thoughts are broadcasted directly from one’s head to the external world
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Thought Insertion
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belief that thoughts are being placed in one’s head
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Hallucinations
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perceptions that are not due to external stimuli but seem like reality
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Disorganized thought
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characterized by a loosening of associations
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Neologisms
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invented words by a schizophrenic person
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Disorganized Behavior
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inability to carry out activities of daily living such as paying bills. Maintaining hygiene, and keeping appointments
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Catatonia
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refers to certain motor behaviors characterizes of people with schizophrenia
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Echolalia
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repeating another’s word
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Echopraxia
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imitating others actions
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Disturbance of Affect
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- affect refers to the experience and display of emotion
- May include blunting, emotional flattening, Inappropriate affect
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Blunting
severe reduction in the intensity of affect expression
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Flat Effect (emotional flattening)
no signs of emotional expression
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Inappropriate affect
affect is clearly discordant with the content of the individual’s speech
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Avolition
decreased engagement in purposeful, goal-directed actions
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Prodromal Phase
Phase before schizophrenia that is characterized by poor adjustment
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Major Depressive Disorder
mood disorder that is characterized by at least one major depressive episode
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Major Depressive Episode
period of at least two weeks with at least five of the symptoms
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Major Depressive Episode Symptoms
o Prominent and relatively persistent depressed mood
o Anhedonia
o Appetite disturbances
o Substantial weight changes
o Sleep disturbances
o Decreased energy
o Feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt
o Difficulty concentrating or thinking
o Psychomotor symptoms
o Thoughts of death or attempts at suicide
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Psychomotor symptoms
feeling slowed down
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Anhedonia
loss of interest in all or almost all formerly enjoyable activities
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Persistent Depressive Disorder
individuals who suffer from dysthymia
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Dysthymia
depressed mood that isn’t severe enough to meet the criteria of a major depressive episode – for at least two years
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Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
- Major depressive that is characterized by seasonal onset
- not a freestanding diagnosis
- Depressive symptoms are only present in winter months
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Bipolar
Major type of mood disorder that is characterized by both depression and mania
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Manic episodes
- abnormal and persistently elevated mood lasting at least one week
- Have at least 3 of the symptoms
- Episodes have a rapid onset and briefer duration than depressive episodes
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Manic episode symptoms
▪ Increased distractibility
▪ Decreased need for sleep
▪ Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity
▪ Racing thoughts
▪ Increased goal-directed activity or agitation
▪ Pressured speech or increased talkativeness
▪ Involvement in high-risk behavior
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Bipolar I disorder
manic episodes with or without major depressive episodes
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Bipolar II disorder
hypomania with at least one major depressive disorder
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Hypomania
does not significantly impair functioning and does not have psychotic features. Individual may be more energetic and optimistic however
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Cyclothymic disorder
combination of hypomanic episodes and periods of dysthymia that are not severe enough to qualify as a major depressive episode
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Monoamine or catecholamine theory of depression
- Too much norepinephrine and serotonin in the synapse may lead to mania
- Too little of the above would lead to depression
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Generalized Anxiety disorder
disproportionate and persistent worry about many different things
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Generalized Anxiety disorder symptoms
fatigue, muscle tension and sleep tension
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Phobia
irrational fear of something that results in a compelling desire to avoid it
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Specific Phobia
where anxiety is produced by a specific object or situation
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Social Anxiety Disorder
- anxiety that is due to social situations
| - Individuals have a persistent fear when exposed to social or performance situations that may result in embarrassment
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Agoraphobia
Anxiety disorder caused by fear of being in places or situation where it might be hard to escape
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Panic Disorder
-Anxiety disorder that consists of repeated panic attacks
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Panic Attack symptoms
- Fear and apprehension, trembling, sweating, hyperventilation, and a sense of unreality
- suddenly stuck by a sense of impending doom and may be convinced that they are about to lose their mind
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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
obsessions, that produce tension, and compulsions (repetitive tasks) that relieve tension but cause significant impairments in a person’s life
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Body Dysmorphic Disorder
Person has an unrealistic negative evaluation of their personal appearance and attractiveness
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Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
- occurs after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event
| - consists of intrusion symptoms, avoidance symptoms, negative cognitive symptoms, and arousal symptoms
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Intrusion Symptoms
includes recurrent reliving of the event, flashbacks, nightmares, and prolonged distress
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Avoidance Symptoms
deliberate attempts to avoid the memories, people, places, activities, and objects associated with the trauma
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Negative Cognitive Symptoms
inability to recall key features of the event, negative mood or emotions, feeling distanced from others, and a persistent negative view of the world
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Arousal Symptoms
increased startle response, irritability, anxiety, self-destructive or reckless behavior, and sleep disturbances
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Acute Stress disorder
same symptoms last for less than one month, but more than three days
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Dissociative Disorders
Person avoids stress by escaping from their identity
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Dissociative Amnesia
- inability to recall past experiences
| - often linked to trauma
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Dissociative Fugue
- sudden, unexpected move or purposeless wandering away from one’s home
- confused about identity and can sometimes assume a new identity
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Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
- Two or more personalities that recurrently take control of a person’s behavior
- Results when the components of identity fail to integrate
- often involved with children who have been subject to sexual or physical abuse
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Depersonalization
- Individuals feel detached from their own mind and body
| - "out-of-body experience"
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Derealization
- individual feels detached from their surroundings
| - "dream-like world"
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Somatic Symptom Disorder
have at least one somatic (bodily) symptom that may or may not be linked to an underlying medical condition
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Illness Anxiety Disorder
- being consumed with thoughts about having or developing a serious medical condition
- individuals quick to become alarmed about their health
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Conversion disorder
- Characterized by unexplained symptoms affecting voluntary motor or sensory functions
- Symptoms typically begin after the individual experiences high levels of stress or a traumatic event
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Conversion disorder: La belle indifference
person is unconcerned by the symptom. Patients with this disorder may experience this indifference
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Personality Disorder
- pattern of behavior that is inflexible and maladaptive
| - Considered ego-syntonic
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Personality Disorder causes distress or impaired functioning of at least two of the following
▪ Cognition
▪ Emotions
▪ Interpersonal functioning
▪ Impulse control
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Ego-syntonic
individual perceives their behavior as correct, normal or in harmony with their goals
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Ego-dystonic
individual sees the illness as something that is thrust upon them and is intrusive/bothersome
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Cluster A disorders
- Paranoid, Schizotypal, and Schizoid Personality Disorders
| - disorders that all have behaviors which are labeled as odd or eccentric by others
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Paranoid personality disorder
pervasive distrust of others
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Schizotypal Personality disorder
- pattern of odd or eccentric thinking
| - Individuals have ideas of reference (like a less extreme delusion of reference) & magical thinking
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Schizoid Personality Disorder
- pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression
- Individuals show little desire for social interaction
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Cluster B disorders
- Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, and Narcissistic Personality Disorders
- behavior that is labelled as dramatic, emotional or erratic by others
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Antisocial Personality Disorder
pattern of disregard for and violations of the rights of others
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Borderline Personality Disorder
- pervasive instability in interpersonal behavior, mood, and self-image
- Have intense and unstable interpersonal relationships
- Profound identity disturbance: uncertainty about self-image, sexual identity, long-term goals, or values
- Intense fear of abandonment
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Historic Personality Disorder
- constant attention seeking behavior
- Individuals wear colorful clothing, are dramatic, and are exceptionally extroverted
- May also use seductive behavior to gain attention
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Narcissistic Personality disorder
person has a grandiose sense of self-importance and uniqueness, preoccupation with fantasies of success, a need for constant admiration and attention, and characteristic disturbances in interpersonal relation
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Cluster C disorders
- avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders
- behaviors that are labeled as anxious or fearful
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Avoidant
- affected individual has extreme shyness and fear of rejection
- Individual sees themselves as socially inept and is often socially isolated
- Have an intense desire for social affection and acceptance
- Tend to stay in the same jobs, life situations and relationships even if they want change
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Dependent
- continuous need for reassurance
| - Individuals tend to remain dependent on one specific person to take actions and make decisions
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Obsessive-Compulsive personality disorder (OCPD)
individual is perfectionistic and inflexible, tends to like rules and order
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Neuroleptics
medication used to treat schizophrenia that act to block dopamine receptors
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Presenilin
gene on chromosome 1 and 14 contribute to having Alzheimer’s Disease
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Apolipoprotein E gene
mutations on chromosome 19 can alter the likelihood of acquiring Alzheimer’s Disease
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Beta-amyloid precursor protein
gene on chromosome 21 contributes to a higher risk of having Alzheimer’s Disease
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Parkinson’s Disease characterization
- Bradykinesia
- Resting tremor
- Pill-rolling tremor
- Masklike facies
- Cogwheel Rigidity
- Shuffling Gait
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Bradykinesia
slowness in movement
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Resting tremor
tremor that appears when muscles are not being used
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Pill-rolling tremor
flexing and extending the fingers while moving the thumb back and forth. As if something is rolling in the fingers
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Masklike facies
facial expression consisting of static and expressionless facial features
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Cogwheel Rigidity
muscle tension that intermittently halts movement as an examiner attempts to move a limb
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Shuffling Gait
stooped posture
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Substantia nigra
layer of cells in the brain that functions to produce dopamine
