Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

P/S MCAT > Motivation, emotion, and stress > Flashcards

Motivation, emotion, and stress Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Motivation

A

purpose or driving force behind our actions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Extrinsic Motivation

A

includes rewards for showing a desired behavior or avoiding punishment if a desired behavior is not achieved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Intrinsic Motivation

A

motivation that comes from within oneself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

William James Instinct Theory

A
  • suggested actions are derived from 20 physical instincts and 17 mental instincts
  • people are driven to do certain behaviors based on evolutionarily programmed instincts.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

William McDougall Instinct Theory

A

proposed that humans were driven to all thoughts and behaviors by 18 distinctive instincts (including fight and acquisition)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Arousal Theory

A

people perform actions in order to maintain an optimal level of arousal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Arousal

A

psychological and physiological state of being awake and reactive to stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Yerkes-Dodson law

A

States that the performance is worst at extremely high and low levels of arousal and optimal at an intermediate level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Drives

A

internal states of tension that activate particular behaviors which is focused on goals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Primary Drives

A
  • Motivates us to sustain bodily processes in homeostasis

- includes the needs for food, water, and warmth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Secondary Drives

A
  • additional drives that are not directly related to biological processes
  • Thought to stem from learning or from certain emotions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Drive Reduction Theory

A
  • states that motivation Is based on the goal of eliminating uncomfortable states
  • certain physiological conditions result in a negative internal environment, which then drives motivation and seeks homeostasis in order to reduce the uncomfortable internal state
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Needs

A

motivators that influence human behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A
  • needs were classified into five groups and assigned different levels of priority for each group
  • if the lowest level of need is not met, then motivation to meet this needs would be of the highest priority
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Pyramid of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A

oBase: Most primitive, essential and important needs
o Second: Safety and security
o Third: Love and belonging
o Fourth: Esteem
o Highest Level: Self-actualization – need to realize one’s full potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Self-Determination Theory (SDT)

A

emphasizes the role of three universal needs: Autonomy, competence, and relatedness, which must be met order to develop healthy relationships with oneself and others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Autonomy

A

need to be in control of one’s actions and ideas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Competence

A

need to complete and excel at difficult tasks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Relatedness

A

need to feel accepted and wanted in relationships

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Incentive Theory

A

explains that behaviors are motivated by desire to pursue rewards and to avoid punishments. Not by need or arousal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Expectancy Value Theory

A

amount of motivation needed to reach a goal is the result of both the individual’s expectation of success in reaching the goal and the degree to which he or she values succeeding at that goal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Opponent-Process Theory

A

when a drug is taken repeatedly, the body will attempt to counteract the effects of the drug by changing its physiology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

tolerance

A

decrease in perceived drug effect over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Emotion

A

natural instinctive state of mind that is derived from one’s circumstances, mood or relationships with others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Element of emotion: Physiological Response

A
  • Arousal is stimulated (by ANS) when a feeling is first experienced
  • Induces a change in heart rate, breathing rate, skin temperature, and blood pressure
  • Some emotions are associated with more pronounced physiological effects
26
Q

Element of emotion: Behavioral Response

A

Includes facial expressions and body language

27
Q

Element of emotion: Cognitive Response

A
  • subjective interpretation of the feeling being experienced

- Determination of emotion is largely based on memories of past experiences

28
Q

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

A
  • stimulus results first in physiological arousal, which then leads to a secondary response in which the emotion is labeled
  • predicts that individuals who cannot mount a sympathetic response should show decreased levels of emotions
29
Q

Cannon-Band Theory of Emotion

A
  • states that the cognitive and physiological components of emotion occur simultaneously
  • person should still be able to experience emotion and act on that emotion without physiological inputs
30
Q

Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion (Cognitive Arousal or Two-factor Theory)

A

-Both arousal and the labeling of arousal, which is based on the environment, must occur in order for an emotion to be experienced

31
Q

cognitive appraisal

A

feel an emotion, one must consciously analyze the environment in relation with their own nervous system arousal

32
Q

Limbic System

A
  • complex set of structures that reside below the cerebrum on either side of the thalamus
  • includes:amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus and fornix, septal nuclei, and parts of the cerebral cortex
  • role in both motivation and emotion
33
Q

Amygdala

A
  • Processes environment, detects external cues, and learns from surroundings in order to produce emotion
  • Associated emotion is fear and also involved in facial expressions
34
Q

Thalamus

A

Routes information to the cortex and other appropriate areas of the brain

35
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • Synthesizes and releases neurotransmitters

- Major player in maintaining homeostasis

36
Q

Hippocampus

A
  • linked to creating long-term memories

- Aids in creating a context for stimuli to lead to an emotional experience

37
Q

Conscious (explicit)

A

memory of experiencing the actual emotion

38
Q

Unconscious (Implicit)/emotional memory

A

the storage of the actual feelings of emotions associated with an event

39
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

A
  • associated with planning intricate cognitive functions, expressing personality, and making decisions
  • Receives arousal input from the brainstem, so it coordinates arousal and cognitive states
  • left = positive emotions; right = negative emotions
40
Q

Dorsal prefrontal cortex

A

associated with attention and cognition

41
Q

Ventral prefrontal cortex

A

with regions of the brain responsible for experiencing emotion

42
Q

Ventromedial prefrontal cortex

A

plays a substantial role in decision-making and controlling emotional responses from the amygdala

43
Q

Cognitive Appraisal

A

subjective evaluation of a situation that induces stress

44
Q

Primary Appraisal

A

the initial evaluation of the environment and the associated threat

45
Q

Secondary Appraisal

A

begins if 1st stage results in appraisal of a threat. This stage is directed at evaluating whether the organism can cope with the stress

46
Q

Reappraisal

A

situations that require ongoing monitoring

47
Q

Stressor

A

Biological element, external condition, or event that leads to a stress response

48
Q

Distress

A

occurs when experiencing unpleasant stressors

49
Q

Eustress

A

result from positive conditions

50
Q

Social Readjustment Scale

A

method to measure stress levels

51
Q

Pressure

A
  • when demands are put in place from external sources

- Produces a feeling of urgency to complete tasks, perform actions or display behaviors

52
Q

Frustration

A

occurs when attaining a goal or a need is prevented

53
Q

Conflict

A

arises from the need to make a choice

54
Q

Approach-Approach

A

need to choose between two desirable options

55
Q

Avoidance-Avoidance

A

choices between two negative options

56
Q

Approach-avoidance

A

only one choice/goal/event, but it may have a positive or negative elements

57
Q

General Adaptation Syndrome

A

sequence of responses and consists of three stages: Alarm, Resistance, and Exhaustion

58
Q

General Adaptation Syndrome: Stage 1 Alarm

A

Initial reaction to a stressor and the activation of the sympathetic nervous system

59
Q

General Adaptation Syndrome: Stage 2 Resistance

A

continuous release of hormones allows the sympathetic nervous system to remain engaged in order to fight the stressor

60
Q

General Adaptation Syndrome: Stage 3 Exhaustion

A

Body can no longer maintain an elevated response

61
Q

Problem-focused Strategies

A

working to overcome a stressor

62
Q

Emotionally-focused strategies

A

focus on changing one’s feelings about a stressor

P/S MCAT (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions