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SP MCAT Psych/Soc > Social Thinking > Flashcards

Social Thinking Flashcards

HIGH YIELD

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1
Q

Interpersonal Attraction

A
  • phenomenon of liking each other

- influenced by: physical characteristics, similarity, self-disclosure, reciprocity, proximity

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2
Q

Self-Disclosure

A

sharing one’s fears, thoughts, and goals with another person and being met with nonjudgmental empathy

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3
Q

Reciprocal Liking

A

phenomenon whereby people like others better when they believe the other person likes them

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4
Q

Mere Exposure Effect/Familiarity Effect

A

people prefer stimuli that they have been exposed to more frequently

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5
Q

Aggression

A
  • behavior that intends to cause harm or increase social dominance
  • offers protection against perceived and real threats, helps organisms gain access to resources
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6
Q

What part of the brain is associated with aggression?

A

Amygdala – it is responsible for telling us whether or not something is a threat, activation of it increases aggression

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7
Q

Reduced activity in the _____ _____ has been linked to increased aggressive behavior

A

Prefrontal Cortex

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8
Q

Cognitive Neoassociation Model

A
  • we are more likely to respond to others aggressively whenever we are feeling negative emotions such as being tired, sick, frustrated, or in pain
  • Ex. riots more likely to happen on hot days than cool days
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9
Q

Attachment

A
  • emotion bond between a caregiver and child

- four main types: secure, avoidant, ambivalent, disorganized

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10
Q

Secure Attachment

A
  • seen when a child has a consistent caregiver and is able to go out and explore knowing that he/she has a secure base to return to
  • child upset when caregiver leaves then comforted by return of caregiver
  • child can be comforted by stranger but clearly prefers comfort from caregiver
  • vital aspect of child’s social development
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11
Q

Avoidant Attachment

A
  • results when caregiver has little or no response to a distressed child
  • child will show no preference between a stranger and caregiver
  • show little to no distress when caregiver leaves and little to no relief when caregiver returns
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12
Q

Ambivalent Attachment

A
  • occurs when caregiver has inconsistent response to a child’s distress, sometimes responding appropriately but sometimes neglectfully
  • child unable to form secure base because can’t consistently rely on caregiver
  • child very distressed when separated from caregiver but mixed response when caregiver returns
  • anxious-ambivalent attachment – child is always anxious about reliability of the caregiver
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13
Q

Disorganized Attachment

A
  • child shows no clear pattern of behavior in response to the caregiver’s absence or presence but instead can show a mix of different behaviors (avoidance or resistance, seeming dazed and confused, repetitive behaviors like rocking)
  • associated with erratic behavior and social withdrawal by the caregiver
  • redflag for abuse
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14
Q

Social Support

A
  • perception or reality that one is cared for by a social network
  • divided into many categories including: emotional support, esteem support, material support, informational support, network support
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15
Q

Emotional Support

A

-listening, affirming, and empathizing with someone’s feelings

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16
Q

Esteem Support

A
  • similar to emotional support but focuses more on affirming the qualities and skills of a person
  • Ex. friend has missed a lot of school due to illness so you tell her that she will have no problem making it up because she is smart and an efficient worker
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17
Q

Material Support (Tangible Support)

A
  • any type of financial or material contribution to another person
  • Ex. make a meal for a friend after they lost a loved one
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18
Q

Informational Support

A
  • providing information that will help someone

- Ex. doctor provides patients with explanations of their diagnoses

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19
Q

Network Support

A
  • type of social support that gives a person a sense of belonging
  • Ex. group hug creates a sense of belonging
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20
Q

Foraging

A
  • seeking out and eating food
  • driven by biological, psychological and social influences
  • primarily a learned behavior
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21
Q

What part of the brain controls the sensation of hunger?

A

Hypothalamus

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22
Q

What part of the brain promotes hunger?

A

Lateral Hypothalamus

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23
Q

What part of the brain responds to cues that we are full and promotes satiety?

A

Ventromedial Hypothalamus

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24
Q

Mating System

A
  • describes the organization of a group’s sexual behavior

- includes monogamy, polygamy, promiscuity

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25
Q

Mate Choice (Intersexual Selection)

A

the selection of a mate based on attraction

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26
Q

Mate Bias

A
  • refers to how choosy members of the species are while choosing a mate
  • evolutionary mechanism aimed at increasing the fitness of the species
  • it may carry direct benefits (material advantages, protection, emotional support) or indirect benefits (promoting better survival in offspring)
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27
Q

What are the 5 mechanisms of mate choice?

A
  • phenotypic benefits
  • sensory bias
  • fisherian/runaway selection
  • indicator traits
  • genetic compatibility
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28
Q

Phenotypic Benefits

A
  • observable traits that make a potential mate more attractive to the opposite sex
  • trait indicate increased production and survival of offspring
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29
Q

Sensory Bias

A
  • development of a trait to match a preexisting preference that exists in the population
  • Ex. fiddler crabs naturally attracted to structures that break up the horizon because it may indicate food so male crabs build pillars around their territory to attract mates
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30
Q

Fisherian/Runaway Selection

A
  • positive feedback mechanism in which a particular trait that has no effect or a negative effect on survival becomes more and more exaggerated over time
  • if a trait is deemed sexually desirable then it is more likely to be passed on
  • Ex. bright feathers of a peacock
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31
Q

Indicator of Traits

A
  • traits that signify overall good health and well-being of an organism, increasing its attractiveness to mates
  • traits may or may not be genetic in origin
  • Ex. female cat more attracted to male cat with a clean and shiny coat
32
Q

Genetic Compatibility

A
  • creation of mate pairs that when combined have complementary genetics
  • this theory provides a mechanism for the reduced frequency of recessive genetic disorders in the population: attraction to others who have starkly different genetic makeups reduces the probability of offspring being homozygotic for a disease-carrying allele
33
Q

Altruism

A

form of helping behavior in which the person’s intent is to benefit someone else at some cost to him- or herself

34
Q

Empathy

A

the ability to vicariously experience the emotions of another and is thought by social psychologists to bea strong influence on helping behavior

35
Q

Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis

A

-theory says that one individual helps another person when he or she feels empathy for the other person, regardless of the cost

36
Q

Game Theory

A
  • attempts to explain decision-making behavior between individuals as if they are participating in a game
  • predicts interaction based on game characteristics, including strategy, winning and losing, rewards and punishment, and profits and costs
37
Q

What are the 4 possible alternatives that result for socially influenced competitors? (part of Game Theory)

A
  • Altruism: donor provides a benefit to the recipient at a cost to him- or herself
  • Cooperation: both the donor and recipient benefit by cooperating
  • Spite: both the donor and recipient are negatively impacted
  • Selfishness: donor benefits while the recipient is negatively impacted
38
Q

Evolutionary Stable Strategy (ESS)

A
  • developed by game theorists studying sex ratios
  • when this strategy is adopted by a given population in a specific environment natural selection will prevent alternative strategies from arising
  • these strategies are inherited traits passed along with the population, with object of the game being becoming more fit than competitors
39
Q

Inclusive Fitness

A
  • measure of an organism’s success in the population -
  • based off the number of offspring, success in supporting offspring, and the ability of the offspring to then support others
  • promotes the idea that altruistic behavior can improve the fitness and success of a population as a whole
40
Q

Social Perception

A
  • also referred to as social cognition

- provides the tools to make judgments and impressions about other people

41
Q

What are the three primary components of social perception?

A
  • the perceiver
  • the target
  • the situation
42
Q

Perceiver

A

-influenced by experience, motives, and emotional state

43
Q

Target

A

-the person about which the perception is made

44
Q

Situation

A

-given social context can determine what information is available to the perceiver

45
Q

Impression Bias

A
  • cognitive bias during impression formation
  • focuses on our selection cue to form interpretations of others that are consistent over time
  • supports the primacy effect
46
Q

Primacy Effect

A

the idea that first impressions are often more important than subsequent impressions

47
Q

Recency Effect

A

the most recent information we have about an individual is the most important in forming impressions

48
Q

Reliance on Central Traits

A

individuals tend to organize the perception of others based on traits and personal characteristics of the target that are most relevant to the perceiver

49
Q

Implicit Personality Theory

A
  • basis of categorizing others during impression formation
  • theory states that there are sets of assumptions people make about how different types of people, their traits, and their behavior are related
50
Q

Halo Effect

A
  • cognitive bias in which judgments about a specific aspect of an individual can be affected by one’s overall impression of the individual
  • tendency to allow a general impression about a person (“I like Judy”) to influence other, more specific evaluations about a person (“Judy is a good mother, she is trustworthy, and she can do no wrong”)
  • an individual’s attractiveness has been seen to produce this
51
Q

Just-World Hypothesis

A
  • cognitive bias during impression formation
  • belief that the world is fair
  • tendency of individuals to believe that good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people
  • strong belief in this increases the likelihood of “blaming the victim”
52
Q

Self-Serving Bias

A
  • cognitive bias during impression formation
  • refers to the fact that individuals will view their own success based on internal factors while viewing failures based on external factors
  • used to protect our self-esteem
  • individuals with a high self-esteem are more likely to exhibit this in order to protect their image
  • individuals who have close relationships are less likely to attribute failures to one another and instead will make joint attributions
53
Q

Attribution Theory

A
  • aspect of social cognition
  • theory focuses on the tendency for individuals to infer the causes of other people’s behavior
  • includes: dispositional and situational cues, cues, fundamental attribution error, attribution substitution, cultural attribution
54
Q

Dispositional (Internal) Attributions

Attribution Theory

A
  • those that relate to the person whose behavior is being considered, including his/her beliefs, attitudes, and personality characteristics
  • Ex. Friend is nominated for an award and you believe it is because of her hard work and personal effort
55
Q

Situational (External) Attributions

Attribution Theory

A
  • those that relate to features of the surroundings, such as threats, money, societal norms, and peer pressure
  • consider the characteristics of the social context rather than the characteristics of the individual as the primary cause
  • Ex. Friend is nominated for an award and you believe it is luck
56
Q

Consistency Cues

Attribution Theory

A
  • used to understand the behaviors of others

- refer to the consistent behavior of a person over time

57
Q

Consensus Cues

Attribution Theory

A
  • cognitive bias during impression formation

- relate to the extent to which a person’s behavior differs from others

58
Q

Distinctiveness Cues

Attribution Theory

A
  • cognitive bias during impression formation

- refer to the extent to which a person engages in similar behavior across a series of scenarios

59
Q

Correspondent Inference Theory

A
  • focuses on the intentionality of others’ behavior
  • used to describe attributions made by observing the intentional (especially unexpected) behaviors performed by another person
60
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

Attribution Theory

A
  • posits that we are generally biased toward making dispositional attributions rather than situational attributions, especially in negative contexts, in regard to the actions of others
  • Ex. You are working on a team project and one member is unable to complete their work so you immediately assume this member is lazy/unreliable (dispositional attributions) and ignore the possibility that the team member was sick/suffered a personal tragedy (situational attributions)
61
Q

Attribute Substitution

Attribution Theory

A
  • occurs when individuals must make judgments that are complex but instead they substitute a simpler solution or apply a heuristic
  • occurs when making automatic or intuitive judgments on difficult questions/scenarios and the individual addresses a different question/scenario without even realizing it
62
Q

Stereotypes

A
  • occur when attitudes and impressions are made based on limited and superficial information about a person or a group of individuals
  • these are cognitive
63
Q

Stereotype Content Model

A
  • attempts to classify stereotypes with respect to a hypothetical in-group using two dimensions: warmth and competence
  • warm groups are not in direct competition with the in-group for resources
  • competent groups have high status within society
  • categorized into 4 stereotypes: paternalistic, admiration, contemptuous, envious
64
Q

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

A
  • occurs when stereotypes lead to expectations of certain groups which then creates conditions that lead to confirmation of the stereotype
  • more of an internal force
  • Ex. you think that you will perform well on the MCAT because you are a hard worker. Your belief informs your behavior (study habits) in a way that makes the prophecy (MCAT outcome=good) come true
65
Q

Stereotype Threat

A
  • concern or anxiety about confirming a negative stereotype about one’s social group
  • can lead to reduced performance, encourage self-handicapping strategies, and lower one’s personal investment in an activity
  • more informed by external, societal factors than internal ones
  • Ex. white males in sports, women driving
66
Q

Prejudice

A
  • an irrational positive or negative attitude toward a person, group, or thing, prior to an actual experience with that entity
  • can form in response to dissimilarities among groups, races, ethnicities, or environments
  • this is affective (attitude)
67
Q

What are the 3 most important factors that influence prejudice?

A
  • power
  • prestige
  • class
68
Q

Power

A

the ability of people or groups to achieve their goals despite any obstacles, and their ability to control resources

69
Q

Prestige

A

the level of respect shown to a person by others

70
Q

Class

A

socioeconomic status (SES)

71
Q

Ethnocentrism

A
  • the practice of making judgments about other cultures based on the values and beliefs of one’s own culture, especially when it comes to language, customs, and religion
  • can manifest from innocent displays of ethnic pride to violent supremacy groups
72
Q

Cultural Relativism

A

the perception of another culture as different from one’s own but with the recognition that the cultural values, mores, and rules of culture fit into that culture itself
-one group may follow a given set of rules while not seeing those rules as superior to those of other cultures – just different

73
Q

Discrimination

A
  • occurs when prejudicial attitudes cause individuals of a particular group to be treated differently from others
  • this is a behavior
  • influenced by unequal distribution of power, prestige, and class
74
Q

Individual Discrimination

A
  • refers to one person discriminating against a particular person or group
  • considered to be conscious and obvious
75
Q

Institutional Discrimination

A
  • refers to discrimination against a particular person or group by an entire institution
  • built into the structure of society
  • more covert and hard to extricate

SP MCAT Psych/Soc (29 decks)

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