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SP MCAT Psych/Soc > Motivation > Flashcards

Motivation Flashcards

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1
Q

Extrinsic Motivation

A
  • external forces that drive actions/behavior

- can include rewards for showing a desired behavior or avoiding punishment if a desired behavior is not achieved

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2
Q

Intrinsic Motivation

A

comes from within oneself

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3
Q

Instincts

A

innate, fixed patterns of behavior in response to stimuli

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4
Q

Instinct Theory

A
  • states that people are driven to do certain behaviors based on evolutionary programmed instincts
  • one of the first theories to describe motivation
  • derived from Darwin’s theory of evolution
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5
Q

Arousal

A
  • psychological and physiological state of being awake and reactive to stimuli
  • involves brainstem + autonomic NS + endocrine system
  • plays role in behavior and cognition
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6
Q

Arousal Theory

A
  • states that people perform actions in order to maintain an optimal level of arousal
  • people seek to increase arousal when it falls below optimal level and decrease arousal when rises above optimal level
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7
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Law

A
  • developed law based on performance levels as arousal increases
  • optimal level of arousal varies between different tasks
  • lower levels of arousal optimal for highly cognitive tasks
  • higher levels of arousal optimal for activities that require physical endurance and stamina
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8
Q

Drives

A
  • internal states of tension that activate particular behaviors focused on goals
  • originate within an individual without requiring external factors to motivate behavior
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9
Q

Primary Drives

A
  • motivate us to sustain bodily processes in homeostasis
  • directly related to survival
  • ex. negative feedback loops that maintain homeostasis in endocrine system; include the need for food, water, oxygen
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10
Q

Secondary Drives

A
  • not related to biological processes
  • thought to stem from learning; they are culturally determined
  • include certain emotions – desire for nurturing, love, achievement, aggression
  • Ex. want to obtain money, intimacy, or social approval
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11
Q

Drive Reduction Theory

A

states that motivation is based on goal of eliminating uncomfortable states

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12
Q

Need-Based Theory

A
  • describes motivation as how we allocate our energy and resources to best satisfy needs
  • includes: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, Self-Determination Theory
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13
Q

List/Describe Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs from bottom to top of pyramid (%)

A
  1. Physiological – breathing, H2O, food, sleep, sex, homeostasis, excretion
  2. Safety – security of body, employment, resources, morality, family, health, property
  3. Love/Belonging – friendship, family, sexual intimacy
  4. Esteem – self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others, respect by others
  5. Self-Actualization – morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, lack of prejudice, acceptance of facts
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14
Q

Self-Determination Theory

A
  • emphasizes the role of 3 universal needs: autonomy (control of one’s actions and ideas), competence (complete and excel at difficult tasks), relatedness (feel accepted and wanted in relationships)
  • 3 needs must be met to develop healthy relationships
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15
Q

What are the 4 primary factors that influence motivation?

A
  • instincts
  • arousal
  • drives
  • needs
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16
Q

Incentive Theory

A
  • behavior is motivated by the desire to pursue rewards and avoid punishments
  • people are driven by extrinsic (outside) motivators (rewards and punishments)
17
Q

Expectancy-Value Theory

A
  • the amount of motivation needed to reach a goal is the result of both the individuals expectation of success in reaching the goal and the degree to which they value succeeding at the goal
  • motivation depends on how successful one expects to be and how much one values the rewards that come with that success
18
Q

Opponent-Process Theory

A
  • theory of motivation that explains continuous drug use
  • explains that when a drug is taken repeatedly the body will attempt to counteract the drug by changing its physiology which actually leads to withdrawal symptoms and creation of physical dependence on drug
19
Q

Tolerance

A
  • decrease in perceived drug effect over time

- described by the opponent-process theory

20
Q

Sexual Motivation

A

related to hormones (estrogen, progesterone, androgens), smell, cultural factors, societal factors

SP MCAT Psych/Soc (29 decks)

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