Motivation Flashcards
Extrinsic Motivation
- external forces that drive actions/behavior
- can include rewards for showing a desired behavior or avoiding punishment if a desired behavior is not achieved
Intrinsic Motivation
comes from within oneself
Instincts
innate, fixed patterns of behavior in response to stimuli
Instinct Theory
- states that people are driven to do certain behaviors based on evolutionary programmed instincts
- one of the first theories to describe motivation
- derived from Darwin’s theory of evolution
Arousal
- psychological and physiological state of being awake and reactive to stimuli
- involves brainstem + autonomic NS + endocrine system
- plays role in behavior and cognition
Arousal Theory
- states that people perform actions in order to maintain an optimal level of arousal
- people seek to increase arousal when it falls below optimal level and decrease arousal when rises above optimal level
Yerkes-Dodson Law
- developed law based on performance levels as arousal increases
- optimal level of arousal varies between different tasks
- lower levels of arousal optimal for highly cognitive tasks
- higher levels of arousal optimal for activities that require physical endurance and stamina
Drives
- internal states of tension that activate particular behaviors focused on goals
- originate within an individual without requiring external factors to motivate behavior
Primary Drives
- motivate us to sustain bodily processes in homeostasis
- directly related to survival
- ex. negative feedback loops that maintain homeostasis in endocrine system; include the need for food, water, oxygen
Secondary Drives
- not related to biological processes
- thought to stem from learning; they are culturally determined
- include certain emotions – desire for nurturing, love, achievement, aggression
- Ex. want to obtain money, intimacy, or social approval
Drive Reduction Theory
states that motivation is based on goal of eliminating uncomfortable states
Need-Based Theory
- describes motivation as how we allocate our energy and resources to best satisfy needs
- includes: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, Self-Determination Theory
List/Describe Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs from bottom to top of pyramid (%)
- Physiological – breathing, H2O, food, sleep, sex, homeostasis, excretion
- Safety – security of body, employment, resources, morality, family, health, property
- Love/Belonging – friendship, family, sexual intimacy
- Esteem – self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others, respect by others
- Self-Actualization – morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, lack of prejudice, acceptance of facts
Self-Determination Theory
- emphasizes the role of 3 universal needs: autonomy (control of one’s actions and ideas), competence (complete and excel at difficult tasks), relatedness (feel accepted and wanted in relationships)
- 3 needs must be met to develop healthy relationships
What are the 4 primary factors that influence motivation?
- instincts
- arousal
- drives
- needs
Incentive Theory
- behavior is motivated by the desire to pursue rewards and avoid punishments
- people are driven by extrinsic (outside) motivators (rewards and punishments)
Expectancy-Value Theory
- the amount of motivation needed to reach a goal is the result of both the individuals expectation of success in reaching the goal and the degree to which they value succeeding at the goal
- motivation depends on how successful one expects to be and how much one values the rewards that come with that success
Opponent-Process Theory
- theory of motivation that explains continuous drug use
- explains that when a drug is taken repeatedly the body will attempt to counteract the drug by changing its physiology which actually leads to withdrawal symptoms and creation of physical dependence on drug
Tolerance
- decrease in perceived drug effect over time
- described by the opponent-process theory
Sexual Motivation
related to hormones (estrogen, progesterone, androgens), smell, cultural factors, societal factors
